Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which variety of rice is specifically mentioned as developed by M.S. Swaminathan?
Which variety of rice is specifically mentioned as developed by M.S. Swaminathan?
- Basmati (correct)
- Jasmine
- Sona Masoori
- Indica
William Harvey's discovery of blood circulation supported the 'good humor' hypothesis of health.
William Harvey's discovery of blood circulation supported the 'good humor' hypothesis of health.
False (B)
What concept did Swaminathan initiate that involves the collaboration of research with practical application in farming?
What concept did Swaminathan initiate that involves the collaboration of research with practical application in farming?
Lab-to-Land
M.S. Swaminathan collaborated with Norman Borlaug to implement the __________ in India.
M.S. Swaminathan collaborated with Norman Borlaug to implement the __________ in India.
Match the following health concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following health concepts with their descriptions:
Which prestigious award has M.S. Swaminathan received?
Which prestigious award has M.S. Swaminathan received?
The idea that health is influenced solely by physical factors has been widely accepted in modern biology.
The idea that health is influenced solely by physical factors has been widely accepted in modern biology.
Which method can be used to reduce mosquito populations in residential areas?
Which method can be used to reduce mosquito populations in residential areas?
What field did M.S. Swaminathan develop his expertise in?
What field did M.S. Swaminathan develop his expertise in?
Vaccination has completely eradicated smallpox.
Vaccination has completely eradicated smallpox.
What are the two types of immunity?
What are the two types of immunity?
One of the physiological barriers in innate immunity is the ______ in the stomach.
One of the physiological barriers in innate immunity is the ______ in the stomach.
Match the following types of barriers in innate immunity with their descriptions:
Match the following types of barriers in innate immunity with their descriptions:
Which of the following diseases is NOT controlled by vaccines?
Which of the following diseases is NOT controlled by vaccines?
Innate immunity is specialized and develops over time.
Innate immunity is specialized and develops over time.
What is the main physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body?
What is the main physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body?
What role do macrophages play in HIV infection?
What role do macrophages play in HIV infection?
AIDS can be completely cured with current treatments.
AIDS can be completely cured with current treatments.
What is the main enzyme involved in the replication of the HIV genome?
What is the main enzyme involved in the replication of the HIV genome?
The diagnostic test commonly used for AIDS is called ______.
The diagnostic test commonly used for AIDS is called ______.
Which of the following infections are a person with AIDS more susceptible to?
Which of the following infections are a person with AIDS more susceptible to?
Match the preventive measures to their descriptions:
Match the preventive measures to their descriptions:
The decrease in helper T-lymphocytes primarily leads to increased immunity against infections.
The decrease in helper T-lymphocytes primarily leads to increased immunity against infections.
What are some common symptoms experienced by a person infected with HIV?
What are some common symptoms experienced by a person infected with HIV?
What is the primary function of biological response modifiers such as α-interferon?
What is the primary function of biological response modifiers such as α-interferon?
Heroin is a stimulant that increases body functions.
Heroin is a stimulant that increases body functions.
What is the chemical name of heroin?
What is the chemical name of heroin?
Cannabinoids are primarily obtained from the plant _________.
Cannabinoids are primarily obtained from the plant _________.
Match the drugs with their correct descriptions:
Match the drugs with their correct descriptions:
Which of the following is NOT a common drug that is abused?
Which of the following is NOT a common drug that is abused?
Cocaine is derived from the plant Erythroxylum coca.
Cocaine is derived from the plant Erythroxylum coca.
Excessive dosage of cocaine can cause _________.
Excessive dosage of cocaine can cause _________.
What is a common side effect of anabolic steroids in females?
What is a common side effect of anabolic steroids in females?
Anabolic steroid use can lead to stunted growth in adolescents.
Anabolic steroid use can lead to stunted growth in adolescents.
What is one method parents can use to help prevent substance abuse in adolescents?
What is one method parents can use to help prevent substance abuse in adolescents?
The use of anabolic steroids can cause mood swings and __________ in males.
The use of anabolic steroids can cause mood swings and __________ in males.
Match the following effects with the gender they affect when using anabolic steroids:
Match the following effects with the gender they affect when using anabolic steroids:
Which of the following is recommended to help adolescents deal with stress?
Which of the following is recommended to help adolescents deal with stress?
Smoking and alcohol tend to be adopted at younger ages during adolescence.
Smoking and alcohol tend to be adopted at younger ages during adolescence.
What is one way to avoid undue peer pressure in children?
What is one way to avoid undue peer pressure in children?
What is the primary focus of seeking help from friends regarding anxiety and guilt?
What is the primary focus of seeking help from friends regarding anxiety and guilt?
The immune system plays a minor role in preventing diseases caused by pathogens.
The immune system plays a minor role in preventing diseases caused by pathogens.
Name one vector-borne disease mentioned in the content.
Name one vector-borne disease mentioned in the content.
Proper disposal of waste and __________ help in preventing diseases.
Proper disposal of waste and __________ help in preventing diseases.
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
What is a potential outcome of untreated vector-borne diseases like malaria?
What is a potential outcome of untreated vector-borne diseases like malaria?
Only medical professionals can diagnose substance abuse issues.
Only medical professionals can diagnose substance abuse issues.
What are the innate defenses of the body that help block pathogens?
What are the innate defenses of the body that help block pathogens?
What disease is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi?
What disease is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi?
The common cold is caused by rhino viruses, which can infect the lungs.
The common cold is caused by rhino viruses, which can infect the lungs.
What is a classic name associated with a typhoid carrier who spread the disease through food?
What is a classic name associated with a typhoid carrier who spread the disease through food?
Pneumonia primarily affects the __________ of the lungs.
Pneumonia primarily affects the __________ of the lungs.
Match the following diseases with their causative pathogens:
Match the following diseases with their causative pathogens:
What are some common symptoms of typhoid fever?
What are some common symptoms of typhoid fever?
Inhaling droplets from an infected person can lead to the transmission of pneumonia.
Inhaling droplets from an infected person can lead to the transmission of pneumonia.
What is the typical duration of symptoms for the common cold?
What is the typical duration of symptoms for the common cold?
What is the process called when antibodies are produced after exposure to antigens?
What is the process called when antibodies are produced after exposure to antigens?
Passive immunity requires the body to produce its own antibodies.
Passive immunity requires the body to produce its own antibodies.
What substance in mother's milk provides antibodies to protect the infant?
What substance in mother's milk provides antibodies to protect the infant?
After a graft or transplant, patients must take __________ to prevent rejection.
After a graft or transplant, patients must take __________ to prevent rejection.
What is the main purpose of vaccination?
What is the main purpose of vaccination?
Match the type of immunity with its description:
Match the type of immunity with its description:
Preformed antibodies are injected for passive immunization in cases like snakebites.
Preformed antibodies are injected for passive immunization in cases like snakebites.
What does recombinant DNA technology enable in the context of immunization?
What does recombinant DNA technology enable in the context of immunization?
What does AIDS stand for?
What does AIDS stand for?
What role do macrophages play in the HIV infection process?
What role do macrophages play in the HIV infection process?
The use of anti-retroviral drugs can completely cure AIDS.
The use of anti-retroviral drugs can completely cure AIDS.
AIDS is a congenital disease.
AIDS is a congenital disease.
What virus causes AIDS?
What virus causes AIDS?
Name one common symptom experienced by a person infected with HIV.
Name one common symptom experienced by a person infected with HIV.
The enzyme ________ is crucial for the replication of the HIV genome.
The enzyme ________ is crucial for the replication of the HIV genome.
People at high risk of getting HIV include individuals with __________ sexual partners.
People at high risk of getting HIV include individuals with __________ sexual partners.
Match the following modes of HIV transmission with their descriptions:
Match the following modes of HIV transmission with their descriptions:
Match the preventive measures against HIV to their descriptions:
Match the preventive measures against HIV to their descriptions:
What percentage of lymphoid tissue in the human body is made up of MALT?
What percentage of lymphoid tissue in the human body is made up of MALT?
The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) does not implement educational programs about AIDS.
The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) does not implement educational programs about AIDS.
HIV/AIDS can be spread through mere touch or physical contact.
HIV/AIDS can be spread through mere touch or physical contact.
What is the primary reason prevention is emphasized for HIV/AIDS?
What is the primary reason prevention is emphasized for HIV/AIDS?
How long can the time-lag be between HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS symptoms?
How long can the time-lag be between HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS symptoms?
What are the common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse among youth?
What are the common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse among youth?
Long-term use of drugs and alcohol can lead to liver damage, such as cirrhosis.
Long-term use of drugs and alcohol can lead to liver damage, such as cirrhosis.
What serious infections are increased risks for individuals who use drugs intravenously?
What serious infections are increased risks for individuals who use drugs intravenously?
Withdrawal symptoms from drug or alcohol use can include anxiety, __________, and sweating.
Withdrawal symptoms from drug or alcohol use can include anxiety, __________, and sweating.
Match the following effects of drug/alcohol abuse with their implications:
Match the following effects of drug/alcohol abuse with their implications:
Which of the following behaviors is NOT typically associated with drug and alcohol abuse?
Which of the following behaviors is NOT typically associated with drug and alcohol abuse?
Using alcohol during adolescence can increase the likelihood of heavy drinking in adulthood.
Using alcohol during adolescence can increase the likelihood of heavy drinking in adulthood.
What behavior may an abuser resort to when they are unable to obtain money for drugs/alcohol?
What behavior may an abuser resort to when they are unable to obtain money for drugs/alcohol?
Which of the following diseases can be curable if detected early?
Which of the following diseases can be curable if detected early?
Addiction to drugs and alcohol predominantly occurs without any social influences.
Addiction to drugs and alcohol predominantly occurs without any social influences.
Name one precaution that can be taken to prevent AIDS.
Name one precaution that can be taken to prevent AIDS.
AIDS is caused by the __________ virus.
AIDS is caused by the __________ virus.
Match the following diseases with their mode of transmission:
Match the following diseases with their mode of transmission:
What is a major concern related to drug and alcohol use among youth and adolescents?
What is a major concern related to drug and alcohol use among youth and adolescents?
What is metastasis?
What is metastasis?
Education about the harmful effects of drugs and alcohol can help individuals avoid addiction.
Education about the harmful effects of drugs and alcohol can help individuals avoid addiction.
What type of antibodies are produced in response to allergens?
What type of antibodies are produced in response to allergens?
Allergy symptoms are caused by the release of chemicals like histamine from white blood cells.
Allergy symptoms are caused by the release of chemicals like histamine from white blood cells.
What is the condition called when the immune system mistakenly attacks self-cells?
What is the condition called when the immune system mistakenly attacks self-cells?
The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain particles is called an __________.
The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain particles is called an __________.
Match the following symptoms with their associated allergic reactions:
Match the following symptoms with their associated allergic reactions:
Which of the following substances is NOT commonly known as an allergen?
Which of the following substances is NOT commonly known as an allergen?
Auto-immune diseases can affect only the joints and muscles of the body.
Auto-immune diseases can affect only the joints and muscles of the body.
Name one common medication used to treat allergic reactions.
Name one common medication used to treat allergic reactions.
Which cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis of microbes?
Which cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis of microbes?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with typhoid fever?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with typhoid fever?
The secondary immune response is less intense than the primary immune response.
The secondary immune response is less intense than the primary immune response.
Pneumonia can be caused by both bacteria and viruses.
Pneumonia can be caused by both bacteria and viruses.
What do B-lymphocytes produce in response to pathogens?
What do B-lymphocytes produce in response to pathogens?
What is the name of the test that can confirm typhoid fever?
What is the name of the test that can confirm typhoid fever?
Cytokines are proteins like __________ that are secreted by virus-infected cells.
Cytokines are proteins like __________ that are secreted by virus-infected cells.
Match the types of immunity with their descriptions:
Match the types of immunity with their descriptions:
The bacteria ________ causes pneumonia in humans.
The bacteria ________ causes pneumonia in humans.
Which statement about antibodies is true?
Which statement about antibodies is true?
T-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies.
T-lymphocytes are responsible for producing antibodies.
How can a person typically acquire the common cold?
How can a person typically acquire the common cold?
Typhoid Mary was a cook who spread typhoid fever through the food she prepared.
Typhoid Mary was a cook who spread typhoid fever through the food she prepared.
Why can't organs be transplanted from just any donor?
Why can't organs be transplanted from just any donor?
What is a common complication that may arise from untreated typhoid fever?
What is a common complication that may arise from untreated typhoid fever?
What is the primary role of the thymus in the immune system?
What is the primary role of the thymus in the immune system?
Lymph nodes are responsible for producing all types of blood cells.
Lymph nodes are responsible for producing all types of blood cells.
Name two primary lymphoid organs.
Name two primary lymphoid organs.
The __________ organ acts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms.
The __________ organ acts as a filter of the blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms.
Match the following lymphoid organs with their functions:
Match the following lymphoid organs with their functions:
What happens to the thymus as a person ages?
What happens to the thymus as a person ages?
Secondary lymphoid organs are the sites of interaction between lymphocytes and antigens.
Secondary lymphoid organs are the sites of interaction between lymphocytes and antigens.
What is the main function of lymph nodes in the immune system?
What is the main function of lymph nodes in the immune system?
Which of the following is a common warning sign of drug and alcohol abuse among youth?
Which of the following is a common warning sign of drug and alcohol abuse among youth?
Drug and alcohol withdrawal symptoms can be life-threatening and may require medical supervision.
Drug and alcohol withdrawal symptoms can be life-threatening and may require medical supervision.
What are two chronic infections that can be acquired through sharing needles among drug users?
What are two chronic infections that can be acquired through sharing needles among drug users?
Excessive doses of drugs may lead to ______ due to respiratory failure.
Excessive doses of drugs may lead to ______ due to respiratory failure.
Match the following effects of substance abuse with their descriptions:
Match the following effects of substance abuse with their descriptions:
Which of the following statements best describes the impact of drug and alcohol abuse on families?
Which of the following statements best describes the impact of drug and alcohol abuse on families?
The use of alcohol during pregnancy has no adverse effects on the foetus.
The use of alcohol during pregnancy has no adverse effects on the foetus.
What is a potential severe outcome of combining drugs with alcohol?
What is a potential severe outcome of combining drugs with alcohol?
What causes AIDS?
What causes AIDS?
Cancers are always fatal if not treated.
Cancers are always fatal if not treated.
List one precaution that can prevent the transmission of HIV.
List one precaution that can prevent the transmission of HIV.
Many youths are affected by __________ due to stress and peer pressure.
Many youths are affected by __________ due to stress and peer pressure.
Which organ is primarily involved in the immune response?
Which organ is primarily involved in the immune response?
Education about the harmful effects of drugs can help individuals avoid addiction.
Education about the harmful effects of drugs can help individuals avoid addiction.
What is a common motivation for youngsters to experiment with drugs and alcohol?
What is a common motivation for youngsters to experiment with drugs and alcohol?
Stress from academic pressures can influence adolescents to try alcohol or drugs.
Stress from academic pressures can influence adolescents to try alcohol or drugs.
What is the term for the psychological attachment that drives a person to repeatedly use drugs?
What is the term for the psychological attachment that drives a person to repeatedly use drugs?
The withdrawal syndrome from abrupt cessation of drugs or alcohol is a sign of ___________.
The withdrawal syndrome from abrupt cessation of drugs or alcohol is a sign of ___________.
Match the motivations for substance use with their descriptions:
Match the motivations for substance use with their descriptions:
What is a severe consequence of drug or alcohol abuse that may require medical supervision?
What is a severe consequence of drug or alcohol abuse that may require medical supervision?
What is one consequence of increased tolerance to drugs?
What is one consequence of increased tolerance to drugs?
Experiencing initial benefits from drug use means addiction will not occur.
Experiencing initial benefits from drug use means addiction will not occur.
Substance abuse only affects the individual using drugs or alcohol.
Substance abuse only affects the individual using drugs or alcohol.
Name two viruses that can be transmitted through sharing infected needles.
Name two viruses that can be transmitted through sharing infected needles.
What factor can complicate a child's curiosity towards drug use?
What factor can complicate a child's curiosity towards drug use?
Excessive doses of drugs may lead to __________ and death due to respiratory failure.
Excessive doses of drugs may lead to __________ and death due to respiratory failure.
Match the following common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse with their descriptions:
Match the following common warning signs of drug and alcohol abuse with their descriptions:
Which of the following is a long-term effect of alcohol use during adolescence?
Which of the following is a long-term effect of alcohol use during adolescence?
Using drugs during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the fetus.
Using drugs during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the fetus.
What type of behaviour may be exhibited by an individual abusing drugs or alcohol?
What type of behaviour may be exhibited by an individual abusing drugs or alcohol?
What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase in the context of HIV infection?
What is the primary function of reverse transcriptase in the context of HIV infection?
HIV can lead to a decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the body.
HIV can lead to a decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the body.
What is a common diagnostic test used for diagnosing AIDS?
What is a common diagnostic test used for diagnosing AIDS?
The process by which HIV incorporates its DNA into the host cell's DNA is known as __________.
The process by which HIV incorporates its DNA into the host cell's DNA is known as __________.
Which of the following is a preventive measure against the spread of HIV?
Which of the following is a preventive measure against the spread of HIV?
Anti-retroviral drugs completely cure AIDS.
Anti-retroviral drugs completely cure AIDS.
Name one common symptom associated with HIV infection.
Name one common symptom associated with HIV infection.
What is the primary function of α-interferon in cancer treatment?
What is the primary function of α-interferon in cancer treatment?
Cannabinoids are primarily known for their effects on the respiratory system.
Cannabinoids are primarily known for their effects on the respiratory system.
Cocaine is derived from the coca plant called __________.
Cocaine is derived from the coca plant called __________.
Match the following drugs with their effects:
Match the following drugs with their effects:
Which drug is commonly known as 'smack'?
Which drug is commonly known as 'smack'?
The primary method of ingestion for cocaine is by oral consumption.
The primary method of ingestion for cocaine is by oral consumption.
List one major source of cannabinoids.
List one major source of cannabinoids.
HIV is transmitted through casual contact neither through body fluids.
HIV is transmitted through casual contact neither through body fluids.
What type of virus causes AIDS?
What type of virus causes AIDS?
AIDS was first reported in the year ______.
AIDS was first reported in the year ______.
Which of the following is NOT a high-risk group for HIV infection?
Which of the following is NOT a high-risk group for HIV infection?
Individuals infected with HIV can lead normal lives without isolation from their families.
Individuals infected with HIV can lead normal lives without isolation from their families.
How long is the typical time-lag between HIV infection and appearance of AIDS symptoms?
How long is the typical time-lag between HIV infection and appearance of AIDS symptoms?
What is the primary cause of AIDS?
What is the primary cause of AIDS?
Cancers are always fatal if diagnosed late.
Cancers are always fatal if diagnosed late.
Name one harmful effect of drug abuse.
Name one harmful effect of drug abuse.
AIDS can be prevented with certain _______.
AIDS can be prevented with certain _______.
What is a common reason for youth and adolescents to abuse drugs?
What is a common reason for youth and adolescents to abuse drugs?
To prevent water-borne diseases, proper _______ of waste is essential.
To prevent water-borne diseases, proper _______ of waste is essential.
Counseling and education about drug abuse have no impact on prevention.
Counseling and education about drug abuse have no impact on prevention.
Which of the following is NOT a type of barrier in innate immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a type of barrier in innate immunity?
Acquired immunity develops over time and is specific to particular pathogens.
Acquired immunity develops over time and is specific to particular pathogens.
What type of fish is mentioned as a natural method to reduce mosquito larvae in ponds?
What type of fish is mentioned as a natural method to reduce mosquito larvae in ponds?
The body's ability to defend itself against infectious agents is called ______.
The body's ability to defend itself against infectious agents is called ______.
Which of the following diseases has been completely eradicated due to vaccination?
Which of the following diseases has been completely eradicated due to vaccination?
The mosquito nets are an effective measure to prevent diseases like dengue.
The mosquito nets are an effective measure to prevent diseases like dengue.
What kind of immunity is present at the time of birth?
What kind of immunity is present at the time of birth?
What substance in tobacco stimulates the adrenal gland to release adrenaline?
What substance in tobacco stimulates the adrenal gland to release adrenaline?
Cannabinoids are commonly used in traditional medicine.
Cannabinoids are commonly used in traditional medicine.
What is the term for the period between ages 12-18 during which a child matures into adulthood?
What is the term for the period between ages 12-18 during which a child matures into adulthood?
Drugs like barbiturates and amphetamines are often abused for purposes other than __________ use.
Drugs like barbiturates and amphetamines are often abused for purposes other than __________ use.
Match the following drugs with their primary effects:
Match the following drugs with their primary effects:
Which type of cancer is NOT associated with smoking?
Which type of cancer is NOT associated with smoking?
Adolescents are completely immune to substance abuse.
Adolescents are completely immune to substance abuse.
What is the major health risk associated with chewing tobacco?
What is the major health risk associated with chewing tobacco?
What disease is commonly caused by filarial worms like W. bancrofti and W. malayi?
What disease is commonly caused by filarial worms like W. bancrofti and W. malayi?
Ringworm infections are primarily spread through insect vectors.
Ringworm infections are primarily spread through insect vectors.
Name one preventive measure for controlling infectious diseases transmitted through food and water.
Name one preventive measure for controlling infectious diseases transmitted through food and water.
The female mosquito is a vector for transmitting __________.
The female mosquito is a vector for transmitting __________.
Match the following diseases with their corresponding symptoms:
Match the following diseases with their corresponding symptoms:
What environmental conditions help fungi responsible for ringworm grow?
What environmental conditions help fungi responsible for ringworm grow?
Public hygiene measures are unnecessary for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
Public hygiene measures are unnecessary for preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
What is one common symptom of ringworm infections?
What is one common symptom of ringworm infections?
What disease is primarily caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi?
What disease is primarily caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi?
The common cold is caused by bacteria.
The common cold is caused by bacteria.
What symptoms commonly accompany pneumonia?
What symptoms commonly accompany pneumonia?
The infectious agent responsible for typhoid fever can enter the body through contaminated ________ and ________.
The infectious agent responsible for typhoid fever can enter the body through contaminated ________ and ________.
Which of the following methods can transmit the common cold?
Which of the following methods can transmit the common cold?
The Widal test is used to confirm cases of pneumonia.
The Widal test is used to confirm cases of pneumonia.
What severe complication can arise from typhoid fever?
What severe complication can arise from typhoid fever?
What are the common approaches for treating cancer?
What are the common approaches for treating cancer?
Only one type of treatment is effective in curing cancer.
Only one type of treatment is effective in curing cancer.
What is the role of antibodies in cancer detection?
What is the role of antibodies in cancer detection?
The use of _______ is important in early cancer detection through imaging techniques.
The use of _______ is important in early cancer detection through imaging techniques.
Match the following cancer detection techniques to their descriptions:
Match the following cancer detection techniques to their descriptions:
What do cellular oncogenes (c-onc) represent in normal cells?
What do cellular oncogenes (c-onc) represent in normal cells?
Early cancer detection is not essential for successful treatment.
Early cancer detection is not essential for successful treatment.
What genetic factors can predispose an individual to certain cancers?
What genetic factors can predispose an individual to certain cancers?
What is a crucial step in helping someone who may be using drugs or alcohol?
What is a crucial step in helping someone who may be using drugs or alcohol?
Public health measures such as proper waste disposal do not help in preventing diseases.
Public health measures such as proper waste disposal do not help in preventing diseases.
What role does the immune system play in health?
What role does the immune system play in health?
Proper __________ of waste is essential to prevent the spread of diseases in the community.
Proper __________ of waste is essential to prevent the spread of diseases in the community.
Match the following vector-borne diseases with their causative agents:
Match the following vector-borne diseases with their causative agents:
Which immune response involves the production of specific antibodies?
Which immune response involves the production of specific antibodies?
An individual's immune response is slower and less effective upon first exposure to a pathogen.
An individual's immune response is slower and less effective upon first exposure to a pathogen.
Name one type of professional that can assist individuals struggling with substance abuse.
Name one type of professional that can assist individuals struggling with substance abuse.
Which of the following is a method to reduce mosquito populations?
Which of the following is a method to reduce mosquito populations?
Vaccines have completely eradicated all infectious diseases.
Vaccines have completely eradicated all infectious diseases.
The skin acts as a main physical barrier for __________.
The skin acts as a main physical barrier for __________.
Match the barriers of innate immunity with their descriptions:
Match the barriers of innate immunity with their descriptions:
What is one of the main physiological barriers in innate immunity?
What is one of the main physiological barriers in innate immunity?
Acquired immunity is non-specific and present at birth.
Acquired immunity is non-specific and present at birth.
Which of the following factors affect a person's health?
Which of the following factors affect a person's health?
A state of complete health only refers to physical fitness.
A state of complete health only refers to physical fitness.
What is the primary cause of death among non-infectious diseases?
What is the primary cause of death among non-infectious diseases?
Pathogens can enter our body through various means, multiply, and cause __________ damage.
Pathogens can enter our body through various means, multiply, and cause __________ damage.
Match the following types of health-related terms with their definitions:
Match the following types of health-related terms with their definitions:
Which of the following is a practice that can maintain good health?
Which of the following is a practice that can maintain good health?
Drug and alcohol abuse can have a positive impact on health.
Drug and alcohol abuse can have a positive impact on health.
Name one method for controlling diseases caused by vector organisms.
Name one method for controlling diseases caused by vector organisms.
What is the role of the immune system when exposed to pathogens?
What is the role of the immune system when exposed to pathogens?
What is a significant cause that motivates adolescents to experiment with drugs and alcohol?
What is a significant cause that motivates adolescents to experiment with drugs and alcohol?
Seeking help from professionals is unnecessary in cases of substance abuse.
Seeking help from professionals is unnecessary in cases of substance abuse.
The initial use of drugs or alcohol is primarily for managing stress and problems.
The initial use of drugs or alcohol is primarily for managing stress and problems.
Name one method to prevent vector-borne diseases.
Name one method to prevent vector-borne diseases.
What is the psychological attachment to the effects of drugs and alcohol called?
What is the psychological attachment to the effects of drugs and alcohol called?
Vaccination and __________ play a crucial role in enhancing the immune response.
Vaccination and __________ play a crucial role in enhancing the immune response.
Repeated use of drugs can lead to increased __________ levels, causing the need for higher doses.
Repeated use of drugs can lead to increased __________ levels, causing the need for higher doses.
Match the disease with its cause:
Match the disease with its cause:
Which of the following is a key role of public health measures?
Which of the following is a key role of public health measures?
Which factor has recently contributed to the rise of alcohol and drug use among adolescents?
Which factor has recently contributed to the rise of alcohol and drug use among adolescents?
Innate immunity is a specialized immune response that develops over time.
Innate immunity is a specialized immune response that develops over time.
Drug use, even if it starts once, can lead to potential addiction.
Drug use, even if it starts once, can lead to potential addiction.
What should friends do if they notice someone using drugs or alcohol?
What should friends do if they notice someone using drugs or alcohol?
What major influence do media outlets have on adolescent views of drug and alcohol use?
What major influence do media outlets have on adolescent views of drug and alcohol use?
HIV can be transmitted through casual physical contact such as hugging.
HIV can be transmitted through casual physical contact such as hugging.
What are two ways HIV can be transmitted?
What are two ways HIV can be transmitted?
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) constitutes about ______ percent of the lymphoid tissue in the human body.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) constitutes about ______ percent of the lymphoid tissue in the human body.
Match the following transmission methods with their descriptions:
Match the following transmission methods with their descriptions:
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom associated with AIDS?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom associated with AIDS?
The time-lag between HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS symptoms can vary from a few months to many years.
The time-lag between HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS symptoms can vary from a few months to many years.
When was AIDS first reported?
When was AIDS first reported?
Anabolic steroids can cause permanent effects with prolonged use.
Anabolic steroids can cause permanent effects with prolonged use.
Name one hormone that is misused in sports to enhance performance.
Name one hormone that is misused in sports to enhance performance.
The use of anabolic steroids may result in __________ in both males and females.
The use of anabolic steroids may result in __________ in both males and females.
Match the following preventive measures with their descriptions:
Match the following preventive measures with their descriptions:
Which of the following can be a side effect of anabolic steroids in females?
Which of the following can be a side effect of anabolic steroids in females?
Counseling does not play a significant role in preventing substance abuse among adolescents.
Counseling does not play a significant role in preventing substance abuse among adolescents.
What is one responsibility of parents in preventing substance abuse?
What is one responsibility of parents in preventing substance abuse?
Which of the following methods can help reduce mosquito populations around residential areas?
Which of the following methods can help reduce mosquito populations around residential areas?
Immunity is a specific type of defense developed over time.
Immunity is a specific type of defense developed over time.
Name one infectious disease that can be controlled by vaccines.
Name one infectious disease that can be controlled by vaccines.
The skin serves as a primary __________ barrier in innate immunity.
The skin serves as a primary __________ barrier in innate immunity.
Match the following types of immunity with their characteristics:
Match the following types of immunity with their characteristics:
Which of the following statements is true regarding the advancements in biological science?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the advancements in biological science?
Gambusia is a type of fish introduced to feed on mosquito larvae.
Gambusia is a type of fish introduced to feed on mosquito larvae.
What type of barrier in innate immunity is represented by tears?
What type of barrier in innate immunity is represented by tears?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with typhoid fever?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with typhoid fever?
Dysentery is caused by a viral infection.
Dysentery is caused by a viral infection.
What is the causative agent of pneumonia mentioned in the content?
What is the causative agent of pneumonia mentioned in the content?
The disease spread by the bacterium Salmonella typhi is called __________.
The disease spread by the bacterium Salmonella typhi is called __________.
What is a common transmission method for the common cold?
What is a common transmission method for the common cold?
A healthy person can never acquire infections from an infected individual.
A healthy person can never acquire infections from an infected individual.
Name a severe complication that can occur if typhoid fever is untreated.
Name a severe complication that can occur if typhoid fever is untreated.
What is a crucial role of the immune system in disease prevention?
What is a crucial role of the immune system in disease prevention?
Public health measures, such as immunization, have no impact on the prevention of diseases.
Public health measures, such as immunization, have no impact on the prevention of diseases.
What is one psychological support option available to individuals experiencing anxiety and guilt?
What is one psychological support option available to individuals experiencing anxiety and guilt?
Proper disposal of waste and __________ are essential public health measures.
Proper disposal of waste and __________ are essential public health measures.
Match the following diseases with their causes:
Match the following diseases with their causes:
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the immune response?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of the immune response?
Who are the professionals that can help individuals dealing with drug or alcohol abuse?
Who are the professionals that can help individuals dealing with drug or alcohol abuse?
Innate defenses of the body, such as skin and mucous membranes, are the primary barriers against pathogens.
Innate defenses of the body, such as skin and mucous membranes, are the primary barriers against pathogens.
AIDS is a congenital disease that is inherited at birth.
AIDS is a congenital disease that is inherited at birth.
Name one type of lymphoid tissue mentioned in the content.
Name one type of lymphoid tissue mentioned in the content.
HIV infection primarily spreads through ______.
HIV infection primarily spreads through ______.
What is a major symptom associated with AIDS?
What is a major symptom associated with AIDS?
HIV can be transmitted through casual physical contact.
HIV can be transmitted through casual physical contact.
What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
What is the primary function of the thymus in the immune system?
The spleen is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells are produced.
The spleen is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells are produced.
What primary lymphoid organs are involved in the differentiation of lymphocytes?
What primary lymphoid organs are involved in the differentiation of lymphocytes?
The _______ is a key organ that acts as a filter for blood and contains lymphocytes.
The _______ is a key organ that acts as a filter for blood and contains lymphocytes.
Match the lymphoid organs with their primary functions:
Match the lymphoid organs with their primary functions:
Which of the following lymphoid organs decreases in size with age?
Which of the following lymphoid organs decreases in size with age?
Secondary lymphoid organs include the bone marrow and the thymus.
Secondary lymphoid organs include the bone marrow and the thymus.
What structures are located at various points along the lymphatic system and are involved in trapping microorganisms?
What structures are located at various points along the lymphatic system and are involved in trapping microorganisms?
What is one significant factor that contributes to adolescents trying drugs and alcohol?
What is one significant factor that contributes to adolescents trying drugs and alcohol?
The perception that it is 'cool' to use substances has no impact on adolescent behavior.
The perception that it is 'cool' to use substances has no impact on adolescent behavior.
What syndrome may manifest if a dependent user suddenly stops consuming drugs or alcohol?
What syndrome may manifest if a dependent user suddenly stops consuming drugs or alcohol?
Repeated use of drugs leads to an increase in the body's __________ level, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.
Repeated use of drugs leads to an increase in the body's __________ level, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.
What psychological effects drive individuals to continue using drugs and alcohol?
What psychological effects drive individuals to continue using drugs and alcohol?
Once an adolescent tries drugs or alcohol, they cannot form an addiction after the first use.
Once an adolescent tries drugs or alcohol, they cannot form an addiction after the first use.
Factors such as unstable family structures and __________ influence adolescent drug and alcohol abuse.
Factors such as unstable family structures and __________ influence adolescent drug and alcohol abuse.
What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting filarial worms?
What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting filarial worms?
Ringworms are caused by bacterial infections.
Ringworms are caused by bacterial infections.
Name one main symptom of ringworm infections.
Name one main symptom of ringworm infections.
Personal hygiene includes keeping the body clean and consuming clean drinking __________.
Personal hygiene includes keeping the body clean and consuming clean drinking __________.
Which of the following conditions is linked to poor public hygiene?
Which of the following conditions is linked to poor public hygiene?
Moist and hot environments hinder the growth of fungi.
Moist and hot environments hinder the growth of fungi.
What are two preventive measures against insect vector-borne diseases like malaria?
What are two preventive measures against insect vector-borne diseases like malaria?
Anabolic steroids can cause permanent changes in the body after prolonged use.
Anabolic steroids can cause permanent changes in the body after prolonged use.
What should parents do to help prevent substance abuse in adolescents?
What should parents do to help prevent substance abuse in adolescents?
Employees should seek guidance from __________ to deal with peer pressure effectively.
Employees should seek guidance from __________ to deal with peer pressure effectively.
Match the following side effects with their associated gender:
Match the following side effects with their associated gender:
What can help channel an adolescent's energy into healthy activities?
What can help channel an adolescent's energy into healthy activities?
Increased aggressiveness is a side effect of anabolic steroids only in females.
Increased aggressiveness is a side effect of anabolic steroids only in females.
What should be avoided to reduce the risk of adolescent substance abuse?
What should be avoided to reduce the risk of adolescent substance abuse?
What is the primary concern associated with malignant tumors?
What is the primary concern associated with malignant tumors?
Benign tumors can spread to other parts of the body.
Benign tumors can spread to other parts of the body.
What term describes the process by which cancer cells spread to distant sites in the body?
What term describes the process by which cancer cells spread to distant sites in the body?
The loss of __________ is a characteristic of cancer cells that allows them to grow uncontrollably.
The loss of __________ is a characteristic of cancer cells that allows them to grow uncontrollably.
Match the type of tumor with its description:
Match the type of tumor with its description:
Which of the following is considered a carcinogen?
Which of the following is considered a carcinogen?
Physical, chemical, or biological agents that induce cancer are known as carcinogens.
Physical, chemical, or biological agents that induce cancer are known as carcinogens.
What is the major cause of lung cancer according to the information provided?
What is the major cause of lung cancer according to the information provided?
What enzyme is responsible for the replication of the HIV genome?
What enzyme is responsible for the replication of the HIV genome?
AIDS can be effectively cured with current medical treatments.
AIDS can be effectively cured with current medical treatments.
What are some common symptoms of a person infected with HIV?
What are some common symptoms of a person infected with HIV?
HIV attacks primarily __________ T-lymphocytes in the body.
HIV attacks primarily __________ T-lymphocytes in the body.
Match the following potential infections with their causes:
Match the following potential infections with their causes:
What does the acronym AIDS stand for?
What does the acronym AIDS stand for?
What is the primary prevention method recommended against HIV infection?
What is the primary prevention method recommended against HIV infection?
HIV infection can be spread through casual physical contact.
HIV infection can be spread through casual physical contact.
Name one method through which HIV can be transmitted.
Name one method through which HIV can be transmitted.
The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) focuses on treating individuals already affected by AIDS.
The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) focuses on treating individuals already affected by AIDS.
What diagnostic test is commonly used for AIDS?
What diagnostic test is commonly used for AIDS?
What is the main type of virus that causes AIDS?
What is the main type of virus that causes AIDS?
AIDS symptoms can appear immediately after HIV infection.
AIDS symptoms can appear immediately after HIV infection.
Before AIDS was first reported in 1981, how many years had HIV been transmitting affecting equal individuals worldwide?
Before AIDS was first reported in 1981, how many years had HIV been transmitting affecting equal individuals worldwide?
Which of the following is NOT a component of health as described?
Which of the following is NOT a component of health as described?
The immune system does not have memory and cannot respond more rapidly upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
The immune system does not have memory and cannot respond more rapidly upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
What type of health professionals can assist individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse?
What type of health professionals can assist individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse?
Public health measures like proper disposal of waste and __________ are essential for preventing diseases.
Public health measures like proper disposal of waste and __________ are essential for preventing diseases.
Match the following diseases with their descriptions:
Match the following diseases with their descriptions:
Which immune response involves the production of antibodies?
Which immune response involves the production of antibodies?
Seeking help from friends and family can be beneficial for those feeling anxiety and guilt.
Seeking help from friends and family can be beneficial for those feeling anxiety and guilt.
What does the immune system primarily protect against?
What does the immune system primarily protect against?
What is a common symptom of typhoid fever?
What is a common symptom of typhoid fever?
Rhino viruses primarily infect the lungs.
Rhino viruses primarily infect the lungs.
Name one disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Name one disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
In severe cases, typhoid fever can lead to _______ and death.
In severe cases, typhoid fever can lead to _______ and death.
Match the following pathogens to the diseases they cause:
Match the following pathogens to the diseases they cause:
Which test is used to confirm typhoid fever?
Which test is used to confirm typhoid fever?
Droplets from an infected person are a common way for the common cold to spread.
Droplets from an infected person are a common way for the common cold to spread.
The disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae is primarily characterized by symptoms affecting the _______.
The disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae is primarily characterized by symptoms affecting the _______.
What type of immunity is developed when a host is exposed to antigens through natural infection?
What type of immunity is developed when a host is exposed to antigens through natural infection?
Mother’s milk contains preformed antibodies that provide passive immunity to newborns.
Mother’s milk contains preformed antibodies that provide passive immunity to newborns.
What is the primary purpose of vaccination in the immune system?
What is the primary purpose of vaccination in the immune system?
The immune response that can lead to graft rejection is primarily mediated by __________ immune response.
The immune response that can lead to graft rejection is primarily mediated by __________ immune response.
Which type of antibodies can be found in colostrum that helps protect infants?
Which type of antibodies can be found in colostrum that helps protect infants?
Vaccination eliminates the need for any immune response to occur in the body.
Vaccination eliminates the need for any immune response to occur in the body.
What is one example of passive immunisation mentioned in the content?
What is one example of passive immunisation mentioned in the content?
What is the primary function of α-interferon?
What is the primary function of α-interferon?
Heroin is classified as a stimulant that increases body functions.
Heroin is classified as a stimulant that increases body functions.
What plant is cocaine commonly derived from?
What plant is cocaine commonly derived from?
Which of the following is a common effect of using cocaine?
Which of the following is a common effect of using cocaine?
Proper education and guidance can help youth avoid substance abuse.
Proper education and guidance can help youth avoid substance abuse.
What classification of drugs bind to specific opioid receptors in the central nervous system?
What classification of drugs bind to specific opioid receptors in the central nervous system?
What is a common motivation for adolescents to experiment with drugs and alcohol?
What is a common motivation for adolescents to experiment with drugs and alcohol?
Addiction to drugs or alcohol can only occur after prolonged use.
Addiction to drugs or alcohol can only occur after prolonged use.
What role does peer pressure play in adolescent substance abuse?
What role does peer pressure play in adolescent substance abuse?
The psychological attachment to the effects of drugs and alcohol is known as __________.
The psychological attachment to the effects of drugs and alcohol is known as __________.
Match the terms related to addiction with their definitions:
Match the terms related to addiction with their definitions:
What perception can encourage youths to start using drugs and alcohol?
What perception can encourage youths to start using drugs and alcohol?
In stable family structures, the likelihood of adolescent substance abuse is significantly reduced.
In stable family structures, the likelihood of adolescent substance abuse is significantly reduced.
What effect does repeated use of drugs have on the body's receptors?
What effect does repeated use of drugs have on the body's receptors?
Which of the following statements about drug and alcohol abuse is true?
Which of the following statements about drug and alcohol abuse is true?
Cancer is always fatal and cannot be treated.
Cancer is always fatal and cannot be treated.
Name one preventive measure against HIV transmission.
Name one preventive measure against HIV transmission.
Match the diseases to their mode of transmission:
Match the diseases to their mode of transmission:
Which of the following is a common effect caused by alcohol/drug abuse?
Which of the following is a common effect caused by alcohol/drug abuse?
The primary lymphoid organs include the __________ and the __________.
The primary lymphoid organs include the __________ and the __________.
What is metastasis in the context of cancer?
What is metastasis in the context of cancer?
HIV can be transmitted through casual contact such as hugging.
HIV can be transmitted through casual contact such as hugging.
What type of tissue is located in the lining of major tracts such as respiratory and digestive tracts?
What type of tissue is located in the lining of major tracts such as respiratory and digestive tracts?
What percentage of lymphoid tissue in the human body is constituted by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
What percentage of lymphoid tissue in the human body is constituted by mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
The appearance of AIDS symptoms can occur immediately after HIV infection.
The appearance of AIDS symptoms can occur immediately after HIV infection.
Name one of the high-risk groups for HIV infection.
Name one of the high-risk groups for HIV infection.
Which of the following methods is effective in controlling mosquito populations in residential areas?
Which of the following methods is effective in controlling mosquito populations in residential areas?
Innate immunity develops over time as a response to infections.
Innate immunity develops over time as a response to infections.
What is one common vector-borne disease mentioned?
What is one common vector-borne disease mentioned?
The __________ destroy mosquito larvae in water bodies to help prevent breeding.
The __________ destroy mosquito larvae in water bodies to help prevent breeding.
Match the following types of immunity with their descriptions:
Match the following types of immunity with their descriptions:
Which of the following is NOT a barrier of innate immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a barrier of innate immunity?
Vaccination has played a significant role in eradicating smallpox.
Vaccination has played a significant role in eradicating smallpox.
Name one physiological barrier in innate immunity.
Name one physiological barrier in innate immunity.
Which species of Plasmodium is responsible for the most severe form of malaria?
Which species of Plasmodium is responsible for the most severe form of malaria?
Houseflies are known to transmit the malaria parasite from person to person.
Houseflies are known to transmit the malaria parasite from person to person.
What toxic substance is released during the rupture of red blood cells infected by Plasmodium?
What toxic substance is released during the rupture of red blood cells infected by Plasmodium?
The female Anopheles mosquito serves as a __________ for the transmission of malaria.
The female Anopheles mosquito serves as a __________ for the transmission of malaria.
Match the following protozoan parasites with the diseases they cause:
Match the following protozoan parasites with the diseases they cause:
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with amoebiasis?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with amoebiasis?
The eggs of the Ascaris parasite are typically spread through contaminated food and water.
The eggs of the Ascaris parasite are typically spread through contaminated food and water.
What is the primary mode of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica?
Transmission of HIV can occur through __________ contact with an infected person.
Transmission of HIV can occur through __________ contact with an infected person.
What percentage of lymphoid tissue in the human body is made up of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
What percentage of lymphoid tissue in the human body is made up of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
HIV/AIDS can be spread through casual physical contact.
HIV/AIDS can be spread through casual physical contact.
List one group of people at high risk for HIV infection.
List one group of people at high risk for HIV infection.
What are the two main types of tumors?
What are the two main types of tumors?
Cancer cells exhibit a property called contact inhibition.
Cancer cells exhibit a property called contact inhibition.
What is the process called when cancer cells spread to distant sites in the body?
What is the process called when cancer cells spread to distant sites in the body?
The agents that induce neoplastic transformation in cells are called __________.
The agents that induce neoplastic transformation in cells are called __________.
Match the types of tumors with their descriptions:
Match the types of tumors with their descriptions:
Which of the following is considered a major cause of lung cancer?
Which of the following is considered a major cause of lung cancer?
The only way to treat cancer is through surgical intervention.
The only way to treat cancer is through surgical intervention.
What type of radiation causes DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformation?
What type of radiation causes DNA damage leading to neoplastic transformation?
Which of the following interventions can help individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse?
Which of the following interventions can help individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse?
Maintaining personal hygiene has no impact on public health.
Maintaining personal hygiene has no impact on public health.
What role does the immune system play in preventing diseases?
What role does the immune system play in preventing diseases?
Vector-borne diseases like malaria can be caused by the pathogen __________.
Vector-borne diseases like malaria can be caused by the pathogen __________.
Match the following types of immune responses with their description:
Match the following types of immune responses with their description:
What is the benefit of having memory in the immune system?
What is the benefit of having memory in the immune system?
Proper waste disposal is a public health measure that does not influence the spread of diseases.
Proper waste disposal is a public health measure that does not influence the spread of diseases.
Name a type of health professional who can provide assistance for substance abuse issues.
Name a type of health professional who can provide assistance for substance abuse issues.
Which of the following statements about AIDS is true?
Which of the following statements about AIDS is true?
Many cancers are untreatable once diagnosed.
Many cancers are untreatable once diagnosed.
What is the primary factor leading to addiction in youth related to drug and alcohol abuse?
What is the primary factor leading to addiction in youth related to drug and alcohol abuse?
HIV is transmitted through ___________, sexual contact, and sharing needles.
HIV is transmitted through ___________, sexual contact, and sharing needles.
Match the following diseases with their transmission methods:
Match the following diseases with their transmission methods:
What is a common effect of alcohol and drug abuse?
What is a common effect of alcohol and drug abuse?
Name one public health measure to prevent infectious diseases.
Name one public health measure to prevent infectious diseases.
Metastasis refers to the process of cancer cells spreading to other parts of the body.
Metastasis refers to the process of cancer cells spreading to other parts of the body.
What is one of the common symptoms of typhoid fever?
What is one of the common symptoms of typhoid fever?
Respiratory viruses like rhino viruses can infect the lungs.
Respiratory viruses like rhino viruses can infect the lungs.
Name one disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Name one disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
The bacteria that cause diphtheria are classified as __________.
The bacteria that cause diphtheria are classified as __________.
Match the following diseases with their causative organisms:
Match the following diseases with their causative organisms:
What method is commonly used to confirm typhoid fever?
What method is commonly used to confirm typhoid fever?
Dysentery is caused by viruses.
Dysentery is caused by viruses.
What is the main transmission route for pneumonia-causing pathogens?
What is the main transmission route for pneumonia-causing pathogens?
What is the primary function of biological response modifiers like α-interferon?
What is the primary function of biological response modifiers like α-interferon?
What is the common name for the drug diacetylmorphine?
What is the common name for the drug diacetylmorphine?
Cocaine is derived from the coca plant known as __________.
Cocaine is derived from the coca plant known as __________.
Match the following drugs with their primary source:
Match the following drugs with their primary source:
Which of the following is a common method of ingestion for marijuana?
Which of the following is a common method of ingestion for marijuana?
Cocaine produces a sense of euphoria and decreased energy levels.
Cocaine produces a sense of euphoria and decreased energy levels.
Name one common effect of cannabinoids on the human body.
Name one common effect of cannabinoids on the human body.
What types of treatments are commonly used for cancer?
What types of treatments are commonly used for cancer?
Biopsy involves removing a piece of tissue for examination under a microscope.
Biopsy involves removing a piece of tissue for examination under a microscope.
What is the purpose of early cancer detection?
What is the purpose of early cancer detection?
Certain genes identified in normal cells, known as __________, can lead to oncogenic transformation when activated.
Certain genes identified in normal cells, known as __________, can lead to oncogenic transformation when activated.
Match the cancer detection methods to their descriptions:
Match the cancer detection methods to their descriptions:
What can predispose individuals to certain cancers?
What can predispose individuals to certain cancers?
Radiotherapy targets cancer cells without affecting normal cells.
Radiotherapy targets cancer cells without affecting normal cells.
What are viral oncogenes?
What are viral oncogenes?
The spleen is primarily responsible for the production of lymphocytes.
The spleen is primarily responsible for the production of lymphocytes.
Name the primary lymphoid organs responsible for the differentiation of immature lymphocytes.
Name the primary lymphoid organs responsible for the differentiation of immature lymphocytes.
The organ that reduces in size after puberty and is located near the heart is called the __________.
The organ that reduces in size after puberty and is located near the heart is called the __________.
Match the following lymphoid organs with their primary functions:
Match the following lymphoid organs with their primary functions:
Which of the following lymphoid organs serves as a site for interaction between lymphocytes and antigens?
Which of the following lymphoid organs serves as a site for interaction between lymphocytes and antigens?
Lymph nodes are responsible for producing lymphocytes.
Lymph nodes are responsible for producing lymphocytes.
What is the role of lymph nodes in the immune system?
What is the role of lymph nodes in the immune system?
What is the primary role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?
What is the primary role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection?
The decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the body helps prevent infections.
The decrease in the number of helper T-lymphocytes in the body helps prevent infections.
What type of infections are individuals with AIDS particularly vulnerable to?
What type of infections are individuals with AIDS particularly vulnerable to?
The widely used diagnostic test for AIDS is called ______.
The widely used diagnostic test for AIDS is called ______.
What is one major limitation of anti-retroviral drugs in treating AIDS?
What is one major limitation of anti-retroviral drugs in treating AIDS?
HIV infection commonly spreads due to unintentional actions.
HIV infection commonly spreads due to unintentional actions.
What is the main consequence of having low levels of helper T-lymphocytes in a person infected with HIV?
What is the main consequence of having low levels of helper T-lymphocytes in a person infected with HIV?
Which of the following measures can help prevent vector-borne diseases like malaria?
Which of the following measures can help prevent vector-borne diseases like malaria?
The immune system does not have any memory for previously encountered pathogens.
The immune system does not have any memory for previously encountered pathogens.
Name one type of professional who can help individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse.
Name one type of professional who can help individuals struggling with drug or alcohol abuse.
Proper ______ of waste is crucial in preventing diseases.
Proper ______ of waste is crucial in preventing diseases.
Match the following diseases with their vectors:
Match the following diseases with their vectors:
Which type of immunity involves specific antibodies to fight pathogens?
Which type of immunity involves specific antibodies to fight pathogens?
Seeking help from friends is ineffective in dealing with feelings of anxiety.
Seeking help from friends is ineffective in dealing with feelings of anxiety.
What is the role of phagocytic cells in the immune system?
What is the role of phagocytic cells in the immune system?
Which of the following diseases is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi?
Which of the following diseases is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi?
What is one symptom of typhoid fever?
What is one symptom of typhoid fever?
The common cold is characterized by nasal __________ and discharge.
The common cold is characterized by nasal __________ and discharge.
How can pneumonia be transmitted from one person to another?
How can pneumonia be transmitted from one person to another?
Mary Mallon was a carrier of typhoid fever and actively spread the disease without showing symptoms.
Mary Mallon was a carrier of typhoid fever and actively spread the disease without showing symptoms.
The symptoms of pneumonia can include fever, chills, and __________.
The symptoms of pneumonia can include fever, chills, and __________.
What component of the immune response is primarily involved in allergic reactions?
What component of the immune response is primarily involved in allergic reactions?
Antihistamines are typically used to enhance allergic symptoms.
Antihistamines are typically used to enhance allergic symptoms.
Name one common allergen experienced in various environments.
Name one common allergen experienced in various environments.
The substances causing allergic reactions are known as __________.
The substances causing allergic reactions are known as __________.
What is a primary symptom of auto-immune diseases?
What is a primary symptom of auto-immune diseases?
Match the type of immune response with its description:
Match the type of immune response with its description:
What are the primary lymphoid organs responsible for lymphocyte maturation?
What are the primary lymphoid organs responsible for lymphocyte maturation?
Identify one drug that can be used to quickly reduce allergy symptoms.
Identify one drug that can be used to quickly reduce allergy symptoms.
Auto-immune diseases are often linked to environmental factors only.
Auto-immune diseases are often linked to environmental factors only.
The thymus is located in the upper abdomen.
The thymus is located in the upper abdomen.
What organ acts as a filter for blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms?
What organ acts as a filter for blood by trapping blood-borne microorganisms?
The ______ organs provide sites for the interaction of lymphocytes with antigens.
The ______ organs provide sites for the interaction of lymphocytes with antigens.
Which lymphoid organ is known to decrease in size as a person ages?
Which lymphoid organ is known to decrease in size as a person ages?
Lymph nodes are large solid structures located throughout the circulatory system.
Lymph nodes are large solid structures located throughout the circulatory system.
Name two secondary lymphoid organs mentioned in the content.
Name two secondary lymphoid organs mentioned in the content.
Which of the following drugs is commonly abused by sportspersons?
Which of the following drugs is commonly abused by sportspersons?
Tobacco chewing is not associated with an increased risk of mouth cancer.
Tobacco chewing is not associated with an increased risk of mouth cancer.
What does the term 'adolescence' refer to in terms of age?
What does the term 'adolescence' refer to in terms of age?
Nicotine stimulates the adrenal gland to release __________ into blood circulation.
Nicotine stimulates the adrenal gland to release __________ into blood circulation.
Match the following hallucinogenic plants with their common uses:
Match the following hallucinogenic plants with their common uses:
What is a consequence of smoking tobacco?
What is a consequence of smoking tobacco?
The consumption of drugs like amphetamines is always beneficial for mental health.
The consumption of drugs like amphetamines is always beneficial for mental health.
What is one reason why smoking is prevalent in society despite known health risks?
What is one reason why smoking is prevalent in society despite known health risks?
What is a common psychological effect of drug and alcohol use among adolescents?
What is a common psychological effect of drug and alcohol use among adolescents?
Curiosity is a less significant factor compared to peer pressure in motivating adolescents to use drugs and alcohol.
Curiosity is a less significant factor compared to peer pressure in motivating adolescents to use drugs and alcohol.
What role does stress from academic pressures play in adolescent substance use?
What role does stress from academic pressures play in adolescent substance use?
The pattern of increasingly needing larger doses of drugs due to self-destructive reliance is known as __________.
The pattern of increasingly needing larger doses of drugs due to self-destructive reliance is known as __________.
What term describes the conscious decision to use drugs or alcohol despite knowing the risks?
What term describes the conscious decision to use drugs or alcohol despite knowing the risks?
Dependence on substances only develops after prolonged and heavy use.
Dependence on substances only develops after prolonged and heavy use.
Name one factor besides peer pressure that influences adolescents to begin using drugs or alcohol.
Name one factor besides peer pressure that influences adolescents to begin using drugs or alcohol.
What is the primary virus responsible for AIDS?
What is the primary virus responsible for AIDS?
Cancer can be cured if detected early and treated appropriately.
Cancer can be cured if detected early and treated appropriately.
Name one harmful effect caused by alcohol abuse.
Name one harmful effect caused by alcohol abuse.
A disease transmitted through contaminated water is known as a __________ disease.
A disease transmitted through contaminated water is known as a __________ disease.
What measure can help prevent the spread of HIV?
What measure can help prevent the spread of HIV?
Drugs and alcohol can help relieve stress in all situations.
Drugs and alcohol can help relieve stress in all situations.
Which species of Plasmodium is responsible for the most serious type of malaria?
Which species of Plasmodium is responsible for the most serious type of malaria?
The Anopheles mosquito is an effective vector for transmitting the malaria parasite.
The Anopheles mosquito is an effective vector for transmitting the malaria parasite.
What substance is released when red blood cells rupture due to malaria infection?
What substance is released when red blood cells rupture due to malaria infection?
Entamoeba histolytica causes __________.
Entamoeba histolytica causes __________.
Match the following parasites with the diseases they cause:
Match the following parasites with the diseases they cause:
What is a common method of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica?
What is a common method of transmission for Entamoeba histolytica?
Wuchereria is a type of protozoan parasite.
Wuchereria is a type of protozoan parasite.
What symptom is associated with ascariasis caused by Ascaris?
What symptom is associated with ascariasis caused by Ascaris?
Which of the following methods can help control mosquito populations in residential areas?
Which of the following methods can help control mosquito populations in residential areas?
Vaccines have erased all infectious diseases from existence.
Vaccines have erased all infectious diseases from existence.
What is the term for the body’s ability to fight disease-causing organisms?
What is the term for the body’s ability to fight disease-causing organisms?
The main physical barrier in innate immunity is the __________.
The main physical barrier in innate immunity is the __________.
Match the types of innate immunity barriers with their descriptions:
Match the types of innate immunity barriers with their descriptions:
What type of immunity is present at birth?
What type of immunity is present at birth?
Spraying insecticides is an effective measure to prevent vector-borne diseases.
Spraying insecticides is an effective measure to prevent vector-borne diseases.
Name one vector-borne disease caused by Aedes mosquitoes.
Name one vector-borne disease caused by Aedes mosquitoes.
What type of immunity is characterized by memory and is pathogen specific?
What type of immunity is characterized by memory and is pathogen specific?
The primary immune response is always more intense than the secondary immune response.
The primary immune response is always more intense than the secondary immune response.
What types of leukocytes are responsible for phagocytosing microbes?
What types of leukocytes are responsible for phagocytosing microbes?
The proteins secreted by virus-infected cells that protect non-infected cells are called ______.
The proteins secreted by virus-infected cells that protect non-infected cells are called ______.
Match the following types of lymphocytes with their functions:
Match the following types of lymphocytes with their functions:
Which of the following is NOT a type of antibody?
Which of the following is NOT a type of antibody?
The humoral immune response is mediated by T-lymphocytes.
The humoral immune response is mediated by T-lymphocytes.
What happens when an organ transplant is not matched properly?
What happens when an organ transplant is not matched properly?
What type of immunity is developed when antibodies are directly given to the body from an external source?
What type of immunity is developed when antibodies are directly given to the body from an external source?
Vaccination introduces weakened pathogens to stimulate an immune response.
Vaccination introduces weakened pathogens to stimulate an immune response.
What are the three main factors needed for successful graft/transplant?
What are the three main factors needed for successful graft/transplant?
The yellowish fluid secreted by the mother during initial lactation is called _______.
The yellowish fluid secreted by the mother during initial lactation is called _______.
Match the immunization type with its description:
Match the immunization type with its description:
Which of the following best describes the response time of active immunity?
Which of the following best describes the response time of active immunity?
Memory B and T cells are developed only after a natural infection.
Memory B and T cells are developed only after a natural infection.
In passive immunization, how are antibodies introduced into the body?
In passive immunization, how are antibodies introduced into the body?
What is one of the immediate adverse effects of drug and alcohol abuse?
What is one of the immediate adverse effects of drug and alcohol abuse?
Withdrawal symptoms from drug or alcohol use can sometimes be life-threatening.
Withdrawal symptoms from drug or alcohol use can sometimes be life-threatening.
What long-term effect can alcohol use during adolescence have?
What long-term effect can alcohol use during adolescence have?
Using drugs and alcohol during pregnancy can adversely affect the ______.
Using drugs and alcohol during pregnancy can adversely affect the ______.
Match the following consequences of drug/alcohol abuse with their descriptions:
Match the following consequences of drug/alcohol abuse with their descriptions:
Only the user of drugs or alcohol is affected by their substance abuse.
Only the user of drugs or alcohol is affected by their substance abuse.
What can happen if a drug user is unable to obtain money for drugs?
What can happen if a drug user is unable to obtain money for drugs?
What type of tumors remain confined to their original location and do not spread to other parts of the body?
What type of tumors remain confined to their original location and do not spread to other parts of the body?
Malignant tumors grow slowly and cause little damage to surrounding tissues.
Malignant tumors grow slowly and cause little damage to surrounding tissues.
The agents that induce the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells are called __________.
The agents that induce the transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells are called __________.
Which of the following is a significant cause of lung cancer?
Which of the following is a significant cause of lung cancer?
Normal cells have the property of contact inhibition, which prevents uncontrolled growth.
Normal cells have the property of contact inhibition, which prevents uncontrolled growth.
Name one type of radiation that can cause DNA damage leading to cancer.
Name one type of radiation that can cause DNA damage leading to cancer.
What is the primary purpose of using wire mesh on doors and windows?
What is the primary purpose of using wire mesh on doors and windows?
Acquired immunity is present at the time of birth.
Acquired immunity is present at the time of birth.
Name a type of barrier provided by innate immunity.
Name a type of barrier provided by innate immunity.
The body can defend itself from foreign agents through the immune system, which is called ______.
The body can defend itself from foreign agents through the immune system, which is called ______.
Match the types of barriers in innate immunity with their descriptions:
Match the types of barriers in innate immunity with their descriptions:
Which method helps control mosquito populations in residential areas?
Which method helps control mosquito populations in residential areas?
Vaccination has controlled diseases like polio and diphtheria.
Vaccination has controlled diseases like polio and diphtheria.
What is the role of innate immunity?
What is the role of innate immunity?
HIV can be transmitted through mere physical contact.
HIV can be transmitted through mere physical contact.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is abbreviated as __________.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is abbreviated as __________.
Match the following transmission methods of HIV with their descriptions:
Match the following transmission methods of HIV with their descriptions:
Which population is at highest risk for HIV infection?
Which population is at highest risk for HIV infection?
The period between initial HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS symptoms is typically short.
The period between initial HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS symptoms is typically short.
What motivates adolescents to experiment with drugs and alcohol?
What motivates adolescents to experiment with drugs and alcohol?
The use of drugs or alcohol can provide permanent solutions to personal problems.
The use of drugs or alcohol can provide permanent solutions to personal problems.
What is a significant psychological consequence of drug addiction?
What is a significant psychological consequence of drug addiction?
The tendency of the body to exhibit withdrawal symptoms when a substance is discontinued is known as __________.
The tendency of the body to exhibit withdrawal symptoms when a substance is discontinued is known as __________.
What factor has recently contributed to adolescents trying drugs and alcohol due to academic pressure?
What factor has recently contributed to adolescents trying drugs and alcohol due to academic pressure?
The perception that using drugs and alcohol is 'cool' is a minor factor among adolescents.
The perception that using drugs and alcohol is 'cool' is a minor factor among adolescents.
What is one of the common causes that lead adolescents to substance use?
What is one of the common causes that lead adolescents to substance use?
What is considered a major component of health, beyond just the absence of disease?
What is considered a major component of health, beyond just the absence of disease?
Public health measures like effective waste disposal and drinking water decontamination do not contribute to preventing diseases.
Public health measures like effective waste disposal and drinking water decontamination do not contribute to preventing diseases.
What type of immune response provides rapid and intense protection upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen?
What type of immune response provides rapid and intense protection upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen?
Diseases caused by __________, like malaria, require immediate treatment to prevent fatal outcomes.
Diseases caused by __________, like malaria, require immediate treatment to prevent fatal outcomes.
Match the following components of the immune system with their functions:
Match the following components of the immune system with their functions:
Which professional can assist individuals suffering from drug or alcohol abuse?
Which professional can assist individuals suffering from drug or alcohol abuse?
The immune system has no memory capability and reacts the same way to every exposure to the same pathogen.
The immune system has no memory capability and reacts the same way to every exposure to the same pathogen.
What role do psychologists play in addressing substance abuse issues?
What role do psychologists play in addressing substance abuse issues?
What was a significant contribution of M.S. Swaminathan to agriculture?
What was a significant contribution of M.S. Swaminathan to agriculture?
The concept of 'humors' was solely based on experimental evidence.
The concept of 'humors' was solely based on experimental evidence.
What is the primary influence of the mind on health according to modern biology?
What is the primary influence of the mind on health according to modern biology?
M.S. Swaminathan is known for initiating the concept of __________ for connecting research with practical application in farming.
M.S. Swaminathan is known for initiating the concept of __________ for connecting research with practical application in farming.
Match the following individuals with their contributions to health and agriculture:
Match the following individuals with their contributions to health and agriculture:
Which of the following reflects how early Greeks viewed health?
Which of the following reflects how early Greeks viewed health?
The 'good humor' hypothesis of health has been fully accepted in modern biology.
The 'good humor' hypothesis of health has been fully accepted in modern biology.
What prestigious recognition has M.S. Swaminathan received for his work?
What prestigious recognition has M.S. Swaminathan received for his work?
What is a primary cause of addiction among youth?
What is a primary cause of addiction among youth?
AIDS can be cured completely with current treatments.
AIDS can be cured completely with current treatments.
Name one method to prevent the transmission of HIV.
Name one method to prevent the transmission of HIV.
The human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) attacks the __________ cells in the immune system.
The human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) attacks the __________ cells in the immune system.
Match the following substance abuse effects with their descriptions:
Match the following substance abuse effects with their descriptions:
Which condition is characterized by the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells?
Which condition is characterized by the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells?
Addiction to drugs and alcohol can develop over time due to repeated usage.
Addiction to drugs and alcohol can develop over time due to repeated usage.
Explain what metastasis means in the context of cancer.
Explain what metastasis means in the context of cancer.
Flashcards
Humoral Theory of Health
Humoral Theory of Health
The concept that health depends on a balanced state of 'humors' in the body, often associated with personality traits - for example, a person with 'blackbile' was considered to have a hot personality.
Experimental Method in Health Studies
Experimental Method in Health Studies
The process of using experiments and measurements to disprove previously held theories about health. Blood circulation discovered by William Harvey through experimentation disproved the 'good humor' hypothesis.
Discovery of Blood Circulation
Discovery of Blood Circulation
The discovery of blood circulation by William Harvey using experimental observation and measurement, which challenged the prevailing humoral theory of health.
Thermometer in Health Studies
Thermometer in Health Studies
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Mind-Body Connection
Mind-Body Connection
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Immune System
Immune System
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Nervous System
Nervous System
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Endocrine System
Endocrine System
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Innate Immunity
Innate Immunity
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Physical Barriers in Innate Immunity
Physical Barriers in Innate Immunity
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Physiological Barriers in Innate Immunity
Physiological Barriers in Innate Immunity
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Immunity
Immunity
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Acquired Immunity
Acquired Immunity
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Vaccine
Vaccine
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Antibiotics
Antibiotics
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Biological Science
Biological Science
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Biological response modifiers
Biological response modifiers
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Drugs of abuse
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Opioids
Opioids
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Heroin
Heroin
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Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids
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Opium Poppy
Opium Poppy
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Cannabis Sativa
Cannabis Sativa
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What is reverse transcriptase in HIV?
What is reverse transcriptase in HIV?
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What role do macrophages play in HIV infection?
What role do macrophages play in HIV infection?
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Why are Helper T cells important in HIV infection?
Why are Helper T cells important in HIV infection?
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What happens to the immune system as HIV progresses?
What happens to the immune system as HIV progresses?
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What is AIDS?
What is AIDS?
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How effective are antiretroviral drugs in treating HIV?
How effective are antiretroviral drugs in treating HIV?
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What are some key ways to prevent HIV transmission?
What are some key ways to prevent HIV transmission?
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Why is prevention the most effective strategy for AIDS?
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Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports
Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports
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Side Effects of Performance Enhancing Drugs
Side Effects of Performance Enhancing Drugs
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Prevention is Better Than Cure
Prevention is Better Than Cure
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Adolescence and Drug Use
Adolescence and Drug Use
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Parental and Educational Role in Preventing Drug Abuse
Parental and Educational Role in Preventing Drug Abuse
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Nurturing and Disciplined Parenting
Nurturing and Disciplined Parenting
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Preventing Drug Abuse in Adolescents
Preventing Drug Abuse in Adolescents
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Healthy Pursuits for Adolescents
Healthy Pursuits for Adolescents
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What is true health?
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What are vector-borne diseases?
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What is the immune system?
What is the immune system?
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What are innate defenses?
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What are specific immune responses?
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What is immune memory?
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What is immunization?
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What are public health measures?
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Typhoid Fever
Typhoid Fever
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia
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Common Cold
Common Cold
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Dysentery
Dysentery
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Plague
Plague
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Diphtheria
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Rhinoviruses
Rhinoviruses
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Protozoan Infections
Protozoan Infections
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What is a syndrome?
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What is the window period for HIV?
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How is HIV transmitted?
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Can HIV be cured?
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Is HIV contagious through casual contact?
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Self vs. Non-self Recognition
Self vs. Non-self Recognition
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Active Immunity
Active Immunity
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Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity
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Passive Immunization
Passive Immunization
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Immune Memory
Immune Memory
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Immunisation
Immunisation
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Recombinant Vaccine Production
Recombinant Vaccine Production
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What are withdrawal symptoms?
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What is dependence?
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What are the immediate effects of drug/alcohol abuse?
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How does drug/alcohol use affect pregnancy?
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What is a drop in academic performance?
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What is social isolation?
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What is the role of the immune system?
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How are cancer cells different from normal cells?
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What is metastasis?
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What are the harmful effects of alcohol and drug abuse?
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How can friends influence someone to use alcohol or drugs?
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What is Typhoid fever?
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What is Pneumonia?
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Drug/Alcohol Dependence
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Withdrawal Symptoms
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Immediate Effects of Drug/Alcohol Abuse
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Long-Term Effects of Alcohol Abuse
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Overdose
Overdose
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Effects of Drug/Alcohol Use During Pregnancy
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Drop in Academic Performance
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Social Isolation
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What is allergy?
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What is autoimmunity?
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What are components of the human immune system?
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What is acquired immunity?
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What is recombinant vaccine production?
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What is a vaccine?
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What is self vs. non-self recognition?
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What are drugs of abuse?
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What is active immunity?
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What is innate immunity?
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What are lymphoid organs?
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What are primary lymphoid organs?
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What is the role of bone marrow in the immune system?
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What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?
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Physical & Chemical Barriers
Physical & Chemical Barriers
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Primary & Secondary Responses
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How does HIV replicate in macrophages?
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Are there effective treatments for HIV?
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What is the window period in HIV infection?
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Who is at a higher risk of HIV infection?
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What is immunity?
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Withdrawal Syndrome
Withdrawal Syndrome
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Dependence
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Perceived Benefits
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Tolerance
Tolerance
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Addiction
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Drug Abuse
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Elephantiasis
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Ringworm
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Hygiene
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Vector-borne diseases
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Public health measures
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How do vaccines work?
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How do vaccines contribute to public health?
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Cellular Oncogenes (c-onc)
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Oncogenic Viruses
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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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Cancer Treatment
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Cancer Surgery
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Cancer Cell Evasion of Immune System
Cancer Cell Evasion of Immune System
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Hallucinogenic Plants
Hallucinogenic Plants
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Misuse of Prescription Drugs
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Morphine Abuse
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Tobacco Abuse
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Adolescence
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Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse
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Parental and Educational Role
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Healthy Pursuits
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Define health.
Define health.
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What are Pathogens?
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Explain Infectious Diseases.
Explain Infectious Diseases.
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Define Non-infectious Diseases.
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Doping in Sports
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Substance Abuse
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Immediate Effects of Substance Abuse
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Long-Term Effects of Substance Abuse
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What is the thymus' role in the immune system?
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Why is the immune system considered unique?
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Innate Immunity (Simple)
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First Use
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Social Influence
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Stress as a Factor
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Elephantiasis (Filariasis)
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Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
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Syndrome
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Window period for HIV
Window period for HIV
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Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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Why do people start using drugs?
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Social factors influencing drug use
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Tolerance and Dependence
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Perceived benefits of drugs
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Factors contributing to adolescent drug abuse
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AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
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Metastasis
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Vector
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Entamoeba histolytica
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Ascaris
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Wuchereria
Wuchereria
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How does HIV affect the immune system?
How does HIV affect the immune system?
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Primary Lymphoid Organs
Primary Lymphoid Organs
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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Allergy
Allergy
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Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity
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How does HIV affect helper T cells?
How does HIV affect helper T cells?
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How does HIV replicate inside the host cell?
How does HIV replicate inside the host cell?
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Define AIDS
Define AIDS
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What are some organizations involved in raising AIDS awareness?
What are some organizations involved in raising AIDS awareness?
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Cellular Oncogenes (c-onc) or Proto-Oncogenes
Cellular Oncogenes (c-onc) or Proto-Oncogenes
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Radiation Therapy
Radiation Therapy
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy
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Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Antibodies Against Cancer-Specific Antigens
Antibodies Against Cancer-Specific Antigens
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Molecular Biology Techniques for Cancer Detection
Molecular Biology Techniques for Cancer Detection
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What is Nicotine?
What is Nicotine?
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What are commonly abused medicines?
What are commonly abused medicines?
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What is adolescence?
What is adolescence?
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What is drug/alcohol abuse in adolescence?
What is drug/alcohol abuse in adolescence?
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What are healthy pursuits?
What are healthy pursuits?
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Immune System Recognition and Memory
Immune System Recognition and Memory
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Bone Marrow - Immune Cell Factory
Bone Marrow - Immune Cell Factory
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Thymus - T-cell Training Ground
Thymus - T-cell Training Ground
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Spleen - Blood Filter and Red Blood Cell Storage
Spleen - Blood Filter and Red Blood Cell Storage
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Lymph Nodes - Immune System Filters
Lymph Nodes - Immune System Filters
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Lymphatic System - The Body's Drainage System
Lymphatic System - The Body's Drainage System
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Social Pressure
Social Pressure
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Contributing Factors
Contributing Factors
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Immediate Effects
Immediate Effects
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Long-term Effects
Long-term Effects
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What is Plasmodium?
What is Plasmodium?
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What is malignant malaria?
What is malignant malaria?
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What is the life cycle of Plasmodium?
What is the life cycle of Plasmodium?
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What is Entamoeba histolytica?
What is Entamoeba histolytica?
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What is Ascaris?
What is Ascaris?
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What is Wuchereria?
What is Wuchereria?
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What is Ascaris?
What is Ascaris?
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What is Wuchereria?
What is Wuchereria?
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T-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
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Humoral Immune Response
Humoral Immune Response
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Cell-mediated Immune Response (CMI)
Cell-mediated Immune Response (CMI)
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Interferons
Interferons
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What are carcinogens?
What are carcinogens?
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What is a benign tumor?
What is a benign tumor?
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What is a malignant tumor?
What is a malignant tumor?
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How does cancer develop?
How does cancer develop?
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Why do adolescents start using drugs?
Why do adolescents start using drugs?
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How does stress influence drug use?
How does stress influence drug use?
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Explain tolerance in drug addiction.
Explain tolerance in drug addiction.
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What is drug addiction?
What is drug addiction?
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Describe drug dependence.
Describe drug dependence.
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How does media influence drug use?
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How can family and peers influence drug use?
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What are the harmful effects of drug abuse?
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What is the immune response?
What is the immune response?
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What is cell-mediated immunity?
What is cell-mediated immunity?
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What is humoral immunity?
What is humoral immunity?
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What is passive immunization?
What is passive immunization?
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Health
Health
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Specific Immune Responses
Specific Immune Responses
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Study Notes
M.S. Swaminathan
- Born in 1925, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu
- Graduated and post-graduated in Botany from Madras University
- Worked in various Indian and international institutions
- Developed expertise in genetics and plant breeding
- Established the School of Cytogenetics and Radiation Research at IARI
- Developed high-yielding rice varieties, including Basmati
- Created the concept of crop cafeteria and crop scheduling
- Collaborated with Norman Borlaug on the Green Revolution
- Introduced Mexican wheat varieties to India
- Initiated environmental programs and food security initiatives
- Awarded Padma Bhushan and other prestigious honors
- His work focused on improving crop yields and quality.
- Expertise in genetics and plant breeding
- His name was originally Monkambu Sambasivan
Human Health and Disease
- Health was once considered a balance of "humors" (early Greek and Indian Ayurveda)
- Blood circulation and body temperature discoveries disproved some ideas
- Mental state and lifestyle affect health
- Genetic disorders, infections, and lifestyle choices affect health
- Lifestyle factors include diet, exercise, habits, and hygiene
- Diseases can be broadly categorized into infectious and non-infectious
- Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
- Health is now understood to be the absence of disease and a state of physical, mental, and social well-being
Common Diseases in Humans
- Pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminths) can cause diseases
- Pathogens enter the body, reproduce, and damage tissues
- Pathogens adapt to the host environment, like withstanding low pH in the stomach
- Examples: Typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi), Amoebiasis(Entamoeba histolytica), Ascarias, Wuchereira
- Preventative measures and control methods are crucial
- Hygiene and sanitation are important
- A wide range of organisms cause human diseases
- Parasites like Ascaris and Wuchereria are pathogens
- Pathogens enter and cause damage to the body
Typhoid
- Bacterial disease caused by Salmonella typhi
- Infects the small intestine, then migrates to other organs
- Symptoms: high fever, weakness, stomach pain, constipation, etc.
- Severe cases can cause perforation or death, diagnosed using the Widal test
- Affects the intestinal system
Pneumonia
- Bacterial or viral respiratory infection
- Alveoli (air sacs) get filled with fluid, leads to breathing problems
- Symptoms: fever, chills, cough
- Transmitted through breathing in droplets or aerosols from an infected person
- Bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae cause pneumonia
- Affects the respiratory system
Common Cold
- Viral infection of the nose and respiratory passages
- Generally characterized by nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, headache, and fatigue
- Lasts 3-7 days
- Spread via droplets from coughing or sneezing
- Affects the respiratory system
Malaria
- Protozoan disease caused by Plasmodium
- Requires two hosts, humans and mosquitos
- Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating
- Transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes
- Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malaria, Plasmodium falciparum are example species
- Affects the blood and liver systems
Amoebiasis
- Protozoan infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica
- Infection causes symptoms like constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, and bloody stools
- Spread through contaminated food and water
- Affects the digestive system
Elephantiasis
- Filarial worm infection, causing lymphatic vessel inflammation
- Causes swelling in lower limbs
- Transmitted through mosquito bites
- Affects lymphatic system
Ringworm
- Fungal infection causing skin lesions
- Characterized by dry, scaly lesions and intense itching
- Affects the skin
AIDS
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Virus attacks immune system, making person vulnerable to other infections
- Can be transmitted through specific routes (e.g., blood transfusions, sexual contact, childbirth)
- No cure, but treatment can prolong life
- Symptoms can include fever, diarrhea, and weight loss
- HIV replication involves viral RNA converting to viral DNA, then inserting into the host cell's DNA; new viruses assemble and leave the host cell.
- A condition of immune system deficiency
- A wide range of organisms cause human diseases
Cancer
- Uncontrolled cell growth
- Two types: benign (confined) and malignant (invasive)
- Caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents (carcinogens)
- Early detection improves treatment outcomes
- Detecting early can increase success rate through biopsies and imaging (X-rays, CT, MRI), surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy
- Cancer cells may metastasize to other parts of the body
- Cancers can be caused by viral oncogenes
- Cancers can be caused by oncogenic transformation of cells, which has a breakdown of regulatory mechanisms
- The immune system's ability to detect and destroy cancerous cells
Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Increased use, especially among young people
- Harmful effects on health (physical, psychological, and social)
- Psychological attachment and tolerance increasing with use
- Can manifest in violence or reckless behavior
- Withdrawal symptoms may be severe
- Substance use leads to addiction, dependence, and social problems
- Examples of drugs include Opioids (Heroin, morphine), cannabinoids (marijuana, hashish), and coca alkaloids (cocaine)
- Substance abuse impacts multiple body systems
- Tobacco, a common substance used in smoking, can cause cancers and respiratory problems - including bronchitis, emphysema, and cancers of the lung, urinary bladder, and throat.
Immunity
- Innate immunity: present at birth, first line defense
- Physical, physiological (e.g., enzymes in tears, stomach acid), and cellular (e.g., phagocytes) barriers
- Acquired immunity: develops after exposure, specific to pathogen
- Active and passive immunity responses
- Different types of immunity responses to counter different pathogens
- Exposure to particular substances/microbes could stimulate the production of specific immune responses resulting in long-term immunity
Allergies
- Exaggerated immune response to allergens
- Allergens: substances like dust mites, pollen, animal dander
- Mast cells release histamines and other chemicals, causing symptoms (e.g., sneezing, itching, wheezing, breathing difficulties)
- Modern lifestyle and environmental factors may contribute to increased sensitivity
- An overreaction of the immune system toward common substances
Autoimmunity
- Body's immune system attacks its own tissues
- Rheumatoid arthritis is an example
- Immune system attacking self-cells causing harm
Lymphoid Organs
- Where lymphocytes develop and mature
- Bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid organs
- Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer's patches, appendix are secondary lymphoid organs
- Lymph nodes are small structures along lymph vessels that trap pathogens
- Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is lymphoid tissue in major tracts (respiratory, digestive, urogenital)
- Important for immune response, filtering, and production of cells
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Description
This quiz covers significant contributions by M.S. Swaminathan to agriculture and health, including his collaborations and the development of rice varieties. It also explores important concepts in immunology and health theories. Test your knowledge on these pivotal ideas and figures in agriculture and science.
