MSK trunk and spine anatomy

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about the cervical curve is true?

  • It is a primary curvature, formed after birth.
  • It is a primary curvature, formed during gestation.
  • It is a secondary curvature, formed during gestation.
  • It is a secondary curvature, formed after birth. (correct)

What type of abnormality is kyphosis?

  • An abnormal increase in anterior curvature of the spine affecting the lumbar vertebra.
  • An abnormal increase in lateral curvature of the spine.
  • An abnormal increase in posterior curvature of the spine affecting the cervical vertebra.
  • An abnormal increase in posterior curvature of the spine affecting the thoracic vertebra. (correct)

Which of the following features distinguishes the cervical vertebra from other vertebrae?

  • The presence of a dens (odontoid process).
  • The presence of costal facets.
  • The presence of a spinous process.
  • The presence of a transverse foramen. (correct)

Which of the following structures connects the body of a vertebra to its transverse process?

<p>Pedicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about the axis (C2 vertebra)?

<p>It has no spinous process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of curvature is associated with an abnormal increase in anterior curvature of the spine affecting the lumbar vertebrae?

<p>Lordosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between primary and secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?

<p>Primary curvatures are formed before birth, while secondary curvatures are formed after birth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebral structure serves as the superior articulation point between adjacent vertebrae?

<p>Superior Articular Facet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2) vertebrae?

<p>The atlas and axis articulate through the atlanto-axial joint, primarily responsible for head rotation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT found on a typical cervical vertebra (C3-C7)?

<p>Odontoid process (dens) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is responsible for the extension, flexion, and lateral flexion of the head?

<p>Atlanto-occipital joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the transverse foramina found in the cervical vertebrae?

<p>Passageway for blood vessels and nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the dens (odontoid process) on the axis (C2) vertebra?

<p>Acting as the pivot point for the atlas during head rotation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a typical cervical vertebra (C3-C7)?

<p>A large, prominent body (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The articulation between the head of a rib and the body of a thoracic vertebra is called the:

<p>Costovertebral joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is responsible for connecting the tubercle of a rib with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra?

<p>Costotransverse joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the cervical and thoracic vertebrae is CORRECT?

<p>The thoracic vertebrae have a more prominent body compared to the cervical vertebrae. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT directly related to the protection of the spinal cord?

<p>Cauda equina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately describes the position of the spinal cord in relation to the vertebral column?

<p>The spinal cord ends at the level of the L1-L2 vertebrae, while the vertebral column extends further. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the dorsal root ganglia?

<p>They receive sensory information from the body and transmit it to the spinal cord. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vertebrae is NOT part of the cervical region?

<p>T1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for the connection between the brain and the spinal cord?

<p>Foramen magnum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the intervertebral foramina?

<p>They are openings in the vertebral canal where the spinal nerves emerge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cauda equina?

<p>To transmit nerve impulses to and from the lower limbs and pelvic organs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between the superior and inferior mediastinum?

<p>The superior mediastinum is located above the inferior mediastinum in the thoracic cavity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT located within the vertebral column?

<p>Brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures connects adjacent vertebral bodies, absorbs shock, and gives flexibility to the vertebral column?

<p>Intervertebral discs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the structure that arises from the posterior aspect of a typical lumbar vertebra and does not possess a transverse foramen.

<p>Transverse process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ligament that connects adjacent spinous processes, extending from the cervical to the sacral spine?

<p>Interspinous ligament (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The space between the dura mater and the vertebral canal is known as the _____, and it houses the ___________.

<p>Extradural space, epidural fat and blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the muscle that is directly responsible for the lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column, and is innervated by the dorsal rami.

<p>Multifidus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a deep intrinsic muscle of the back?

<p>Trapezius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle attaches to the spinous processes of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, the clavicle, and the scapula, and is responsible for elevation, depression, retraction and rotation of the scapula?

<p>Trapezius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT directly associated with the vertebral column?

<p>Clavicle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure, found in the spinal cord, is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the periphery to the brain?

<p>Dorsal root (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the vertebral column is FALSE?

<p>The facet joints are responsible for flexion and extension movements of the vertebral column. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the primary functions of the axial skeleton, specifically in relation to the vertebral column?

<p>The axial skeleton, with its vertebral column, primarily supports the body's weight, facilitates movement through its joints and muscles, and safeguards the spinal cord within the vertebral canal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately portrays the relationship between the vertebral column and the spinal cord?

<p>The vertebral column, composed of vertebrae, encases the spinal cord within the vertebral canal, a continuous channel formed by the vertebral foramina. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the vertebral column essential for maintaining proper posture in the human body?

<p>The vertebral column's unique curvature, with its lordotic and kyphotic sections, functions to balance the head's weight and maintain an optimal upright posture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures contributes directly to the flexibility and movement capabilities of the vertebral column?

<p>The intervertebral discs, acting as shock absorbers and allowing for limited movement between adjacent vertebrae. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the structural components of the vertebral column, which of these contributes most significantly to the protection and safe passage of the spinal cord?

<p>The vertebral canal, a continuous channel formed by the vertebral foramina, securely housing the spinal cord and safeguarding it from external forces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these structural features is NOT directly involved in the support and movement of the vertebral column?

<p>The vertebral foramina, creating a continuous channel - the vertebral canal - for the passage and protection of the spinal cord. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the deep (intrinsic) muscles of the back in relation to the vertebral column and its functions?

<p>These muscles play a crucial role in supporting the vertebral column, maintaining posture, and facilitating movements that involve the spine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the importance of the vertebral column in the human body?

<p>The vertebral column is essential for the protection of the spinal cord, the movement of the body, and the maintenance of proper posture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Primary curvatures

Curvatures formed during gestation, including thoracic and sacral curves.

Secondary curvatures

Curvatures that develop after birth, such as cervical and lumbar curves.

Scoliosis

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Kyphosis

An abnormal increase in posterior curvature of the thoracic vertebrae.

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Lordosis

An abnormal increase in anterior curvature of cervical and lumbar vertebrae.

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Vertebral body

The large, rounded part of a vertebra that supports weight.

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Dens

Odontoid process on the second cervical vertebra (axis) that allows rotation.

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Transverse foramen

Opening in cervical vertebrae for vertebral arteries.

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Vertebral column

The spine consisting of vertebrae that support the body.

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Cervical vertebrae

The first seven vertebrae in the neck region (C1 - C7).

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Atlas

The first cervical vertebra (C1) that supports the skull.

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Axis

The second cervical vertebra (C2) that allows head rotation.

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Thoracic vertebrae

The twelve vertebrae (T1 - T12) located in the upper back.

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Lumbar vertebrae

The five vertebrae (L1 - L5) in the lower back.

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Sacrum

A triangular bone at the base of the spine, formed by fused vertebrae.

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Coccyx

The small, triangular bone at the end of the vertebral column.

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Cauda equina

A bundle of spinal nerves located below the spinal cord.

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Intervertebral foramina

Openings between vertebrae that allow spinal nerves to exit.

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Axial skeleton

The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage.

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Spinal cord

A bundle of nerves running down the vertebral column, transmitting signals between the brain and body.

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Intrinsic muscles of the back

Deep muscles that aid in the movement and stabilization of the spine.

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Vertebrae

Individual bones that make up the vertebral column, providing structure and flexibility.

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Joints of the vertebral column

Articulations between vertebrae allowing for movement and flexibility of the spine.

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Sternum

A flat bone located at the front of the ribcage, protecting thoracic organs and aiding attachment of ribs.

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Ribcage

A bony structure consisting of ribs that protects vital organs in the thorax.

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Costal groove

A groove on the inferior border of the ribs for the passage of nerves and vessels.

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Transverse process

Projects laterally from each vertebra, providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

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Multifidus muscle

A deep back muscle that stabilizes the spine and attaches to the mammillary processes.

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Intervertebral discs

Cushion-like pads between vertebrae that absorb shock and allow for slight movement.

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Dural mater

The outermost layer of the meninges, protecting the spinal cord and brain.

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Ramus

Branches of a spinal nerve, responsible for sensory and motor functions.

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Erector spinae

A key group of muscles that straighten and rotate the back.

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Anterior longitudinal ligament

A ligament running along the front of the vertebral column, providing stability.

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Facet joints

Synovial joints between vertebrae, allowing for flexibility and movement.

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Atlas (C1 vertebra)

The first cervical vertebra that supports the skull; lacks a body and spinous process.

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Axis (C2 vertebra)

The second cervical vertebra; features an odontoid process (dens) and allows head rotation.

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Odontoid process (dens)

A peg-like projection on the axis (C2) that allows pivoting for head movement.

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Atlanto-axial joint

The joint between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) that enables head rotation.

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Atlanto-occipital joint

The joint between C1 (atlas) and the occipital bone allowing head flexion and extension.

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Costotransverse joint

Joint connecting rib tubercle with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra.

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Costovertebral joint

The articulation between the head of a rib and the body of a thoracic vertebra.

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Typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C7)

Standard cervical vertebrae features providing flexibility and support in the neck.

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Study Notes

MSK - The Back: Bones, Joints, Intrinsic Muscles & Spinal Cord

  • General Objective: To understand the anatomical basis of posture and movement, and the functional significance of the vertebral column.
  • Specific Objectives:
    • Vertebral column and vertebrae
    • Joints of the vertebral column
    • Deep (intrinsic) muscles of the back
    • Spinal cord and spinal nerves

The Axial Skeleton

  • Function: Supports the weight of the human body above the pelvis and maintains posture. Enables movement with its joints and muscles. Protects the spinal cord enclosed within the spinal canal formed by the vertebral foramina.
  • Parts:
    • Skull
    • Vertebral column
    • Ribcage
    • Sternum

The Vertebral Column

  • Regions:
    • Cervical (C1-C7)
    • Thoracic (T1-T12)
    • Lumbar (L1-L5)
    • Sacrum (S1-S5)
    • Coccyx

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

  • Unique Feature: C1 (Atlas) has no body or spinous process, C2 (Axis) has a prominent dens (odontoid process).
  • Function: Enables rotation of the head
  • Structure: Transverse foramen (for vertebral artery), no costal facets

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

  • Unique Feature: Articulates with ribs.
  • Structure: Costal facets (for articulation with ribs), no transverse foramen.

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

  • Unique Feature: Large, robust, and bears the most weight
  • Structure: No transverse foramen, no costal facets, prominent spinous process.

Sacrum (S1-S5)

  • Function: Forms the posterior part of the pelvic girdle
  • Structure: Fused vertebrae, Ventral sacral foramina and Dorsal sacral foramina

Coccyx

  • Function: Small, triangular bone that provides attachment for muscles of the pelvic floor
  • Structure: Fused vertebrae.

Spinal Cord & Spinal Nerves

  • Spinal Cord Ending: Ends at the level between L1 and L2 vertebrae
  • Cauda Equina: Located in the subarachnoid space; collection of nerve roots extending from the end of the spinal cord

Joints of the Vertebral Column

  • Atlanto-axial Joint (C1-C2): Enables head rotation
  • Atlanto-occipital Joint (C1-Occipital Bone): Enables head flexion, extension, and lateral flexion

Costovertebral & Costotransverse Joints

  • Costovertebral: Articulation of rib head with vertebral body.
  • Costotransverse: Articulation of rib tubercle with transverse process.

Ligaments

  • Anterior Longitudinal Ligament: Attaches to the anterior bodies of vertebrae; restricts excessive extension of the spine.
  • Posterior Longitudinal Ligament: Attaches to the posterior bodies of vertebrae and disc; restricts excessive flexion of the spine.
  • Ligamentum Flavum: Connects adjacent lamina (layers of vertebrae), restricts flexion.
  • Interspinous Ligaments: Connects the spinous processes, limits flexion
  • Supraspinous Ligaments: Connects spinous processes, limits flexion.

Facet Joints (Zygapophyseal joints)

  • Location: Between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae.

Intervertebral Discs

  • Structure: Nucleus pulposus (central gel-like structure), surrounded by annulus fibrosus (tough outer ring).
  • Function: Absorb shock, connect vertebrae; provide flexibility

Muscles of the Back: Intrinsic Muscles

  • Deep (Intrinsic):
    • Iliocostalis lumborum
    • Longissimus thoracis
    • Multifidus
    • Semispinalis capitis
    • Intertransversarii
  • Superficial (Extrinsic):
    • Trapezius
    • Latissimus Dorsi
  • Innervation: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Meninges (Spinal Cord Coverings)

  • Dura Mater: Outermost layer
  • Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer
  • Pia Mater: Innermost layer

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