مسح التربة وتصنيفها

• The provided text is from a book titled "Soil Survey and Classification," second edition.
• The book is from the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, University of Baghdad, College of Agriculture.
• The authors of the book are Prof. Ahmed Saleh Al-Mashhadani and Dr. Ahmed Saleh Muheimeed Al-Mashhadani.
• The book contains 274 pages and was published in Baghdad in 2018.

About the Book

• All rights reserved to the authors. No part of the book may be reproduced without written permission from the copyright holders.
• The views expressed are those of the authors.
• The book's Library of Depository number in Baghdad is 2517 for the year 2018.

Content Overview

• The book has sections on soil survey and classification.
• Includes topics such as the concept of soil, soil formation, morphology, and soil taxonomy.
• Discusses different soil types, including forest soils, volcanic soils, and soils of arid regions.
• Addresses soil classification systems including the Russian systems, the international WRB system, and the American systems.
• Deals with soil formation processes, geographic distribution, and soil mapping units.

Dedication

• The authors dedicate the book to their parents and to the souls of martyrs for Iraq's soil and national unity.

Preface to the First Edition

• This book is intended for fourth-year students in agricultural colleges and introduces surveying and classification.
• Chapter 1 introduces the concept of soil and its formation.
• Chapter 2 discusses soil morphology.
• Chapter 3 is devoted to clarifying the concept of soil classification and describes the most important systems used.
• Chapter 4 describes the traits and geographic distribution of soil taxa in the world.
• Chapter 5 discusses the nature of Iraqi soil.
• Chapter 6 addresses the principles and goals of soil surveying.
• Chapter 7 discusses the principles of land classification.

Preface to the Second Edition

• This second edition includes updates that constitute more than 60% of the content and current information after 1990.

Chapter 1: Soil and Soil Formation

• Allah created humans from soil and returns them to it.
• Soil is the source of humans' needs from sustenance to shelter.
• Soil formed and has liquid and gaseous phases with their constituent elements
• The historical signs of Soil sciences date to before 11000 BC.
• The knowledge about soil has developed after the fourth century.

Soil Science and Related Fields

• Soil science is a collection of sciences of studying the soil as a natural resource.
• This includes the formation of the soil, its classification, and drawing maps of its spatial distribution.
• Also studying the physical, chemical,and biological properties and properties of soil fertility.
• Pedology studies the soils as a natural resource that exists in the crust of the Earth.
• Dokuchaev was the first to launch the term, Pedology, referring to the soil and drawing maps of their geographical distribution.
• It contains many fields of science, including the formation and classification of inheritance, in addition to surveying the soil.
• Ediphology includes the sciences of plant growth, and includes the sciences of the chemistry, physics, and soil fertility.
• Pedostat that focuses on the relationships of the spatial and temporal variables of the characteristics of the soil.

Specific Soil Sciences

• Soil Genesis concerns understanding the factors of original characteristics of the soil.
• Soil Morphology is the study of the external morphological features of the soil in the open field, using the senses.
• Soil Classification: The definition of dividing the soil depends on the core traits within multi-level designators.
• Soil Survey involves studying the geographical distribution of the soil units, including a range of processes.

The Concept of Soil

• The soil changes constantly, leading to diverse concepts.
• One of the first concepts related to the growth of the plant.
• The third concept, referring to the outer layer on the surface of the earth such is a sponge-like system.

Genesis of Soil

• The equation that the soil composed is written as follows: S=f(CI, P, O, R ... T).
• These variables includes several factors, and include: The climate, material taken from nature, other organic elements, climate

Dokuchaev and Soil Formation

• The Russian scientist Dokuchaev's view of this phenomenon is illustrated By the following equation: S = f (Ic, Px, t,
• 1: Any trait of the system of the environment can be used for: داله
• "S ", a description of of the descriptions of the characteristics of the soil. LO: Topography
• Px This material is a basic material. T: a factor time.

Soil Survey Textures

• Soil textures depend of the properties of minerals.
• That is reflected by Munsell Colour.

Formation Factors

• Non-homogeneity of parental source materials leads to differences in formation.
• Variation in landform affects addition/depletion rates, impacting soil formation.
• Differences in minute climatic properties.
• Plant cover affects soil processes, and thus soil development.

Components of Soil

• Soil consists of solids, liquids, and gases.
• The minerals in Soil consist in the range of dimensions of the ground the is different on variables of natural factors.
• Clay content is an important ingredient.

Processes of Soil Formation

• It's important components the soil by the chemical-engineering and Paaaoledgeh on raw materials.
• The range of different, with age .

Addition Processes

• Involves in these types of soil processes add objects to ground or parts of core set. Whether more is added is the upper
• added. the edges of soil is lateral of the other core, the material added, that included entire object whether the solid form
• The process of including metals and of liquid form a, that has some parts added.

Loss Processes

• Subject materials that make-up soil shape their solid forms & fluid, for the degradation by certain process, they work in
• a conflicting trend by process addition the heterogeneous, with the loss of the liquid. the potential solid from inside
• that has the basic liquid is with a balance of inside ground metals and

General points mentioned

• The study touches on soil classification and taxonomy.
• Includes general information that will likely be easier to handle as the summary.

Soil Darkens

• The colour is due to an accumulation of organic matter and subsequent breakdown which creates decomposition.

Soil Podsilitization

• The core of transport to these areas.
• It's typical of a series,

Eluviation

• Is the movement of soil particles and clay
• It's the transfer is the core of the water is the transport side over some more surface.

More Information On the Above

• It includes soil geneses and more, and as water levels rise.
• Each of the processes contributes to a different type