Study quiz PSY Chapter 1- 5

Between now and 2100, the increase in population around the world will not take place equally. Which countries will see the greatest population growth?

Developed countries

United States

Economically developing countries (correct)

Oceania

Sara is a young girl who lives in a rural area of a developing country. Her family adheres strongly to the historical traditions of their culture. Sara lives in a(n) culture.

conservative

traditional (correct)

archaic

conventional

Andrew and Willem are brothers. Andrew owns a cleaning business and Willem helps when the jobs are too big for Andrew to do alone. These brothers most likely live in a(n) culture

collectivistic (correct)

individualistic

conventional

caste

Dr Martin is conducting research and plans to measure the socioeconomic status (SES) of her participants. Her measure of SES will most likely include which of the following?

Income level, education level and occupational status Signup and view all the answers

Phoebe is very proud of her ability to speak Vietnamese, her parents’ native language, and she has taught herself a number of traditional Vietnamese dances and songs. Phoebe is proud of her .

ethnicity Signup and view all the answers

The period of human history from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago when distinct human cultures first developed is referred to as the .

Upper Palaeolithic period Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the effects of natural selection?

Species are eliminated, or ‘selected’, one-by-one over thousands of years, and no new species are developed. Signup and view all the answers

The environmental conditions in which a given species has evolved is referred to as

ecological niche Signup and view all the answers

Dr Jenks is interested in how mate selection is shaped by our evolutionary history. She most likely considers herself a(n) .

evolutionary psychologist Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE?

The development of larger brains allowed our species to be capable of altering our environment. Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, .

the root of mental health problems in his patients was that they seemed to have experienced some type of traumatic event during the transition to young adulthood Signup and view all the answers

One critique of Freud’s theory is that .

Freud never studied children Signup and view all the answers

Bram is finding adolescence difficult and is trying out several identities. According to Erikson, Bram will need to successfully resolve the crisis.

identity versus role confusion Signup and view all the answers

Increasing employer demands for working hours and the effect this has on a parent’s relationship with their child is an example of which of Bronfenbrenner’s systems?

Mesosystem Signup and view all the answers

Which statement concerning the developmental period known as emerging adulthood is most accurate according to Arnett?

It is a life stage in which most people have not yet made commitments to the stable roles of love and work that structure adult life for most people. Signup and view all the answers

For his post-doctorate research, Yani hopes to study human development among Indigenous cultures in the mountains of Peru. He plans to move to Peru to integrate with his study subjects, make social connections with them, and observe their daily life up close. Which type of research method is he using?

Ethnographic research Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes research undertaken by interview approaches?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

Bernice is planning to conduct a cross-sectional study for her thesis. Which of the following is a limitation that she and her supervisor discuss before she begins to collect her data?

Age differences may be due to cohort differences Signup and view all the answers

You are interested in studying the potential changes in intelligence over the life span. You have selected 250 people who are currently 2 years old and you plan to assess them every 5 years for 40 years. What type of study are you planning on conducting?

Longitudinal Signup and view all the answers

What type of correlation describes the situation in which the more hours a person spends sitting or in sedentary activity on the job, the higher their body mass index (BMI)?

A positive correlation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries will see a decline in its population by 2050?

China Signup and view all the answers

If a researcher wanted to measure the socioeconomic status of her adult participants, she would need to ask them about which of the following?

Educational level Signup and view all the answers

Unlike early hominins, Homo sapiens had .

smaller jaws Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurred during the Neolithic period?

The domestication of animals developed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the impact of evolution on human development?

Cultures shape the raw material of biology into widely different paths throughout the life span. Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, is the driving force behind human development.

psychosocial influence Signup and view all the answers

Although Shanamae makes a good salary in sales, she is questioning whether her work in the retail industry is making a meaningful contribution to society. She is thinking of training to be a nurse, so that she can give back to society by helping others. According to Erikson, she is in the stage of .

generativity versus stagnation Signup and view all the answers

A country’s belief in the value of individual freedom, as demonstrated in its capitalist economic system and its governmental system of representative democracy, reflects which system of Bronfenbrenner’s theory?

Macrosystem Signup and view all the answers

Where does the developmental life stage of emerging adulthood usually appear?

In developed countries Signup and view all the answers

generates hypotheses that can be tested in research.

A theory Signup and view all the answers

In the famous case of Henrietta Lacks, an African American woman’s cancer cells were removed from her cervix without her knowledge by a surgeon right before her death in 1951. Researchers wanted to study these cells to learn about the genes that cause cancer and those that suppress it. The ethical requirement of would protect against this happening today.

informed consent Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding research methods?

The ethnographic method allows the researcher to learn how people behave in their daily lives Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a problem with longitudinal research?

Participants tend to drop out of the study. Signup and view all the answers

Enrico’s biological parents were both musicians, so he was born with a(n) that included exceptional musical ability, but because he was never exposed to musical instruments or instruction when he was adopted, he never developed his musical ability.

genotype Signup and view all the answers

Errol’s father carries two recessive genes for sickle-cell anaemia, and Errol’s mother carries two normal dominant genes. Therefore, Errol has inherited from his parents.

a resistance to malaria Signup and view all the answers

Human cells have 23 pairs or 46 .

chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

Sadie carries the recessive gene for haemophilia, a disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. If Sadie had two children, a boy and a girl, and passed the recessive gene for the disorder to both children, which of her children would develop haemophilia if the father does not have haemophilia himself?

The boy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE?

The sex of the fetus is determined by the sperm. Signup and view all the answers

When a trait is high in heritability, it means that it is highly influenced by .

genetics Signup and view all the answers

The higher the concordance rate, .

the more similar the two family members are Signup and view all the answers

Girls normally begin menstruating around age 11–16, towards the lower end of this range under healthy conditions and towards the higher end when nutrition is insufficient. This is an example of .

epigenesis Signup and view all the answers

In recent decades in Western countries, there has been little change in average height, indicating that the populations of these countries have reached the upper boundary of their for height.

reaction range Signup and view all the answers

A toddler from the Hamer tribe in Ethiopia was adopted by an American couple who described themselves as ‘non-athletes’. This tribe was known for being exceptionally tall. Once the girl started school, she asked to play in the after-school basketball program, tried out for the team in high school and eventually went on to earn a scholarship to play at university. This is an example of .

niche picking Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about ova?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

As a result of the process of crossing over .

the genetic material that originated from the mother and father is rearranged Signup and view all the answers

The is formed when the ovum and sperm unite and fertilisation takes place

zygote Signup and view all the answers

Fertilisation can take place only .

in the first 24 hours after the ovum enters the fallopian tube Signup and view all the answers

In general, have the lowest rates of DZ twins.

Asians Signup and view all the answers

After fertilisation, the first 2 weeks of pregnancy is called the .

germinal period Signup and view all the answers

marks the end of the germinal period and the start of the embryonic period

Implantation of the blastocyst Signup and view all the answers

The form from the inner layer of the embryonic disk.

brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

During the period of prenatal development, nearly all the major organs are formed.

embryonic Signup and view all the answers

Maddox, a baby born 6 weeks prematurely, is more at risk of not surviving than his sister, Shekia, who was born full term, because Maddox’s is/are still immature.

lungs Signup and view all the answers

Melinda is a healthy woman who has just found out she is pregnant and is attending her first prenatal visit. Which of the following pieces of advice is she most likely to receive from her doctor?

Eat foods with sufficient iodine. Signup and view all the answers

Your sister quit smoking before she became pregnant. What are some of the risks that are reduced by not exposing her fetus to smoking?

Low birth rate and language, attention and behaviour problems during childhood Signup and view all the answers

The most common teratogen worldwide is .

malnutrition Signup and view all the answers

Marie is a heavy drinker but managed to stop drinking for most of her pregnancy. If she drank alcohol during the period, her baby would be most at risk of structural damage.

embryonic Signup and view all the answers

Following public health efforts to increase folic acid and iodine in food, what conditions have been significantly decreased?

Anencephaly and spina bifida Signup and view all the answers

Julie is a 47-year-old university professor who is shocked to learn that she is pregnant. Although she is elated at the idea of having another child, she is worried about having a child with as the chances increase dramatically after age 45.

Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

A sex chromosome disorder occurs when an individual ..

has an extra X or Y chromosome, or only has an X chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is safest in terms of risk of miscarriage?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE regarding people with Down syndrome?

They age faster than other people. Signup and view all the answers

Carissa is in her 5th week of pregnancy. She decides that she would like to find out as early as possible whether her unborn child has Down syndrome or any other genetic abnormality. What risk-free test is she likely to have?

Non-invasive prenatal test Signup and view all the answers

Shonda and Trinity have been a couple for 8 years, and they are now excited to take the leap into parenthood together. Because they are both women, they have decided to use , which would involve injecting a donor’s sperm into Shonda’s uterus while she is ovulating.

intrauterine insemination Signup and view all the answers

is the most common cause of infertility in women.

Inability to ovulate Signup and view all the answers

If the primary problem is that the woman cannot ovulate properly, the most common fertility treatment is .

fertility drugs Signup and view all the answers

In collectivistic cultures, infertility is often .

stigmatised Signup and view all the answers

Keisha has inherited one recessive gene for the sickle-cell trait along with one normal dominant gene. As a result of this , she is resistant to malaria and does not have sickle-cell anaemia.

incomplete dominance Signup and view all the answers

Who has the greatest risk of developing haemophilia, which is an X-linked recessive disorder?

A male who has one X chromosome that contains the gene for this disorder. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions would a behaviour geneticist be most likely to ask?

Why are children in the same family so different from one another?’ Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the limited potential developmental possibilities established by genes?

Reaction range. Signup and view all the answers

John is short for his age and is very coordinated. Although exposed to a variety of activities, none has particularly interested him. His father, who used to wrestle when he was younger, signs John up for wrestling, thinking this could be the perfect sport. He convinces John to give it a try and John goes on to become a champion wrestler. This is an example of .

passive genotype → environment effects Signup and view all the answers

Gametes are .

egg and sperm cells Signup and view all the answers

Amy is most likely to have DZ twins if .

her mother had DZ twins Signup and view all the answers

If Susan learns that her infertility problem is due to a problem with the successfully implanting, something went wrong during the germinal period.

blastocyst Signup and view all the answers

During the embryonic period, the .

major organs develop Signup and view all the answers

Saad, a baby born 6 weeks prematurely, is more at risk of not surviving than Nona, a baby who is full term, because Saad’s is/are still immature.

lungs Signup and view all the answers

In traditional cultures, prenatal massage .

has beneficial effects for both mother and fetus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE of good prenatal care?

Tobacco, alcohol and other drugs should be avoided. Signup and view all the answers

In sub-Saharan Africa, what infectious disease during pregnancy accounts for approximately 20% of fetal deaths and increased risk of infant death?

Malaria Signup and view all the answers

A child who has an X0 chromosomal make-up (where 0 denotes a missing chromosome where there is supposed to be a 23rd pair) will most likely .

be a female who will later experience problems in the development of the reproductive system Signup and view all the answers

Ben and Janet attended a prenatal visit with a specialist to assess the growth and size of their developing fetus. Which procedure did they use?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

In Australia, approximately 1 in couples is infertile.

6 Signup and view all the answers

Fertility drugs .

carry risks such as blood clots and kidney damage Signup and view all the answers

A married woman from a non-Western, collectivistic culture has been unable to have a child for over 3 years. Which of the following is most likely?

She will be blamed for this ‘problem’. Signup and view all the answers

Anita is experiencing a burning sensation in the vaginal opening as the top of the baby’s head is just starting to show, so she is in the stage of the birth process.

second Signup and view all the answers

The longest stage of the birth process is .

labour Signup and view all the answers

During labour, the muscles of the uterus will have regular , causing the cervix to .

contractions; dilate Signup and view all the answers

A breech birth .

is considered dangerous because oxygen may be constricted during the birth process Signup and view all the answers

Caesarean sections .

are often performed when the baby is in the breech position Signup and view all the answers

Throughout history, most births were administered by .

midwives Signup and view all the answers

It was standard practice in hospitals in Western countries from the 1930s to the 1960s to .

heavily medicate women in labour Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a traditional birth belief or practice for Indigenous Australians discussed in the book?

Having the father cut the cord Signup and view all the answers

What medical technique is used to measure the fetus’s heartbeat during the birthing process by attaching a device to the mother’s abdomen or placing a sensor on the fetus’s scalp?

Electronic fetal monitoring Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following newborn infants is most at risk of death in New Zealand?

Nikau, a Ma–ori male. Signup and view all the answers

What Apgar score indicates that the newborn is in good to excellent condition?

10 Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of low birth weight?

Neonates weighing less than 2,500 grams Signup and view all the answers

When individuals who were born with low birth weight become adolescents, they are more likely to .

have low IQ scores and repeat a grade Signup and view all the answers

Marina and Paolo’s preterm baby boy was born weighing only 2,000 grams. To stabilise their baby’s heart rate, breathing, body temperature and sleep–wake cycles, Marina and Paolo have been placing the baby on their chests, skin-to-skin, for 2–3 hours a day. This well-known, scientifically proven method for stimulating neonatal functioning is called .

kangaroo care Signup and view all the answers

Preterm babies who get massaged three times a day for 15 minutes at a time in their first days of life compared to those who do not.

gain more weight Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE regarding infants’ sleep?

Infants spend a greater proportion of time in REM than adults do. Signup and view all the answers

While being held by her grandmother, newborn Juliette starts to turn towards her grandmother’s body and open her mouth. She is demonstrating the reflex.

rooting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to have survival value?

The Babkin reflex Signup and view all the answers

What sense(s) is (are) the first to develop in neonates?

Taste and smell Signup and view all the answers

At birth, the least developed of a neonate’s senses is .

sight Signup and view all the answers

Mothers in the late 1800s were often told by doctors to give their infants .

condensed or evaporated milk Signup and view all the answers

In Australia and New Zealand, breastfeeding .

rates vary among people of different ethnic backgrounds Signup and view all the answers

When would mothers in developing countries be advised not to breastfeed?

If they have an infectious disease, such as HIV/AIDS, and are not properly taking medication Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is linked to a reduced likelihood of obesity in childhood?

Breastfeeding for 6 months Signup and view all the answers

How long does the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that women breastfeed?

2 years Signup and view all the answers

Newborn baby, Kiev, lives in a traditional culture. What is most likely to happen when he cries?

He will be breastfed and swaddled. Signup and view all the answers

An infant who cries for more than 3 hours a day over more than 3 days at a time for more than 3 weeks is considered .

colicky Signup and view all the answers

What are some methods parents and other caregivers use to sooth a crying neonate (that do not seem to be related to hunger, comfort, nappies or pain)?

Rocking and using soothing sounds Signup and view all the answers

Researchers have found that there are many benefits to mothers and newborns remaining in close contact and rooming-in (avoiding separating mothers and newborns unless medically necessary). Which of the following is NOT one of these benefits?

Encouraging bonding Signup and view all the answers

Postnatal depression .

is experienced by men as well as by women Signup and view all the answers

Juanita’s cervix is 10 centimetres dilated, so she .

has completed labour and is ready to deliver the baby Signup and view all the answers

Caesareans .

are performed when the baby is in the breech position and attempts to turn the baby into a head-first position have not been successful Signup and view all the answers

In most cultures, take the lead in assisting the birth.

older women Signup and view all the answers

Surita is a midwife in a traditional culture. She is most likely to .

have spent time as an apprentice to a more experienced midwife Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE about birthing practices?

Twilight sleep was a drug method used in the early 20th century that promoted dilation of the cervix and resulted in mothers forgetting the events of birth. Signup and view all the answers

In developing countries, .

maternal mortality has decreased over the past 30 years Signup and view all the answers

The five characteristics that are evaluated in the Apgar scale are .

colour, heart rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone and breathing Signup and view all the answers

Preterm babies are considered at risk because .

their immune systems are immature Signup and view all the answers

Compared to adults, neonates .

enter REM sooner after falling asleep Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflexes has no apparent survival value?

Babinski reflex Signup and view all the answers

The earliest sense to develop is .

touch Signup and view all the answers

Breastfeeding .

is something both mother and baby are biologically prepared to do, but there are still challenges Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is most accurate?

Babies in developing countries are more at risk of health problems if their mothers do not breastfeed them than babies in developed countries. Signup and view all the answers

Infants from Western countries such as Australia .

have been found to cry more than babies from cultures where they are held or carried for much of the day Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bonding is most accurate?

Bonding can occur at any time, but being close after birth has other benefits. Signup and view all the answers

Postnatal depression .

is experienced by men as well as by women Signup and view all the answers

Atika’s trunk and arms grow faster than his hands and fingers. This progression of motor development is called the .

proximodistal principle Signup and view all the answers

Errol was adopted from a Romanian orphanage 9 years ago. He was physically and emotionally deprived until a couple adopted him at age ½ 2 ½ . It is most likely that Errol .

had more cognitive impairment than he would have had if he had been adopted before 6 months of age Signup and view all the answers

It was discovered at birth that there was significant cell death in Brittany’s . Her parents were worried that she would be born blind because this part of the brain processes visual information. Luckily, this was not the case because other parts of her brain compensated for this cell loss.

occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

Research has shown that sleeping on the is a protective factor for SIDS

back Signup and view all the answers

SIDS is almost unknown in cultures where .

co-sleeping is the norm Signup and view all the answers

is a disease that occurs in malnourished infants in which their bodies stop growing, muscles atrophy and they become lethargic.

Marasmus Signup and view all the answers

Kateri, an infant who lives in New Zealand, has become used to eating pureed fruit and vegetables, and just recently she began eating finger food like pieces of toast and banana. Her parents are excited to see her reactions to each new food they have introduced. She is probably month(s) of age.

8–10 Signup and view all the answers

Biruk is a 2-month-old infant. He .

needs more fat in his diet than at any other time of life Signup and view all the answers

Sharon is a paediatrician working in a developing country. She would likely find that most infant deaths are caused by .

diarrhoea Signup and view all the answers

Suri is from a traditional culture where medical remedies for infant illness are scarce. He wants to do anything possible to protect his infant son, so he would be least likely to .

adore the baby and give him a nickname such as ‘King’ Signup and view all the answers

A typical 1-year-old infant .

can grasp a utensil to feed himself Signup and view all the answers

Mahori was strapped to his mother’s back for the first year of his life. Which of the following is least likely?

He will have some muscle atrophy that will cause him to be delayed in walking by a few years. Signup and view all the answers

When motor development of infants is compared among cultures, it is clear that environment has .

a relatively small effect on gross motor development Signup and view all the answers

Without , babies would not have depth perception.

binocular vision Signup and view all the answers

Infants who hear the sound of a door closing will turn to look in the direction of the door. This is evidence of .

intermodal perception Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Piagetian term schemes?

Cognitive structures for processing, organising and interpreting information Signup and view all the answers

Seena likes to suck on a dummy during naptime at her day care. One day, her mother forgets to pack the dummy, so her teachers offer her a plastic toy to suck on instead. In learning to suck on this toy, Seena relies heavily on .

assimilation Signup and view all the answers

Troy is 12 months old and loves to eat biscuits. While sitting in the kitchen he sees a packet of biscuits. When his actions become intentional and goal directed, and he actively moves, reaches for and grasps the packet of biscuits, it is clear that he is in sensorimotor substage .

4: coordination of secondary schemes Signup and view all the answers

Schaffer loves it when his mother puts a towel over her face and then quickly pulls it down. His big belly laugh at this game of peek-a-boo indicates that he .

has a limited understanding of object permanence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a critique of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory?

His tests of object permanence required motor ability. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are among the key elements of the information processing approach?

Memory and attention Signup and view all the answers

You and your brother are babysitting your infant cousin. Initially, he is very interested in a puppet that you were using, but seems not to be very interested in it after a few minutes. Your brother thinks that he might not have a very long attention span. You tell your brother that your cousin is actually displaying .

habituation Signup and view all the answers

You are watching your neighbour’s 8-month-old infant. You notice that she is getting increasingly social. She directs her attention not just to whatever sensations are most stimulating, but also to what the people around her are doing. She is .

engaging in joint attention Signup and view all the answers

Researchers have proposed that the immaturity of the at birth is why humans show infantile amnesia.

hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

One reflection of the development of infants’ short-term memory is their improvement .

at the task of object permanence Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, infants who score extremely low on the Bayley scales .

may have serious developmental problems and may require intervention Signup and view all the answers

Your brother is concerned that your nephew will be a poor student when he goes to school because whenever he shows him something new, your nephew only looks at it for a short time. According to the text, is your brother correct?

No. Infants who are short-lookers tend later in life to have a higher IQ and higher educational achievement than long-lookers. Signup and view all the answers

The three main scales on the Bayley–4 are the cognitive scale, language scale and scale.

motor Signup and view all the answers

Patrice is 6 months old and is quite talkative. She is now using repetitive consonant–vowel combinations, and her favourite appears to be ‘ba-ba-ba-ba’. Patrice has reached the milestone in language development.

babbling Signup and view all the answers

Babbling .

is universal Signup and view all the answers

Cressida talks to her 5-month-old baby in a sweet, high-pitched, exaggerated manner and says things like, ‘Good girl, you ate your sweet potatoes! You’re a good girl, yes you are!’ This special way of speaking to infants is called .

infant-directed speech Signup and view all the answers

The Ifaluk people of Micronesia, like people in many traditional cultures, are in physical contact with their children nearly constantly. How do they view talking to children?

They do not think that it is necessary or useful to speak to infants. Signup and view all the answers

Use of infant-directed speech .

varies from culture to culture outside the West Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is TRUE about temperament?

It is considered to have a biological basis. Signup and view all the answers

In Chess and Thomas’s (1984) longitudinal study, they classified the infants into their three categories and then followed these infants as they developed into adulthood. What did they find?

Temperament in infancy predicted later development in some respects. Signup and view all the answers

The most common classification for the babies in Thomas and Chess’s original study was .

easy Signup and view all the answers

Based on research, if Fatima, an infant with a difficult temperament, were to be adopted by parents that show a lot of anger and frustration, we might predict which of the following outcomes?

A child who is defiant and disobedient Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates a good fit between caregiver and child?

A slow-to-warm-up baby whose parents are patient and understanding Signup and view all the answers

Arman is showing intense fear of a large dog that is approaching his pram. Fear is an example of a emotion.

primary Signup and view all the answers

Social smiles first appear .

in the second or third month Signup and view all the answers

Of the emotions listed below, is the emotion an infant would likely display latest in its development.

shame Signup and view all the answers

While on a walk with her mother, Sofia comes across a dog. She notices that her mother is smiling at the dog, so Sofia also shows a positive reaction to it. Sofia’s reaction illustrates .

social referencing Signup and view all the answers

When Lola was at playgroup with her father, she started crying when she heard several of the other babies crying. This is an example of .

emotional contagion Signup and view all the answers

Which reflects the family pattern most likely to be seen in an Australian family with a new infant?

A nuclear family, with a mother intensely and emotionally invested in child-rearing and associated labour and a father who is involved but less intensely Signup and view all the answers

Combining what scholars have learned from observing infants in a variety of different cultures today, along with what other scholars have learned from studying human evolutionary history and the history of human societies, what is one of the things that infants’ social worlds have in common across most cultures?

Infants are with their mothers almost constantly during the early months of life. Signup and view all the answers

Baby Hibiki feels safe and secure with his mother and knows that she will feed him, keep him warm and love him. Because of the solid emotional foundation he has at home, Hibiki will come to believe that he can count on others in his social world and that they too are worthy of love. Hibiki will successfully resolve what Erik Erikson called the crisis.

trust versus mistrust Signup and view all the answers

The origins of Bowlby’s theory were in theory.

evolutionary Signup and view all the answers

Both Erikson and Bowlby viewed as crucial to future emotional and social development.

the first attachment relationship Signup and view all the answers

Dayle goes to the doctor and expresses concern that her infant’s head is too big for his body. The doctor tells her that this is normal because of .

the cephalocaudal principle Signup and view all the answers

If Salma is typical of most infants, his first tooth will appear at of age.

5–9 months Signup and view all the answers

Tara and Paul adopted their baby daughter, Yet Kwai, from a Chinese orphanage 5 years ago. She was physically and emotionally deprived until they adopted her at age ½ 2 ½. It is most likely that Yet Kwai .

had more cognitive impairment than she would have had if she had been adopted before 6 months of age Signup and view all the answers

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is almost unknown in cultures where co-sleeping is the norm because .

babies tend to sleep with their parents on relatively hard surfaces Signup and view all the answers

Marasmus is .

an infant disease characterised by muscle atrophy and abnormal drowsiness Signup and view all the answers

Mahori was strapped to his mother’s back for the first year of his life. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Mahori’s motor development will be similar to a child in New Zealand if they are compared when they start school. Signup and view all the answers

The key to depth perception is .

binocular vision Signup and view all the answers

Rupert goes to the market with his mother and calls all men he sees there ‘Dada’. This is an example of .

assimilation Signup and view all the answers

Maha begins rooting while being held by her mother’s friend, who quickly passes Maha back to her mother to be breastfed. Based on Piaget’s sensorimotor substages, how old is Maha?

0–1 months Signup and view all the answers

Critics of Piaget’s sensorimotor theory argue that the likelihood of making the A-not-B error depends on the .

delay between hiding and searching Signup and view all the answers

Speed of is a good predictor of later memory and intelligence.

habituation Signup and view all the answers

From infancy onwards, memory comes more easily to us than memory.

recognition, recall Signup and view all the answers

Scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development .

are useful as a screening tool because those who score very low may have developmental problems Signup and view all the answers

Babbling .

is universal Signup and view all the answers

Use of infant-directed speech .

is less common outside developed countries Signup and view all the answers

Temperament .

is considered to have a biological basis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates a good fit between caregiver and child?

A slow-to-warm-up baby whose parents are understanding and tolerant Signup and view all the answers

Which of these emotions do NOT develop during the first year of life?

Shame Signup and view all the answers

When mothers show negative emotions in relation to a toy in the laboratory, infants will avoid the toy, which illustrates .

social referencing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common feature of infant social life in most cultures throughout human history?

Infants are surrounded by others and carried or held almost constantly. Signup and view all the answers

Erikson and Bowlby both view as the key issue in an infant’s attachment to others.

trust Signup and view all the answers

is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies and feet, hair loss and lack of energy.

Kwashiorkor Signup and view all the answers

Early brain development in toddlerhood is most distinguished by .

the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes sleep behaviour during toddlerhood?

Sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures. Signup and view all the answers

Last week, your neighbours told you their 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past 2 months. They were very happy about this new development and were looking forward to many more months of a good night’s sleep. This week, however, they say their son has started waking up at night and has been pretty fussy during the day. What is the likely reason for this waking and fussing?

His molars are coming in and he is teething. Signup and view all the answers

Piper is reaching typical milestones for her age including holding a cup and stacking three or four blocks into a tower. How old do you think she is based on her achieving these milestones?

1–2 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in some Western countries?

Education level of the parents Signup and view all the answers

In Western cultures, .

a sign of being ready to begin toilet training is starting to do things independently Signup and view all the answers

You have been trying to toilet train your son, but without much luck. Based on the research, what is most likely to be holding up the process?

Some children simply take months, or potentially years, to become fully toilet trained. Signup and view all the answers

You are interested in weaning your toddler. Which of the following are you most likely to use as a strategy?

Talk to your toddler to prepare them in making the transition. Signup and view all the answers

Nandranie is a toddler from a traditional culture. She would likely .

have experienced some customary practice for being weaned Signup and view all the answers

Shareef’s parents bought him a high chair. While sitting in the chair, he intentionally tipped his water in the tray over and over again. According to Piaget, Shareef is at the stage.

tertiary circular reactions Signup and view all the answers

Eighteen-month-old Omar saw his father stirring a pot on the stove. The next day he picked up his toy bowl and spoon and began ‘stirring’ an imaginary substance. This is an example of .

deferred imitation Signup and view all the answers

When children generally avoid making the A-not-B error, they .

have attained object permanence Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, is required for cognitive development.

social interaction Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instruction they are provided is .

within the zone of proximal development Signup and view all the answers

When it comes to learning what we consider language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is the .

inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways Signup and view all the answers

Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca’s area. Which of the following is likely to result?

She will have difficulty producing speech. Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of overextension?

A child calling all men ‘Dada’. Signup and view all the answers

Joquain was thirsty, so he looked at his mother, pointed to the glass on the counter and said, ‘Juice.’ This is an example of .

a holophrase Signup and view all the answers

Research has shown that to foster language development in children, parents should .

read to their children, explaining words as they go along Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sociomoral emotion?

Guilt Signup and view all the answers

S. was playing in a group of children and showed pride in his ability to fit the right shape piece into the container. This display of pride would most likely be discouraged by parents in .

China Signup and view all the answers

Researchers secretly dabbed a red spot on the nose of babies of different ages and then placed them in front of a mirror. They were testing .

self-recognition Signup and view all the answers

Gender identity .

refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gender is TRUE?

Gender development has a biological basis, as well as an environmental basis. Signup and view all the answers

Secure attachment is characterised by .

a willingness of the child to use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Nellie, a toddler who is considered disorganised–disoriented attachment based on the Strange Situation test?

She seems dazed and detached when the mother leaves the room and remains fearful upon her return. Signup and view all the answers

At school Brice showed problems, such as hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on, at university, he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology. Based on the research, he most likely had a(n) attachment classification.

disorganised–disoriented Signup and view all the answers

When it comes to attachment, .

children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother’s availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life Signup and view all the answers

In traditional cultures such as Uganda, can be a major event in the lives of toddlers and may have an influence on the security of attachment.

weaning Signup and view all the answers

Josh is a toddler who lives in New Zealand. His father would most likely be observed in which of the following activities with him?

Playing with him Signup and view all the answers

During toddlerhood, .

friendships seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages Signup and view all the answers

Research on sibling relationships during the toddler years has found that .

toddlers’ attachments to their siblings tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an early sign of ASD?

Chatting and interacting with other children Signup and view all the answers

Research has shown that .

screen media can have a positive effect Signup and view all the answers

is a potentially fatal condition specific to toddlerhood in which severe protein deficiency leads to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies, thinning hair and lethargy.

Kwashiorkor Signup and view all the answers

Early brain development in toddlerhood is most characterised by .

the steep increase in synaptic density Signup and view all the answers

During toddlerhood, .

sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about toddlers?

Toddlers in traditional cultures are equal to toddlers from Western cultures in the development of their gross motor skills Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key sign of readiness for toilet training?

Hiding when they need to do a poo Signup and view all the answers

A toddler from a traditional culture would likely .

experience some customary practice for being weaned Signup and view all the answers