Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the definition of metabolism?
What is the definition of metabolism?
Metabolism refers to all processes through which living systems acquire and utilize free energy to carry out their various functions, by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic processes.
Living organisms exist in a state of equilibrium.
Living organisms exist in a state of equilibrium.
False (B)
What are the two main phases of metabolism?
What are the two main phases of metabolism?
Catabolism and anabolism.
Which of the following processes are considered endergonic processes? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following processes are considered endergonic processes? (Select all that apply)
The energy produced during ______ is utilized during ______ to synthesize complex molecules.
The energy produced during ______ is utilized during ______ to synthesize complex molecules.
Which of the following molecules can be used as fuel in catabolism? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following molecules can be used as fuel in catabolism? (Select all that apply)
What is the name of the process that converts glucose into pyruvate?
What is the name of the process that converts glucose into pyruvate?
What is the primary product of glycolysis?
What is the primary product of glycolysis?
Glycolysis requires oxygen.
Glycolysis requires oxygen.
Which of the following statements are true about glycolysis? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements are true about glycolysis? (Select all that apply)
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
What is the role of the citric acid cycle in cellular metabolism?
What is the role of the citric acid cycle in cellular metabolism?
The citric acid cycle requires oxygen.
The citric acid cycle requires oxygen.
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
The electron transport chain generates the majority of ATP produced during cellular respiration.
The electron transport chain generates the majority of ATP produced during cellular respiration.
What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?
What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?
During one complete turn of the citric acid cycle, which of the following is produced?
During one complete turn of the citric acid cycle, which of the following is produced?
What is the main purpose of exergonic reactions in living organisms?
What is the main purpose of exergonic reactions in living organisms?
How does the active transport of molecules function in living systems?
How does the active transport of molecules function in living systems?
What do living organisms require to maintain order in their systems?
What do living organisms require to maintain order in their systems?
Which statement best describes the conditions under which metabolic reactions occur?
Which statement best describes the conditions under which metabolic reactions occur?
What happens to the products of glycolysis during cellular respiration?
What happens to the products of glycolysis during cellular respiration?
Flashcards
Metabolism
Metabolism
All processes living systems use to get and use energy for functions.
Free Energy
Free Energy
Energy available to do work.
Nutrient Oxidation
Nutrient Oxidation
Exergonic reactions releasing energy from nutrients.
Endergonic Processes
Endergonic Processes
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Mechanical Work
Mechanical Work
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Active Transport
Active Transport
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Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis
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Glycolysis Payoff Phase
Glycolysis Payoff Phase
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Electron Transfer
Electron Transfer
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ATP Synthesis
ATP Synthesis
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Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
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Oxidative Decarboxylation
Oxidative Decarboxylation
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NADH
NADH
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FADH2
FADH2
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GTP
GTP
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CO2
CO2
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Linked Phosphorylation
Linked Phosphorylation
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Exergonic Reactions
Exergonic Reactions
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Endergonic Reactions
Endergonic Reactions
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Net Gain of ATP
Net Gain of ATP
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Why are living organisms not at equilibrium?
Why are living organisms not at equilibrium?
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What are the key purposes of metabolism?
What are the key purposes of metabolism?
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What is the energy source for metabolism?
What is the energy source for metabolism?
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What is the role of the glycolysis payoff phase?
What is the role of the glycolysis payoff phase?
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How does electron transfer power ATP synthesis?
How does electron transfer power ATP synthesis?
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What products are released by one turn of the citric acid cycle?
What products are released by one turn of the citric acid cycle?
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What is the net gain of ATP in metabolism?
What is the net gain of ATP in metabolism?
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Study Notes
SEEC-101 Module 8 - Metabolism
- Living organisms are not in equilibrium
- They require a continuous influx of free energy to maintain order in a universe that maximizes disorder
Key Metabolic Questions
- How does a cell extract energy and reducing power from its environment?
- How does a cell synthesize the building blocks of macromolecules and the macromolecules themselves?
Metabolism Definition
- Metabolism is the process by which living systems acquire and utilize free energy to carry out various functions
- This is achieved by coupling exergonic reactions of nutrient oxidation to endergonic processes needed to maintain life
- Examples of endergonic processes include:
- performance of mechanical work
- active transport of molecules against concentration gradients
- biosynthesis of complex molecules
Metabolic pathways are complex networks of chemical reactions within cells that convert nutrients into energy and synthesize biomolecules. They enable organisms to adapt energy use based on resources and environmental conditions. Categorized by the type of molecule processed, these interconnected pathways highlight the efficiency of cellular metabolism.
- The diagram effectively showcases the intricate and highly organized network of metabolic pathways that encompasses the transformation and utilization of various biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, revealing how these pathways interact and contribute to cellular function and energy production. The pathways include metabolism of complex carbohydrates, complex lipids, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, cofactors, vitamins, nucleotides, and other substances.
Catabolism and Anabolism
- Catabolism is the breakdown of fuel (carbohydrates, fats) to produce CO2, H2O, and usable energy.
- Anabolism uses energy from catabolism to build complex molecules from simpler precursors.
Glycolysis
- Glucose is a central molecule for energy production
- It can be broken down via oxidation pathways (pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis) or stored as glycogen, starch, or sucrose
- Glycolysis is a pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate, yielding a small amount of ATP
- The accompanying diagram shows the steps and intermediates in glycolysis, including glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, triose phosphate isomerase, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, 3-Phosphoglycerate, 2-Phosphoglycerate, Phosphoenolpyruvate, and Pyruvate. Glycolysis also involves enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, triose phosphate isomerase, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase.
Payoff Phase of Glycolysis
- This phase of glycolysis produces ATP and NADH.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- This cycle further oxidizes acetyl-CoA to generate ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
- The cycle includes many steps employing various enzymes and coenzymes for energy production. These molecules include oxaloacetate, citrate, isocitrate, a-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, and malate. Enzymes involved include citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and malate dehydrogenase.
- The diagram highlights the steps in the cycle.
Electron Transfer
- Electron transfer from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen in the mitochondria provides energy for ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.
- This process involves the respiratory complex and generates a significant amount of ATP.
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