NCERT - HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASES

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Questions and Answers

Which variety of rice is specifically mentioned as developed by M.S. Swaminathan?

Basmati (correct)

Jasmine

Sona Masoori

Indica

William Harvey's discovery of blood circulation supported the 'good humor' hypothesis of health.

False

What concept did Swaminathan initiate that involves the collaboration of research with practical application in farming?

Lab-to-Land

M.S. Swaminathan collaborated with Norman Borlaug to implement the __________ in India.

Green Revolution Signup and view all the answers

Match the following health concepts with their descriptions:

Good Humor Hypothesis = Belief in balance of humors for health Blood Circulation = Discovered by William Harvey Mind's Influence = Affects immune system and health Ayurveda = Traditional Indian system of medicine Signup and view all the answers

Which prestigious award has M.S. Swaminathan received?

Padma Bhushan Signup and view all the answers

The idea that health is influenced solely by physical factors has been widely accepted in modern biology.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used to reduce mosquito populations in residential areas?

Introducing fishes like Gambusia in ponds Signup and view all the answers

What field did M.S. Swaminathan develop his expertise in?

Genetics and plant breeding Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination has completely eradicated smallpox.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of immunity?

Innate immunity and acquired immunity Signup and view all the answers

One of the physiological barriers in innate immunity is the ______ in the stomach.

acid Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of barriers in innate immunity with their descriptions:

Physical barriers = Skin and mucous membranes Physiological barriers = Stomach acid and saliva Cellular barriers = White blood cells attacking pathogens Inflammatory barriers = Response to tissue injury Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT controlled by vaccines?

Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

Innate immunity is specialized and develops over time.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body?

Skin Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in HIV infection?

They act as a factory for producing virus particles. Signup and view all the answers

AIDS can be completely cured with current treatments.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main enzyme involved in the replication of the HIV genome?

reverse transcriptase Signup and view all the answers

The diagnostic test commonly used for AIDS is called ______.

ELISA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following infections are a person with AIDS more susceptible to?

Mycobacterium Signup and view all the answers

Match the preventive measures to their descriptions:

Disposable needles = Reduce risk of HIV transmission Safe blood transfusions = Prevent HIV from entering the bloodstream Condom distribution = Promote safe sex practices HIV check-ups = Identify infection in susceptible populations Signup and view all the answers

The decrease in helper T-lymphocytes primarily leads to increased immunity against infections.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are some common symptoms experienced by a person infected with HIV?

Fever, diarrhoea, and weight loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of biological response modifiers such as α-interferon?

To activate the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Heroin is a stimulant that increases body functions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical name of heroin?

diacetylmorphine Signup and view all the answers

Cannabinoids are primarily obtained from the plant _________.

Cannabis sativa Signup and view all the answers

Match the drugs with their correct descriptions:

Heroin = A depressant derived from morphine Cannabis = Plant source of cannabinoids Cocaine = A stimulant obtained from coca plant Opioids = Bind to specific receptors in the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common drug that is abused?

Caffeine Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine is derived from the plant Erythroxylum coca.

True Signup and view all the answers

Excessive dosage of cocaine can cause _________.

hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of anabolic steroids in females?

Excessive hair growth on the face and body Signup and view all the answers

Anabolic steroid use can lead to stunted growth in adolescents.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one method parents can use to help prevent substance abuse in adolescents?

Consistent discipline and nurturance Signup and view all the answers

The use of anabolic steroids can cause mood swings and __________ in males.

acne Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects with the gender they affect when using anabolic steroids:

Enlargement of clitoris = Females Breast enlargement = Males Deepening of voice = Females Reduction of size of testicles = Males Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is recommended to help adolescents deal with stress?

Seeking help from parents and peers Signup and view all the answers

Smoking and alcohol tend to be adopted at younger ages during adolescence.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to avoid undue peer pressure in children?

Respect and nurture individual choices Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of seeking help from friends regarding anxiety and guilt?

To vent feelings and receive advice Signup and view all the answers

The immune system plays a minor role in preventing diseases caused by pathogens.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one vector-borne disease mentioned in the content.

Malaria Signup and view all the answers

Proper disposal of waste and __________ help in preventing diseases.

decontamination of drinking water Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Psychologist = A professional who studies mental processes and behavior De-addiction = The process of overcoming dependency on substances Immunisation = The act of making a person immune to disease Pathogen = An organism that causes disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of untreated vector-borne diseases like malaria?

Fatality Signup and view all the answers

Only medical professionals can diagnose substance abuse issues.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the innate defenses of the body that help block pathogens?

Skin, mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances, phagocytic cells Signup and view all the answers

What disease is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi?

Typhoid fever Signup and view all the answers

The common cold is caused by rhino viruses, which can infect the lungs.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a classic name associated with a typhoid carrier who spread the disease through food?

Typhoid Mary Signup and view all the answers

Pneumonia primarily affects the __________ of the lungs.

alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their causative pathogens:

Typhoid fever = Salmonella typhi Pneumonia = Streptococcus pneumoniae Common cold = Rhino viruses Diphtheria = Corynebacterium diphtheriae Signup and view all the answers

What are some common symptoms of typhoid fever?

Stomach pain and constipation Signup and view all the answers

Inhaling droplets from an infected person can lead to the transmission of pneumonia.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of symptoms for the common cold?

3-7 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when antibodies are produced after exposure to antigens?

Active immunity Signup and view all the answers

Passive immunity requires the body to produce its own antibodies.

False Signup and view all the answers

What substance in mother's milk provides antibodies to protect the infant?

Colostrum Signup and view all the answers

After a graft or transplant, patients must take __________ to prevent rejection.

immunosuppressants Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of vaccination?

To induce active immunity through memory cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of immunity with its description:

Active Immunity = Body produces antibodies after exposure to antigens Passive Immunity = Ready-made antibodies are provided Vaccination = Introduction of antigenic proteins to generate memory Immunosuppressants = Drugs that prevent graft rejection Signup and view all the answers

Preformed antibodies are injected for passive immunization in cases like snakebites.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does recombinant DNA technology enable in the context of immunization?

Production of antigenic polypeptides in bacteria or yeast Signup and view all the answers

What does AIDS stand for?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in the HIV infection process?

They act as factories producing virus particles. Signup and view all the answers

The use of anti-retroviral drugs can completely cure AIDS.

False Signup and view all the answers

AIDS is a congenital disease.

False Signup and view all the answers

What virus causes AIDS?

Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV) Signup and view all the answers

Name one common symptom experienced by a person infected with HIV.

Fever Signup and view all the answers

The enzyme ________ is crucial for the replication of the HIV genome.

reverse transcriptase Signup and view all the answers

People at high risk of getting HIV include individuals with __________ sexual partners.

multiple Signup and view all the answers

Match the following modes of HIV transmission with their descriptions:

Sexual contact = Transmission through sexual intercourse with an infected person Blood transfusion = Receiving infected blood or blood products Needle sharing = Use of shared needles among intravenous drug users Mother to child = Transmission from an HIV-infected mother to her child during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Match the preventive measures against HIV to their descriptions:

Disposable needles = Reduce risk of virus transmission through shared equipment Free condoms = Encourage safe sex practices to prevent HIV spread Regular check-ups = Identify HIV infection early in at-risk populations Blood safety = Ensure blood products are free from HIV Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of lymphoid tissue in the human body is made up of MALT?

50 percent Signup and view all the answers

The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) does not implement educational programs about AIDS.

False Signup and view all the answers

HIV/AIDS can be spread through mere touch or physical contact.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason prevention is emphasized for HIV/AIDS?

There is no cure for AIDS. Signup and view all the answers

How long can the time-lag be between HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS symptoms?

5-10 years Signup and view all the answers

What are the common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse among youth?

Withdrawal, isolation, and fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Long-term use of drugs and alcohol can lead to liver damage, such as cirrhosis.

True Signup and view all the answers

What serious infections are increased risks for individuals who use drugs intravenously?

AIDS and Hepatitis B Signup and view all the answers

Withdrawal symptoms from drug or alcohol use can include anxiety, __________, and sweating.

shakiness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of drug/alcohol abuse with their implications:

Reckless behaviour = Potential legal consequences Loss of interest in hobbies = Social disconnection Fluctuations in weight = Health complications Deteriorating relationships = Family distress Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviors is NOT typically associated with drug and alcohol abuse?

Participation in team sports Signup and view all the answers

Using alcohol during adolescence can increase the likelihood of heavy drinking in adulthood.

True Signup and view all the answers

What behavior may an abuser resort to when they are unable to obtain money for drugs/alcohol?

Stealing Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases can be curable if detected early?

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

Addiction to drugs and alcohol predominantly occurs without any social influences.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one precaution that can be taken to prevent AIDS.

Using condoms Signup and view all the answers

AIDS is caused by the __________ virus.

human immunodeficiency (HIV) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their mode of transmission:

Amoebiasis = Contaminated food or water Malaria = Mosquito bites Ascariasis = Ingestion of eggs from contaminated soil Pneumonia = Airborne droplets Signup and view all the answers

What is a major concern related to drug and alcohol use among youth and adolescents?

The addictive nature of these substances Signup and view all the answers

What is metastasis?

The spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another. Signup and view all the answers

Education about the harmful effects of drugs and alcohol can help individuals avoid addiction.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of antibodies are produced in response to allergens?

IgE Signup and view all the answers

Allergy symptoms are caused by the release of chemicals like histamine from white blood cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when the immune system mistakenly attacks self-cells?

auto-immune disease Signup and view all the answers

The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain particles is called an __________.

allergy Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with their associated allergic reactions:

Sneezing = Respiratory reaction Watery eyes = Eye reaction Running nose = Nasal reaction Difficulty in breathing = Severe respiratory reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT commonly known as an allergen?

Vitamin C Signup and view all the answers

Auto-immune diseases can affect only the joints and muscles of the body.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one common medication used to treat allergic reactions.

antihistamine Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis of microbes?

Neutrophils and macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with typhoid fever?

Cough Signup and view all the answers

The secondary immune response is less intense than the primary immune response.

False Signup and view all the answers

Pneumonia can be caused by both bacteria and viruses.

True Signup and view all the answers

What do B-lymphocytes produce in response to pathogens?

Antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the test that can confirm typhoid fever?

Widal test Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines are proteins like __________ that are secreted by virus-infected cells.

interferons Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of immunity with their descriptions:

Acquired Immunity = Pathogen-specific and characterized by memory Innate Immunity = Non-specific defenses present at birth Humoral Immune Response = Antibody-mediated defense Cell-Mediated Immunity = T-lymphocytes mediated response Signup and view all the answers

The bacteria ________ causes pneumonia in humans.

Streptococcus pneumoniae Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about antibodies is true?

Each antibody molecule consists of four peptide chains. Signup and view all the answers

T-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies.

False Signup and view all the answers

How can a person typically acquire the common cold?

Inhaling droplets from an infected person Signup and view all the answers

Typhoid Mary was a cook who spread typhoid fever through the food she prepared.

True Signup and view all the answers

Why can't organs be transplanted from just any donor?

Due to rejection from the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication that may arise from untreated typhoid fever?

Intestinal perforation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the thymus in the immune system?

Maturation of T-lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Lymph nodes are responsible for producing all types of blood cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two primary lymphoid organs.

Bone marrow, thymus Signup and view all the answers

The __________ organ acts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms.

spleen Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lymphoid organs with their functions:

Bone marrow = Production of blood cells Thymus = Maturation of T-lymphocytes Spleen = Filtering blood Lymph nodes = Trapping antigens Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the thymus as a person ages?

It reduces in size Signup and view all the answers

Secondary lymphoid organs are the sites of interaction between lymphocytes and antigens.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lymph nodes in the immune system?

To trap microorganisms and other antigens in lymph fluid. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common warning sign of drug and alcohol abuse among youth?

Withdrawal and isolation Signup and view all the answers

Drug and alcohol withdrawal symptoms can be life-threatening and may require medical supervision.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are two chronic infections that can be acquired through sharing needles among drug users?

AIDS and Hepatitis B Signup and view all the answers

Excessive doses of drugs may lead to ______ due to respiratory failure.

coma Signup and view all the answers

Match the following effects of substance abuse with their descriptions:

Drop in academic performance = Decreased school success Aggressive behavior = Increased hostility and frustration Deteriorating relationships = Strain with family and friends Chronic liver damage = Cirrhosis due to alcohol use Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of drug and alcohol abuse on families?

It often leads to mental and financial distress. Signup and view all the answers

The use of alcohol during pregnancy has no adverse effects on the foetus.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential severe outcome of combining drugs with alcohol?

Overdosing Signup and view all the answers

What causes AIDS?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Signup and view all the answers

Cancers are always fatal if not treated.

False Signup and view all the answers

List one precaution that can prevent the transmission of HIV.

Using condoms during sexual activity Signup and view all the answers

Many youths are affected by __________ due to stress and peer pressure.

drug abuse Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily involved in the immune response?

Lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Education about the harmful effects of drugs can help individuals avoid addiction.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a common motivation for youngsters to experiment with drugs and alcohol?

Curiosity Signup and view all the answers

Stress from academic pressures can influence adolescents to try alcohol or drugs.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the psychological attachment that drives a person to repeatedly use drugs?

Addiction Signup and view all the answers

The withdrawal syndrome from abrupt cessation of drugs or alcohol is a sign of ___________.

dependence Signup and view all the answers

Match the motivations for substance use with their descriptions:

Curiosity = Motivates initial experimentation Peer pressure = Influences habitual use among friends Stress = Drive to escape academic challenges Media influence = Promotes the perception of drug use as acceptable Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe consequence of drug or alcohol abuse that may require medical supervision?

Withdrawal symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of increased tolerance to drugs?

Greater intake of drugs Signup and view all the answers

Experiencing initial benefits from drug use means addiction will not occur.

False Signup and view all the answers

Substance abuse only affects the individual using drugs or alcohol.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two viruses that can be transmitted through sharing infected needles.

AIDS and Hepatitis B Signup and view all the answers

What factor can complicate a child's curiosity towards drug use?

Perceived benefits of drug use Signup and view all the answers

Excessive doses of drugs may lead to __________ and death due to respiratory failure.

coma Signup and view all the answers

Match the following common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse with their descriptions:

Drop in academic performance = Decline in school grades or attendance Withdrawal = Avoiding social interactions Aggressive behavior = Increased hostility towards others Change in eating habits = Alteration in appetite or food intake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a long-term effect of alcohol use during adolescence?

Heavy drinking in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

Using drugs during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the fetus.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of behaviour may be exhibited by an individual abusing drugs or alcohol?

Reckless behaviour Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase in the context of HIV infection?

It converts viral RNA into DNA. Signup and view all the answers

HIV can lead to a decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the body.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a common diagnostic test used for diagnosing AIDS?

ELISA Signup and view all the answers

The process by which HIV incorporates its DNA into the host cell's DNA is known as __________.

integration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a preventive measure against the spread of HIV?

Safe sex practices Signup and view all the answers

Anti-retroviral drugs completely cure AIDS.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one common symptom associated with HIV infection.

Fever Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of α-interferon in cancer treatment?

To activate the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Cannabinoids are primarily known for their effects on the respiratory system.

False Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine is derived from the coca plant called __________.

Erythroxylum coca Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs with their effects:

Heroin = Depressant that slows down body functions Cocaine = Stimulant causing euphoria Cannabinoids = Affect on the cardiovascular system Opioids = Bind to specific receptors in CNS Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is commonly known as 'smack'?

Heroin Signup and view all the answers

The primary method of ingestion for cocaine is by oral consumption.

False Signup and view all the answers

List one major source of cannabinoids.

Cannabis sativa Signup and view all the answers

HIV is transmitted through casual contact neither through body fluids.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus causes AIDS?

Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) Signup and view all the answers

AIDS was first reported in the year ______.

1981 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a high-risk group for HIV infection?

Healthcare workers with no exposure to blood Signup and view all the answers

Individuals infected with HIV can lead normal lives without isolation from their families.

True Signup and view all the answers

How long is the typical time-lag between HIV infection and appearance of AIDS symptoms?

5-10 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of AIDS?

Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) Signup and view all the answers

Cancers are always fatal if diagnosed late.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one harmful effect of drug abuse.

Addiction Signup and view all the answers

AIDS can be prevented with certain _______.

precautions Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason for youth and adolescents to abuse drugs?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

To prevent water-borne diseases, proper _______ of waste is essential.

disposal Signup and view all the answers

Counseling and education about drug abuse have no impact on prevention.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of barrier in innate immunity?

Immunological barriers Signup and view all the answers

Acquired immunity develops over time and is specific to particular pathogens.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of fish is mentioned as a natural method to reduce mosquito larvae in ponds?

Gambusia Signup and view all the answers

The body's ability to defend itself against infectious agents is called ______.

immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases has been completely eradicated due to vaccination?

Smallpox Signup and view all the answers

The mosquito nets are an effective measure to prevent diseases like dengue.

True Signup and view all the answers

What kind of immunity is present at the time of birth?

Innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

What substance in tobacco stimulates the adrenal gland to release adrenaline?

Nicotine Signup and view all the answers

Cannabinoids are commonly used in traditional medicine.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period between ages 12-18 during which a child matures into adulthood?

adolescence Signup and view all the answers

Drugs like barbiturates and amphetamines are often abused for purposes other than __________ use.

medicinal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs with their primary effects:

Morphine = Pain relief and sedation Cannabinoids = Altered perception or euphoria Nicotine = Increased heart rate and blood pressure Tobacco = Addiction and respiratory issues Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is NOT associated with smoking?

Prostate cancer Signup and view all the answers

Adolescents are completely immune to substance abuse.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the major health risk associated with chewing tobacco?

cancer of the oral cavity Signup and view all the answers

What disease is commonly caused by filarial worms like W. bancrofti and W. malayi?

Elephantiasis Signup and view all the answers

Ringworm infections are primarily spread through insect vectors.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one preventive measure for controlling infectious diseases transmitted through food and water.

Proper disposal of waste Signup and view all the answers

The female mosquito is a vector for transmitting __________.

filarial worms Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their corresponding symptoms:

Elephantiasis = Chronic inflammation of lymphatic vessels Ringworm = Dry, scaly lesions on skin Malaria = Fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms Typhoid = High fever and abdominal pain Signup and view all the answers

What environmental conditions help fungi responsible for ringworm grow?

Heat and moisture Signup and view all the answers

Public hygiene measures are unnecessary for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one common symptom of ringworm infections?

Intense itching Signup and view all the answers

What disease is primarily caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi?

Typhoid fever Signup and view all the answers

The common cold is caused by bacteria.

False Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms commonly accompany pneumonia?

Fever, chills, cough, and headache Signup and view all the answers

The infectious agent responsible for typhoid fever can enter the body through contaminated and .

food, water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can transmit the common cold?

Inhaling droplets from sneezes Signup and view all the answers

The Widal test is used to confirm cases of pneumonia.

False Signup and view all the answers

What severe complication can arise from typhoid fever?

Intestinal perforation Signup and view all the answers

What are the common approaches for treating cancer?

Radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and surgery Signup and view all the answers

Only one type of treatment is effective in curing cancer.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antibodies in cancer detection?

Antibodies against cancer-specific antigens are used for detection of certain cancers. Signup and view all the answers

The use of _______ is important in early cancer detection through imaging techniques.

radiography Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancer detection techniques to their descriptions:

Biopsy = Examination of tissue samples under a microscope CT Scan = Three-dimensional imaging using X-rays MRI = Magnetic imaging using strong magnetic fields Blood tests = Detect increased cell counts associated with leukemia Signup and view all the answers

What do cellular oncogenes (c-onc) represent in normal cells?

Genes that can lead to oncogenic transformation when activated Signup and view all the answers

Early cancer detection is not essential for successful treatment.

False Signup and view all the answers

What genetic factors can predispose an individual to certain cancers?

Inherited genes that increase susceptibility to cancer. Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial step in helping someone who may be using drugs or alcohol?

Seek help from trained professionals. Signup and view all the answers

Public health measures such as proper waste disposal do not help in preventing diseases.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role does the immune system play in health?

It prevents diseases by blocking pathogen entry and responding to infections. Signup and view all the answers

Proper __________ of waste is essential to prevent the spread of diseases in the community.

disposal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vector-borne diseases with their causative agents:

Malaria = Plasmodium falciparum Dengue = Aedes aegypti West Nile Virus = Mosquitoes Lyme Disease = Borrelia burgdorferi Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response involves the production of specific antibodies?

Humoral immune response Signup and view all the answers

An individual's immune response is slower and less effective upon first exposure to a pathogen.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of professional that can assist individuals struggling with substance abuse.

Psychologist Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method to reduce mosquito populations?

Introducing Gambusia fish in ponds Signup and view all the answers

Vaccines have completely eradicated all infectious diseases.

False Signup and view all the answers

The skin acts as a main physical barrier for __________.

innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

Match the barriers of innate immunity with their descriptions:

Physical barriers = Skin and mucus trapping microbes Physiological barriers = Stomach acid and saliva Cellular barriers = White blood cells attacking invaders Chemical barriers = Antimicrobial proteins in secretions Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main physiological barriers in innate immunity?

Acid in the stomach Signup and view all the answers

Acquired immunity is non-specific and present at birth.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors affect a person's health?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

A state of complete health only refers to physical fitness.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of death among non-infectious diseases?

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

Pathogens can enter our body through various means, multiply, and cause __________ damage.

functional Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of health-related terms with their definitions:

Infectious diseases = Diseases transmitted from one person to another Non-infectious diseases = Diseases not transmitted between individuals Pathogens = Organisms causing diseases Vaccination = Procedure to stimulate immunity against infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a practice that can maintain good health?

Regular exercise Signup and view all the answers

Drug and alcohol abuse can have a positive impact on health.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one method for controlling diseases caused by vector organisms.

Proper disposal of waste Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the immune system when exposed to pathogens?

It provides specific antibodies to combat the pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant cause that motivates adolescents to experiment with drugs and alcohol?

Need for adventure and excitement Signup and view all the answers

Seeking help from professionals is unnecessary in cases of substance abuse.

False Signup and view all the answers

The initial use of drugs or alcohol is primarily for managing stress and problems.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one method to prevent vector-borne diseases.

Proper disposal of waste Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychological attachment to the effects of drugs and alcohol called?

Addiction Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination and __________ play a crucial role in enhancing the immune response.

immunisation Signup and view all the answers

Repeated use of drugs can lead to increased __________ levels, causing the need for higher doses.

tolerance Signup and view all the answers

Match the disease with its cause:

Malaria = Plasmodium falciparum Typhoid = Salmonella typhi Cholera = Vibrio cholerae Pneumonia = Streptococcus pneumoniae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key role of public health measures?

Preventing the spread of diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has recently contributed to the rise of alcohol and drug use among adolescents?

Stress from academic pressures Signup and view all the answers

Innate immunity is a specialized immune response that develops over time.

False Signup and view all the answers

Drug use, even if it starts once, can lead to potential addiction.

True Signup and view all the answers

What should friends do if they notice someone using drugs or alcohol?

Inform a parent or teacher. Signup and view all the answers

What major influence do media outlets have on adolescent views of drug and alcohol use?

They promote the perception that using drugs and alcohol is 'cool' or progressive. Signup and view all the answers

HIV can be transmitted through casual physical contact such as hugging.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are two ways HIV can be transmitted?

Sexual contact with infected person and sharing infected needles. Signup and view all the answers

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) constitutes about ______ percent of the lymphoid tissue in the human body.

50 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following transmission methods with their descriptions:

Sexual contact = Transmission through engaging in sexual activities with someone who is infected Transfusion = Receiving contaminated blood during medical procedures Needle sharing = Using injectable drugs with a needle that has been used by someone else Mother to child = Transmission of HIV during pregnancy or childbirth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom associated with AIDS?

High blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

The time-lag between HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS symptoms can vary from a few months to many years.

True Signup and view all the answers

When was AIDS first reported?

1981 Signup and view all the answers

Anabolic steroids can cause permanent effects with prolonged use.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one hormone that is misused in sports to enhance performance.

Anabolic steroids Signup and view all the answers

The use of anabolic steroids may result in __________ in both males and females.

increased aggressiveness Signup and view all the answers

Match the following preventive measures with their descriptions:

Avoid undue peer pressure = Respecting a child's personal choices Education and counselling = Helping with stress management Seeking help from parents and peers = Guidance during difficult times Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can be a side effect of anabolic steroids in females?

Masculinisation Signup and view all the answers

Counseling does not play a significant role in preventing substance abuse among adolescents.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one responsibility of parents in preventing substance abuse?

Provide nurturing and consistent discipline Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can help reduce mosquito populations around residential areas?

Introducing Gambusia in ponds Signup and view all the answers

Immunity is a specific type of defense developed over time.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one infectious disease that can be controlled by vaccines.

Polio Signup and view all the answers

The skin serves as a primary __________ barrier in innate immunity.

physical Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of immunity with their characteristics:

Innate Immunity = Non-specific defense present at birth Acquired Immunity = Specific defense developed after exposure Physical Barriers = Components like skin and mucus membranes Physiological Barriers = Acid in stomach and tears preventing microbial growth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the advancements in biological science?

Vaccines have been developed to control many infectious diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Gambusia is a type of fish introduced to feed on mosquito larvae.

True Signup and view all the answers

What type of barrier in innate immunity is represented by tears?

Physiological barrier Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with typhoid fever?

Nasal congestion Signup and view all the answers

Dysentery is caused by a viral infection.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the causative agent of pneumonia mentioned in the content?

Streptococcus pneumoniae Signup and view all the answers

The disease spread by the bacterium Salmonella typhi is called __________.

typhoid fever Signup and view all the answers

What is a common transmission method for the common cold?

Droplets from sneezing Signup and view all the answers

A healthy person can never acquire infections from an infected individual.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name a severe complication that can occur if typhoid fever is untreated.

Intestinal perforation Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial role of the immune system in disease prevention?

Blocking the entry of pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Public health measures, such as immunization, have no impact on the prevention of diseases.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one psychological support option available to individuals experiencing anxiety and guilt?

Seeking help from close and trusted friends Signup and view all the answers

Proper disposal of waste and __________ are essential public health measures.

decontamination of drinking water Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their causes:

Typhoid = Salmonella typhi Malaria = Plasmodium falciparum Cholera = Vibrio cholerae Pneumonia = Various bacteria and viruses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the immune response?

It is rapid upon subsequent exposure to a pathogen Signup and view all the answers

Who are the professionals that can help individuals dealing with drug or alcohol abuse?

Psychologists and psychiatrists Signup and view all the answers

Innate defenses of the body, such as skin and mucous membranes, are the primary barriers against pathogens.

True Signup and view all the answers

AIDS is a congenital disease that is inherited at birth.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of lymphoid tissue mentioned in the content.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) Signup and view all the answers

HIV infection primarily spreads through ______.

body fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is a major symptom associated with AIDS?

Pneumonia and other infections Signup and view all the answers

HIV can be transmitted through casual physical contact.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?

Maturation of T-lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

The spleen is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells are produced.

False Signup and view all the answers

What primary lymphoid organs are involved in the differentiation of lymphocytes?

Bone marrow and thymus Signup and view all the answers

The _______ is a key organ that acts as a filter for blood and contains lymphocytes.

spleen Signup and view all the answers

Match the lymphoid organs with their primary functions:

Bone Marrow = Production of blood cells Thymus = Maturation of T-lymphocytes Spleen = Filtering blood Lymph Nodes = Trapping antigens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lymphoid organs decreases in size with age?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

Secondary lymphoid organs include the bone marrow and the thymus.

False Signup and view all the answers

What structures are located at various points along the lymphatic system and are involved in trapping microorganisms?

Lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant factor that contributes to adolescents trying drugs and alcohol?

Curiosity and experimentation Signup and view all the answers

The perception that it is 'cool' to use substances has no impact on adolescent behavior.

False Signup and view all the answers

What syndrome may manifest if a dependent user suddenly stops consuming drugs or alcohol?

Withdrawal syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Repeated use of drugs leads to an increase in the body's __________ level, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.

tolerance Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effects drive individuals to continue using drugs and alcohol?

Temporary feeling of well-being Signup and view all the answers

Once an adolescent tries drugs or alcohol, they cannot form an addiction after the first use.

False Signup and view all the answers

Factors such as unstable family structures and __________ influence adolescent drug and alcohol abuse.

peer pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting filarial worms?

Female mosquito Signup and view all the answers

Ringworms are caused by bacterial infections.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one main symptom of ringworm infections.

Dry, scaly lesions Signup and view all the answers

Personal hygiene includes keeping the body clean and consuming clean drinking __________.

water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is linked to poor public hygiene?

Typhoid Signup and view all the answers

Moist and hot environments hinder the growth of fungi.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are two preventive measures against insect vector-borne diseases like malaria?

Vector control and elimination of breeding sites Signup and view all the answers

Anabolic steroids can cause permanent changes in the body after prolonged use.

True Signup and view all the answers

What should parents do to help prevent substance abuse in adolescents?

Provide education and seek help from peers. Signup and view all the answers

Employees should seek guidance from __________ to deal with peer pressure effectively.

parents and peers Signup and view all the answers

Match the following side effects with their associated gender:

Masculinization = Female Breast enlargement = Male Mood swings = Both Reduced sperm production = Male Signup and view all the answers

What can help channel an adolescent's energy into healthy activities?

Participating in sports Signup and view all the answers

Increased aggressiveness is a side effect of anabolic steroids only in females.

False Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to reduce the risk of adolescent substance abuse?

Undue peer pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern associated with malignant tumors?

They invade and damage normal tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Benign tumors can spread to other parts of the body.

False Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process by which cancer cells spread to distant sites in the body?

metastasis Signup and view all the answers

The loss of __________ is a characteristic of cancer cells that allows them to grow uncontrollably.

contact inhibition Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of tumor with its description:

Benign = Tumor that does not invade other tissues Malignant = Tumor that invades and damages surrounding tissues Tumor = Mass of cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division Metastasis = Process of cancer spreading to different body parts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a carcinogen?

UV radiation Signup and view all the answers

Physical, chemical, or biological agents that induce cancer are known as carcinogens.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the major cause of lung cancer according to the information provided?

Chemical carcinogens in tobacco smoke Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for the replication of the HIV genome?

Reverse transcriptase Signup and view all the answers

AIDS can be effectively cured with current medical treatments.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are some common symptoms of a person infected with HIV?

Bouts of fever, diarrhea, and weight loss. Signup and view all the answers

HIV attacks primarily __________ T-lymphocytes in the body.

helper Signup and view all the answers

Match the following potential infections with their causes:

Mycobacterium = Bacterial infection Toxoplasma = Parasitic infection Viruses = Viral infection Fungi = Fungal infection Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym AIDS stand for?

Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary prevention method recommended against HIV infection?

Safe sex practices Signup and view all the answers

HIV infection can be spread through casual physical contact.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one method through which HIV can be transmitted.

Sexual contact with an infected person, transfusion of contaminated blood, sharing infected needles, or from mother to child. Signup and view all the answers

The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) focuses on treating individuals already affected by AIDS.

False Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic test is commonly used for AIDS?

Enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main type of virus that causes AIDS?

Retrovirus Signup and view all the answers

AIDS symptoms can appear immediately after HIV infection.

False Signup and view all the answers

Before AIDS was first reported in 1981, how many years had HIV been transmitting affecting equal individuals worldwide?

Approximately 25 years. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of health as described?

Financial stability Signup and view all the answers

The immune system does not have memory and cannot respond more rapidly upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of health professionals can assist individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse?

Psychologists and psychiatrists Signup and view all the answers

Public health measures like proper disposal of waste and __________ are essential for preventing diseases.

immunization Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their descriptions:

Typhoid = Caused by Salmonella typhi Malaria = Vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium Pneumonia = Infection of the lungs Cholera = Waterborne disease caused by contaminated water Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response involves the production of antibodies?

Humoral immune response Signup and view all the answers

Seeking help from friends and family can be beneficial for those feeling anxiety and guilt.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the immune system primarily protect against?

Pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of typhoid fever?

Stomach pain Signup and view all the answers

Rhino viruses primarily infect the lungs.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

In severe cases, typhoid fever can lead to _______ and death.

intestinal perforation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pathogens to the diseases they cause:

Salmonella typhi = Typhoid fever Streptococcus pneumoniae = Pneumonia Rhino viruses = Common cold Haemophilus influenzae = Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which test is used to confirm typhoid fever?

Widal test Signup and view all the answers

Droplets from an infected person are a common way for the common cold to spread.

True Signup and view all the answers

The disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae is primarily characterized by symptoms affecting the _______.

lungs Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is developed when a host is exposed to antigens through natural infection?

Active immunity Signup and view all the answers

Mother’s milk contains preformed antibodies that provide passive immunity to newborns.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of vaccination in the immune system?

To prepare the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens quickly. Signup and view all the answers

The immune response that can lead to graft rejection is primarily mediated by __________ immune response.

cell-mediated Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibodies can be found in colostrum that helps protect infants?

IgA Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination eliminates the need for any immune response to occur in the body.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of passive immunisation mentioned in the content?

Antitoxin for tetanus or preformed antibodies for snakebites. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of α-interferon?

To activate the immune system Signup and view all the answers

Heroin is classified as a stimulant that increases body functions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What plant is cocaine commonly derived from?

Erythroxylum coca Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common effect of using cocaine?

Hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

Proper education and guidance can help youth avoid substance abuse.

True Signup and view all the answers

What classification of drugs bind to specific opioid receptors in the central nervous system?

Opioids Signup and view all the answers

What is a common motivation for adolescents to experiment with drugs and alcohol?

Desire for adventure Signup and view all the answers

Addiction to drugs or alcohol can only occur after prolonged use.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role does peer pressure play in adolescent substance abuse?

Peer pressure often influences adolescents to try drugs and alcohol, as they may want to fit in or be considered 'cool.' Signup and view all the answers

The psychological attachment to the effects of drugs and alcohol is known as __________.

addiction Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to addiction with their definitions:

Addiction = Psychological attachment to certain effects Dependence = Withdrawal symptoms when use is discontinued Tolerance = Need for increased amounts for the same effect Vicious circle = Cycle of increasing use despite negative consequences Signup and view all the answers

What perception can encourage youths to start using drugs and alcohol?

It is considered 'cool' or progressive Signup and view all the answers

In stable family structures, the likelihood of adolescent substance abuse is significantly reduced.

True Signup and view all the answers

What effect does repeated use of drugs have on the body's receptors?

Repeated use increases the tolerance level, requiring higher doses for the same effect. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about drug and alcohol abuse is true?

It can lead to addiction if indulged in excess. Signup and view all the answers

Cancer is always fatal and cannot be treated.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one preventive measure against HIV transmission.

Safe sex practices. Signup and view all the answers

Match the diseases to their mode of transmission:

Amoebiasis = Contaminated water Malaria = Mosquito bites Ascariasis = Ingested eggs Pneumonia = Respiratory droplets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common effect caused by alcohol/drug abuse?

Addiction Signup and view all the answers

The primary lymphoid organs include the and the .

thymus, bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is metastasis in the context of cancer?

The spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to other parts of the body. Signup and view all the answers

HIV can be transmitted through casual contact such as hugging.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue is located in the lining of major tracts such as respiratory and digestive tracts?

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of lymphoid tissue in the human body is constituted by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

50% Signup and view all the answers

The appearance of AIDS symptoms can occur immediately after HIV infection.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the high-risk groups for HIV infection.

Individuals with multiple sexual partners, intravenous drug users, or those needing repeated blood transfusions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is effective in controlling mosquito populations in residential areas?

Using mosquito nets Signup and view all the answers

Innate immunity develops over time as a response to infections.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one common vector-borne disease mentioned?

Dengue Signup and view all the answers

The __________ destroy mosquito larvae in water bodies to help prevent breeding.

Gambusia fish Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of immunity with their descriptions:

Innate immunity = Non-specific defense present at birth Acquired immunity = Specific defense developed after exposure to pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a barrier of innate immunity?

Vaccination Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination has played a significant role in eradicating smallpox.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one physiological barrier in innate immunity.

Stomach acid Signup and view all the answers

Which species of Plasmodium is responsible for the most severe form of malaria?

P.falciparum Signup and view all the answers

Houseflies are known to transmit the malaria parasite from person to person.

False Signup and view all the answers

What toxic substance is released during the rupture of red blood cells infected by Plasmodium?

haemozoin Signup and view all the answers

The female Anopheles mosquito serves as a __________ for the transmission of malaria.

vector Signup and view all the answers

Match the following protozoan parasites with the diseases they cause:

Plasmodium = Malaria Entamoeba histolytica = Amoebiasis Ascaris = Ascariasis Wuchereria = Filariasis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with amoebiasis?

Constipation Signup and view all the answers

The eggs of the Ascaris parasite are typically spread through contaminated food and water.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica?

Contaminated food or water Signup and view all the answers

Transmission of HIV can occur through __________ contact with an infected person.

sexual Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of lymphoid tissue in the human body is made up of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

50% Signup and view all the answers

HIV/AIDS can be spread through casual physical contact.

False Signup and view all the answers

List one group of people at high risk for HIV infection.

Individuals with multiple sexual partners Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of tumors?

Benign and malignant Signup and view all the answers

Cancer cells exhibit a property called contact inhibition.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when cancer cells spread to distant sites in the body?

Metastasis Signup and view all the answers

The agents that induce neoplastic transformation in cells are called __________.

carcinogens Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of tumors with their descriptions:

Benign tumors = Do not spread and cause little damage Malignant tumors = Invade surrounding tissues and can spread Primary tumors = Originate from the site where they are found Secondary tumors = Result from metastasis of malignant tumors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a major cause of lung cancer?

Tobacco smoke Signup and view all the answers

The only way to treat cancer is through surgical intervention.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation causes DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformation?

Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions can help individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse?

Seeking professional help from psychologists or psychiatrists Signup and view all the answers

Maintaining personal hygiene has no impact on public health.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role does the immune system play in preventing diseases?

The immune system helps block the entry of pathogens and responds to infections. Signup and view all the answers

Vector-borne diseases like malaria can be caused by the pathogen __________.

Plasmodium falciparum Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of immune responses with their description:

Innate immunity = Immediate and non-specific defense Humoral immune response = Antibody-mediated defense Cell-mediated immune response = T-cell mediated defense Vaccination = Stimulating the immune system against specific pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of having memory in the immune system?

It allows for a faster and stronger response to previously encountered pathogens. Signup and view all the answers

Proper waste disposal is a public health measure that does not influence the spread of diseases.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name a type of health professional who can provide assistance for substance abuse issues.

Psychologist or psychiatrist Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about AIDS is true?

Certain precautions can prevent AIDS. Signup and view all the answers

Many cancers are untreatable once diagnosed.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor leading to addiction in youth related to drug and alcohol abuse?

Peer pressure Signup and view all the answers

HIV is transmitted through ___________, sexual contact, and sharing needles.

blood Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their transmission methods:

Amoebiasis = Contaminated water Malaria = Mosquito bites Ascariasis = Ingesting eggs Pneumonia = Airborne droplets Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of alcohol and drug abuse?

Health issues Signup and view all the answers

Name one public health measure to prevent infectious diseases.

Vaccination Signup and view all the answers

Metastasis refers to the process of cancer cells spreading to other parts of the body.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the common symptoms of typhoid fever?

Stomach pain Signup and view all the answers

Respiratory viruses like rhino viruses can infect the lungs.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

The bacteria that cause diphtheria are classified as __________.

pathogenic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their causative organisms:

Typhoid fever = Salmonella typhi Pneumonia = Streptococcus pneumoniae Common cold = Rhino viruses Diphtheria = Corynebacterium diphtheriae Signup and view all the answers

What method is commonly used to confirm typhoid fever?

Widal test Signup and view all the answers

Dysentery is caused by viruses.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main transmission route for pneumonia-causing pathogens?

Droplets/aerosols from an infected person Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of biological response modifiers like α-interferon?

To activate the immune system Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the drug diacetylmorphine?

heroin Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine is derived from the coca plant known as __________.

Erythroxylum coca Signup and view all the answers

Match the following drugs with their primary source:

Heroin = Poppy plant (Papaver somniferum) Cocaine = Coca plant (Erythroxylum coca) Cannabinoids = Cannabis sativa Opioids = Poppy plant (Papaver somniferum) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common method of ingestion for marijuana?

Inhalation Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine produces a sense of euphoria and decreased energy levels.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one common effect of cannabinoids on the human body.

Effects on the cardiovascular system Signup and view all the answers

What types of treatments are commonly used for cancer?

Surgery, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy Signup and view all the answers

Biopsy involves removing a piece of tissue for examination under a microscope.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of early cancer detection?

To allow for successful treatment of the disease. Signup and view all the answers

Certain genes identified in normal cells, known as __________, can lead to oncogenic transformation when activated.

proto oncogenes Signup and view all the answers

Match the cancer detection methods to their descriptions:

Biopsy = Examination of tissue under a microscope CT Scan = Three-dimensional imaging using X-rays MRI = Imaging using strong magnetic fields Blood Test = Detection of increased cell counts in blood Signup and view all the answers

What can predispose individuals to certain cancers?

Inherited susceptibility genes Signup and view all the answers

Radiotherapy targets cancer cells without affecting normal cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are viral oncogenes?

Genes found in oncogenic viruses that can cause cancer. Signup and view all the answers

The spleen is primarily responsible for the production of lymphocytes.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name the primary lymphoid organs responsible for the differentiation of immature lymphocytes.

Bone marrow and thymus Signup and view all the answers

The organ that reduces in size after puberty and is located near the heart is called the __________.

thymus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lymphoid organs with their primary functions:

Bone Marrow = Production of blood cells Thymus = Maturation of T-lymphocytes Spleen = Filtering blood and trapping microorganisms Lymph Nodes = Trapping antigens in lymph Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lymphoid organs serves as a site for interaction between lymphocytes and antigens?

Spleen Signup and view all the answers

Lymph nodes are responsible for producing lymphocytes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lymph nodes in the immune system?

To trap microorganisms and other antigens that enter lymph and tissue fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?

It replicates the viral RNA genome into DNA. Signup and view all the answers

The decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the body helps prevent infections.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections are individuals with AIDS particularly vulnerable to?

Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Signup and view all the answers

The widely used diagnostic test for AIDS is called ______.

enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) Signup and view all the answers

What is one major limitation of anti-retroviral drugs in treating AIDS?

They only prolong the life of the patient but cannot prevent death. Signup and view all the answers

HIV infection commonly spreads due to unintentional actions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of having low levels of helper T-lymphocytes in a person infected with HIV?

Increased susceptibility to infections. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following measures can help prevent vector-borne diseases like malaria?

Public health measures for waste disposal Signup and view all the answers

The immune system does not have any memory for previously encountered pathogens.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of professional who can help individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse.

Psychologist or psychiatrist Signup and view all the answers

Proper ______ of waste is crucial in preventing diseases.

disposal Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their vectors:

Malaria = Mosquitoes Dengue = Aedes mosquitoes Schistosomiasis = Freshwater snails Yellow Fever = Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity involves specific antibodies to fight pathogens?

Humoral immune response Signup and view all the answers

Seeking help from friends is ineffective in dealing with feelings of anxiety.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of phagocytic cells in the immune system?

To kill and digest pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi?

Typhoid fever Signup and view all the answers

What is one symptom of typhoid fever?

Sustained high fever Signup and view all the answers

The common cold is characterized by nasal __________ and discharge.

congestion Signup and view all the answers

How can pneumonia be transmitted from one person to another?

By inhaling droplets/aerosols Signup and view all the answers

Mary Mallon was a carrier of typhoid fever and actively spread the disease without showing symptoms.

True Signup and view all the answers

The symptoms of pneumonia can include fever, chills, and __________.

cough Signup and view all the answers

What component of the immune response is primarily involved in allergic reactions?

IgE antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Antihistamines are typically used to enhance allergic symptoms.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one common allergen experienced in various environments.

pollen Signup and view all the answers

The substances causing allergic reactions are known as __________.

allergens Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary symptom of auto-immune diseases?

Damage to self-cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of immune response with its description:

Allergic reaction = Exaggerated immune response to harmless substances Auto-immunity = Immune system attacks the body's own cells Vaccine-induced immunity = Immunity gained through exposure to a harmless form of a pathogen Humoral immunity = Involves antibodies produced by B cells Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary lymphoid organs responsible for lymphocyte maturation?

Bone marrow and thymus Signup and view all the answers

Identify one drug that can be used to quickly reduce allergy symptoms.

adrenaline Signup and view all the answers

Auto-immune diseases are often linked to environmental factors only.

False Signup and view all the answers

The thymus is located in the upper abdomen.

False Signup and view all the answers

What organ acts as a filter for blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms?

Spleen Signup and view all the answers

The ______ organs provide sites for the interaction of lymphocytes with antigens.

secondary lymphoid Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphoid organ is known to decrease in size as a person ages?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

Lymph nodes are large solid structures located throughout the circulatory system.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name two secondary lymphoid organs mentioned in the content.

Spleen, lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is commonly abused by sportspersons?

Barbiturates Signup and view all the answers

Tobacco chewing is not associated with an increased risk of mouth cancer.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'adolescence' refer to in terms of age?

The period between 12-18 years of age Signup and view all the answers

Nicotine stimulates the adrenal gland to release __________ into blood circulation.

adrenaline Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hallucinogenic plants with their common uses:

Atropa belladona = Folk-medicine and rituals Datura = Religious ceremonies Cannabinoids = Used for medicinal purposes Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of smoking tobacco?

Increased incidence of lung cancer Signup and view all the answers

The consumption of drugs like amphetamines is always beneficial for mental health.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why smoking is prevalent in society despite known health risks?

Addiction to nicotine Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological effect of drug and alcohol use among adolescents?

Euphoria and temporary well-being Signup and view all the answers

Curiosity is a less significant factor compared to peer pressure in motivating adolescents to use drugs and alcohol.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role does stress from academic pressures play in adolescent substance use?

It encourages experimentation with drugs and alcohol as a coping mechanism. Signup and view all the answers

The pattern of increasingly needing larger doses of drugs due to self-destructive reliance is known as __________.

addiction Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the conscious decision to use drugs or alcohol despite knowing the risks?

Self-destructive behavior Signup and view all the answers

Dependence on substances only develops after prolonged and heavy use.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one factor besides peer pressure that influences adolescents to begin using drugs or alcohol.

Curiosity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary virus responsible for AIDS?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

Cancer can be cured if detected early and treated appropriately.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one harmful effect caused by alcohol abuse.

Addiction Signup and view all the answers

A disease transmitted through contaminated water is known as a __________ disease.

water-borne Signup and view all the answers

What measure can help prevent the spread of HIV?

Safe sex practices Signup and view all the answers

Drugs and alcohol can help relieve stress in all situations.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which species of Plasmodium is responsible for the most serious type of malaria?

P.falciparum Signup and view all the answers

The Anopheles mosquito is an effective vector for transmitting the malaria parasite.

True Signup and view all the answers

What substance is released when red blood cells rupture due to malaria infection?

haemozoin Signup and view all the answers

Entamoeba histolytica causes __________.

amoebiasis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parasites with the diseases they cause:

Plasmodium = Malaria Entamoeba histolytica = Amoebiasis Ascaris = Ascariasis Wuchereria = Lymphatic Filariasis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica?

Contaminated water Signup and view all the answers

Wuchereria is a type of protozoan parasite.

False Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is associated with ascariasis caused by Ascaris?

internal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods can help control mosquito populations in residential areas?

Regular cleaning of household coolers Signup and view all the answers

Vaccines have erased all infectious diseases from existence.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the body’s ability to fight disease-causing organisms?

Immunity Signup and view all the answers

The main physical barrier in innate immunity is the __________.

skin Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of innate immunity barriers with their descriptions:

Physical barriers = Includes the skin and mucous membranes Physiological barriers = Composed of saline, tear, and stomach acids Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is present at birth?

Innate immunity Signup and view all the answers

Spraying insecticides is an effective measure to prevent vector-borne diseases.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one vector-borne disease caused by Aedes mosquitoes.

Dengue or chikungunya Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is characterized by memory and is pathogen specific?

Acquired immunity Signup and view all the answers

The primary immune response is always more intense than the secondary immune response.

False Signup and view all the answers

What types of leukocytes are responsible for phagocytosing microbes?

Polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL), monocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages. Signup and view all the answers

The proteins secreted by virus-infected cells that protect non-infected cells are called ______.

interferons Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of lymphocytes with their functions:

B-lymphocytes = Produce antibodies T-lymphocytes = Help B-cells produce antibodies Natural killer cells = Destroy infected cells Macrophages = Phagocytose pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of antibody?

IgL Signup and view all the answers

The humoral immune response is mediated by T-lymphocytes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What happens when an organ transplant is not matched properly?

The graft is likely to be rejected. Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is developed when antibodies are directly given to the body from an external source?

Passive Immunity Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination introduces weakened pathogens to stimulate an immune response.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main factors needed for successful graft/transplant?

Tissue matching, blood group matching, and immunosuppressants. Signup and view all the answers

The yellowish fluid secreted by the mother during initial lactation is called _______.

colostrum Signup and view all the answers

Match the immunization type with its description:

Active Immunity = Immunity developed after infection or vaccination Passive Immunity = Immunity provided by direct transfer of antibodies Vaccination = Inoculation with weakened or inactive pathogens Antitoxin = Preformed antibodies given for immediate protection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the response time of active immunity?

Slow Signup and view all the answers

Memory B and T cells are developed only after a natural infection.

False Signup and view all the answers

In passive immunization, how are antibodies introduced into the body?

They are injected directly. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the immediate adverse effects of drug and alcohol abuse?

Reckless behaviour Signup and view all the answers

Withdrawal symptoms from drug or alcohol use can sometimes be life-threatening.

True Signup and view all the answers

What long-term effect can alcohol use during adolescence have?

Heavy drinking in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

Using drugs and alcohol during pregnancy can adversely affect the ______.

foetus Signup and view all the answers

Match the following consequences of drug/alcohol abuse with their descriptions:

Drop in academic performance = Neglecting education and studies Isolation = Withdrawing from social interactions Loss of interest in hobbies = Abandoning activities once enjoyed Deteriorating relationships = Strain with family and friends Signup and view all the answers

Only the user of drugs or alcohol is affected by their substance abuse.

False Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if a drug user is unable to obtain money for drugs?

They may turn to stealing Signup and view all the answers

What type of tumors remain confined to their original location and do not spread to other parts of the body?

Benign tumors Signup and view all the answers

Malignant tumors grow slowly and cause little damage to surrounding tissues.

False Signup and view all the answers

The agents that induce the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells are called __________.

carcinogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a significant cause of lung cancer?

Tobacco smoke Signup and view all the answers

Normal cells have the property of contact inhibition, which prevents uncontrolled growth.

True Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of radiation that can cause DNA damage leading to cancer.

X-rays Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using wire mesh on doors and windows?

To keep pests out Signup and view all the answers

Acquired immunity is present at the time of birth.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name a type of barrier provided by innate immunity.

Physical barriers Signup and view all the answers

The body can defend itself from foreign agents through the immune system, which is called ______.

immunity Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of barriers in innate immunity with their descriptions:

Physical barriers = Skin prevents entry of microorganisms Physiological barriers = Acid in the stomach prevents microbial growth Chemical barriers = Enzymes in saliva combat microbes Cellular barriers = White blood cells target pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which method helps control mosquito populations in residential areas?

Spaying insecticides in stagnant water Signup and view all the answers

Vaccination has controlled diseases like polio and diphtheria.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of innate immunity?

To provide non-specific defense against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

HIV can be transmitted through mere physical contact.

False Signup and view all the answers

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is abbreviated as __________.

MALT Signup and view all the answers

Match the following transmission methods of HIV with their descriptions:

Sexual contact = Transmission via intimate relations with an infected person Blood transfusion = Receiving contaminated blood products Needle sharing = Using needles that have been previously used by an infected person Mother to child = Transmission of the virus through the placenta during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Which population is at highest risk for HIV infection?

People with multiple sexual partners Signup and view all the answers

The period between initial HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS symptoms is typically short.

False Signup and view all the answers

What motivates adolescents to experiment with drugs and alcohol?

Curiosity and need for adventure Signup and view all the answers

The use of drugs or alcohol can provide permanent solutions to personal problems.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant psychological consequence of drug addiction?

Dependence Signup and view all the answers

The tendency of the body to exhibit withdrawal symptoms when a substance is discontinued is known as __________.

dependence Signup and view all the answers

What factor has recently contributed to adolescents trying drugs and alcohol due to academic pressure?

Stress from academic expectations Signup and view all the answers

The perception that using drugs and alcohol is 'cool' is a minor factor among adolescents.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the common causes that lead adolescents to substance use?

Curiosity Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a major component of health, beyond just the absence of disease?

Social well-being Signup and view all the answers

Public health measures like effective waste disposal and drinking water decontamination do not contribute to preventing diseases.

False Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response provides rapid and intense protection upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen?

memory immune response Signup and view all the answers

Diseases caused by __________, like malaria, require immediate treatment to prevent fatal outcomes.

vectors Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the immune system with their functions:

Skin = Physical barrier to pathogens Antibodies = Target and neutralize pathogens Phagocytes = Engulf and digest harmful microorganisms Mucous membranes = Trap and expel pathogens from airways Signup and view all the answers

Which professional can assist individuals suffering from drug or alcohol abuse?

Psychiatrist Signup and view all the answers

The immune system has no memory capability and reacts the same way to every exposure to the same pathogen.

False Signup and view all the answers

What role do psychologists play in addressing substance abuse issues?

They provide therapy and support for recovery. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contribution of M.S. Swaminathan to agriculture?

Development of high-yielding rice varieties Signup and view all the answers

The concept of 'humors' was solely based on experimental evidence.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary influence of the mind on health according to modern biology?

It influences the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

M.S. Swaminathan is known for initiating the concept of __________ for connecting research with practical application in farming.

Lab-to-Land Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their contributions to health and agriculture:

M.S. Swaminathan = Green Revolution in India William Harvey = Discovery of blood circulation Norman Borlaug = Introduction of high-yield wheat varieties Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects how early Greeks viewed health?

A balance of humors Signup and view all the answers

The 'good humor' hypothesis of health has been fully accepted in modern biology.

False Signup and view all the answers

What prestigious recognition has M.S. Swaminathan received for his work?

Padma Bhushan Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of addiction among youth?

Peer pressure Signup and view all the answers

AIDS can be cured completely with current treatments.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one method to prevent the transmission of HIV.

Using condoms Signup and view all the answers

The human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) attacks the __________ cells in the immune system.

T-helper Signup and view all the answers

Match the following substance abuse effects with their descriptions:

Alcohol = Can cause liver damage and addiction Cocaine = Stimulant that increases energy and heart rate Heroin = Opioid that causes euphoria and respiratory depression Anabolic steroids = Used to enhance muscle growth and performance Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells?

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

Addiction to drugs and alcohol can develop over time due to repeated usage.

True Signup and view all the answers

Explain what metastasis means in the context of cancer.

The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

M.S. Swaminathan

Born in 1925, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu
Graduated and post-graduated in Botany from Madras University
Worked in various Indian and international institutions
Developed expertise in genetics and plant breeding
Established the School of Cytogenetics and Radiation Research at IARI
Developed high-yielding rice varieties, including Basmati
Created the concept of crop cafeteria and crop scheduling
Collaborated with Norman Borlaug on the Green Revolution
Introduced Mexican wheat varieties to India
Initiated environmental programs and food security initiatives
Awarded Padma Bhushan and other prestigious honors
His work focused on improving crop yields and quality.
Expertise in genetics and plant breeding
His name was originally Monkambu Sambasivan

Human Health and Disease

Health was once considered a balance of "humors" (early Greek and Indian Ayurveda)
Blood circulation and body temperature discoveries disproved some ideas
Mental state and lifestyle affect health
Genetic disorders, infections, and lifestyle choices affect health
Lifestyle factors include diet, exercise, habits, and hygiene
Diseases can be broadly categorized into infectious and non-infectious
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
Health is now understood to be the absence of disease and a state of physical, mental, and social well-being

Common Diseases in Humans

Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminths) can cause diseases
Pathogens enter the body, reproduce, and damage tissues
Pathogens adapt to the host environment, like withstanding low pH in the stomach
Examples: Typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi), Amoebiasis(Entamoeba histolytica), Ascarias, Wuchereira
Preventative measures and control methods are crucial
Hygiene and sanitation are important
A wide range of organisms cause human diseases
Parasites like Ascaris and Wuchereria are pathogens
Pathogens enter and cause damage to the body

Typhoid

Bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi
Infects the small intestine, then migrates to other organs
Symptoms: high fever, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, etc.
Severe cases can cause perforation or death, diagnosed using the Widal test
Affects the intestinal system

Pneumonia

Bacterial or viral respiratory infection
Alveoli (air sacs) get filled with fluid, leads to breathing problems
Symptoms: fever, chills, cough
Transmitted through breathing in droplets or aerosols from an infected person
Bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae cause pneumonia
Affects the respiratory system

Common Cold

Viral infection of the nose and respiratory passages
Generally characterized by nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, headache, and fatigue
Lasts 3-7 days
Spread via droplets from coughing or sneezing
Affects the respiratory system

Malaria

Protozoan disease caused by Plasmodium
Requires two hosts, humans and mosquitos
Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating
Transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes
Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malaria, Plasmodium falciparum are example species
Affects the blood and liver systems

Amoebiasis

Protozoan infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica
Infection causes symptoms like constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, and bloody stools
Spread through contaminated food and water
Affects the digestive system

Elephantiasis

Filarial worm infection, causing lymphatic vessel inflammation
Causes swelling in lower limbs
Transmitted through mosquito bites
Affects lymphatic system

Ringworm

Fungal infection causing skin lesions
Characterized by dry, scaly lesions and intense itching
Affects the skin

AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Virus attacks immune system, making person vulnerable to other infections
Can be transmitted through specific routes (e.g., blood transfusions, sexual contact, childbirth)
No cure, but treatment can prolong life
Symptoms can include fever, diarrhea, and weight loss
HIV replication involves viral RNA converting to viral DNA, then inserting into the host cell's DNA; new viruses assemble and leave the host cell.
A condition of immune system deficiency
A wide range of organisms cause human diseases

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell growth
Two types: benign (confined) and malignant (invasive)
Caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents (carcinogens)
Early detection improves treatment outcomes
Detecting early can increase success rate through biopsies and imaging (X-rays, CT, MRI), surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy
Cancer cells may metastasize to other parts of the body
Cancers can be caused by viral oncogenes
Cancers can be caused by oncogenic transformation of cells, which has a breakdown of regulatory mechanisms
The immune system's ability to detect and destroy cancerous cells

Drug and Alcohol Abuse

Increased use, especially among young people
Harmful effects on health (physical, psychological, and social)
Psychological attachment and tolerance increasing with use
Can manifest in violence or reckless behavior
Withdrawal symptoms may be severe
Substance use leads to addiction, dependence, and social problems
Examples of drugs include Opioids (Heroin, morphine), cannabinoids (marijuana, hashish), and coca alkaloids (cocaine)
Substance abuse impacts multiple body systems
Tobacco, a common substance used in smoking, can cause cancers and respiratory problems - including bronchitis, emphysema, and cancers of the lung, urinary bladder, and throat.

Immunity

Innate immunity: present at birth, first line defense
Physical, physiological (e.g., enzymes in tears, stomach acid), and cellular (e.g., phagocytes) barriers
Acquired immunity: develops after exposure, specific to pathogen
Active and passive immunity responses
Different types of immunity responses to counter different pathogens
Exposure to particular substances/microbes could stimulate the production of specific immune responses resulting in long-term immunity

Allergies

Exaggerated immune response to allergens
Allergens: substances like dust mites, pollen, animal dander
Mast cells release histamines and other chemicals, causing symptoms (e.g., sneezing, itching, wheezing, breathing difficulties)
Modern lifestyle and environmental factors may contribute to increased sensitivity
An overreaction of the immune system toward common substances

Autoimmunity

Body's immune system attacks its own tissues
Rheumatoid arthritis is an example
Immune system attacking self-cells causing harm

Lymphoid Organs

Where lymphocytes develop and mature
Bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix are secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes are small structures along lymph vessels that trap pathogens
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is lymphoid tissue in major tracts (respiratory, digestive, urogenital)
Important for immune response, filtering, and production of cells

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Description

This quiz covers significant contributions by M.S. Swaminathan to agriculture and health, including his collaborations and the development of rice varieties. It also explores important concepts in immunology and health theories. Test your knowledge on these pivotal ideas and figures in agriculture and science.

NCERT - HUMAN HEALTH & DISEASES - 24-25

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Questions and Answers

Which variety of rice is specifically mentioned as developed by M.S. Swaminathan?

William Harvey's discovery of blood circulation supported the 'good humor' hypothesis of health.

What concept did Swaminathan initiate that involves the collaboration of research with practical application in farming?

M.S. Swaminathan collaborated with Norman Borlaug to implement the __________ in India.

Match the following health concepts with their descriptions:

Which prestigious award has M.S. Swaminathan received?

The idea that health is influenced solely by physical factors has been widely accepted in modern biology.

Which method can be used to reduce mosquito populations in residential areas?

What field did M.S. Swaminathan develop his expertise in?

Vaccination has completely eradicated smallpox.

What are the two types of immunity?

One of the physiological barriers in innate immunity is the ______ in the stomach.

Match the following types of barriers in innate immunity with their descriptions:

Which of the following diseases is NOT controlled by vaccines?

Innate immunity is specialized and develops over time.

What is the main physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body?

What role do macrophages play in HIV infection?

AIDS can be completely cured with current treatments.

What is the main enzyme involved in the replication of the HIV genome?

The diagnostic test commonly used for AIDS is called ______.

Which of the following infections are a person with AIDS more susceptible to?

Match the preventive measures to their descriptions:

The decrease in helper T-lymphocytes primarily leads to increased immunity against infections.

What are some common symptoms experienced by a person infected with HIV?

What is the primary function of biological response modifiers such as α-interferon?

Heroin is a stimulant that increases body functions.

What is the chemical name of heroin?

Cannabinoids are primarily obtained from the plant _________.

Match the drugs with their correct descriptions:

Which of the following is NOT a common drug that is abused?

Cocaine is derived from the plant Erythroxylum coca.

Excessive dosage of cocaine can cause _________.

What is a common side effect of anabolic steroids in females?

Anabolic steroid use can lead to stunted growth in adolescents.

What is one method parents can use to help prevent substance abuse in adolescents?

The use of anabolic steroids can cause mood swings and __________ in males.

Match the following effects with the gender they affect when using anabolic steroids:

Which of the following is recommended to help adolescents deal with stress?

Smoking and alcohol tend to be adopted at younger ages during adolescence.

What is one way to avoid undue peer pressure in children?

What is the primary focus of seeking help from friends regarding anxiety and guilt?

The immune system plays a minor role in preventing diseases caused by pathogens.

Name one vector-borne disease mentioned in the content.

Proper disposal of waste and __________ help in preventing diseases.

Match the following terms with their definitions:

What is a potential outcome of untreated vector-borne diseases like malaria?

Only medical professionals can diagnose substance abuse issues.

What are the innate defenses of the body that help block pathogens?

What disease is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi?

The common cold is caused by rhino viruses, which can infect the lungs.

What is a classic name associated with a typhoid carrier who spread the disease through food?

Pneumonia primarily affects the __________ of the lungs.

Match the following diseases with their causative pathogens:

What are some common symptoms of typhoid fever?

Inhaling droplets from an infected person can lead to the transmission of pneumonia.

What is the typical duration of symptoms for the common cold?

What is the process called when antibodies are produced after exposure to antigens?

Passive immunity requires the body to produce its own antibodies.

What substance in mother's milk provides antibodies to protect the infant?

After a graft or transplant, patients must take __________ to prevent rejection.

What is the main purpose of vaccination?

Match the type of immunity with its description:

Preformed antibodies are injected for passive immunization in cases like snakebites.

What does recombinant DNA technology enable in the context of immunization?

What does AIDS stand for?

What role do macrophages play in the HIV infection process?

The use of anti-retroviral drugs can completely cure AIDS.

AIDS is a congenital disease.

What virus causes AIDS?

Name one common symptom experienced by a person infected with HIV.

The enzyme ________ is crucial for the replication of the HIV genome.

People at high risk of getting HIV include individuals with __________ sexual partners.

Match the following modes of HIV transmission with their descriptions:

Match the preventive measures against HIV to their descriptions:

What percentage of lymphoid tissue in the human body is made up of MALT?

The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) does not implement educational programs about AIDS.