262 Questions
Which type of RNA carries the amino acid to the translation machinery?
tRNA
Which type of RNA is the most stable and makes up most of the ribosome?
rRNA
Which type of RNA is rapidly degraded and necessary for regulating enzyme production?
mRNA
Which type of RNA can have enzymatic activity and act as an enzyme to speed up reactions?
rRNA
Which type of RNA can interact with itself due to its single-stranded nature?
tRNA
What is the main difference between transcription and replication?
Transcription copies the regulatory parts of DNA, while replication copies the building blocks of DNA.
What is the function of the anticodon in tRNA?
To bind to the mRNA in the ribosome
What is the enzyme responsible for linking the correct amino acid to the correct tRNA?
tRNA synthetase
Which type of RNA is the most abundant in the cell?
rRNA
What is the term for the post-transcriptional modification of tRNA, where normal bases are modified?
RNA modification
Which process occurs after the formation of mature mRNA?
Translation
What is the purpose of post-transcriptional modifications?
To process the mRNA for translation
What is the direction of formation for the new strands in transcription?
5 prime to 3 prime
What is the function of RNA polymerase in transcription?
To synthesize RNA from DNA template
What is the main difference between DNA replication and transcription?
Use of RNA polymerase instead of DNA polymerase
What occurs during the initiation phase of transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to the DNA promoter region
What occurs during the elongation phase of transcription?
RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA
What occurs during the termination phase of transcription?
RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA template
What is the purpose of the 5 prime capping, splicing, and poly A tail formation?
To make the mRNA mature and ready for translation
What is the role of proteins in transcription?
To assist in the initiation, elongation, and termination phases
Which part of the cell is responsible for the production of R RNA?
Nucleolus
What is the role of the nucleolus in the production of ribosomes?
Processing R RNA
What is the effect of R RNA transcription on the structure of DNA during cell replication?
DNA condenses
What is the term for the uncondensed part of a chromosome where R RNA genes are located?
Satellites
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Bringing the message from DNA to ribosomes
What is the starting point for RNA polymerase in transcription?
Open region of DNA
What are the cofactors required by RNA polymerase in transcription?
Transcription factors
What is the role of transcription factors in transcription?
Regulating gene transcription
What is the term for the region recognized by the sigma factor in prokaryotes?
Minus 10 region
What is the main difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Number of transcription factors required
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of attaching the correct amino acid to tRNA?
Amino-acid tRNA synthetase
In prokaryotes, what subunits form the 70S ribosome?
50S and 30S
What is the shape of the tRNA molecule when viewed in 3D?
L-shaped
Which type of RNA is mainly composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
rRNA
In eukaryotes, what are the subunits that form the ribosome?
40S and 60S
What is the purpose of post-transcriptional modifications of tRNA?
To increase stability
What is the position indicated by the 'S' in the 70S ribosome?
Size
Which type of RNA is made inside the nucleus?
rRNA
In prokaryotes, what are the subunits that form the ribosome?
30S and 50S
How many different amino-acid tRNA synthetases are there?
20
Which of the following accurately describes the speed of RNA polymerases during transcription?
RNA polymerases speed up the positioning of the RNA polymerase during transcription
What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and initiates transcription
What happens during the termination phase of transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to the terminator region and terminates transcription
What is the function of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?
The poly A tail enhances the stability of the mRNA molecule
What is the purpose of 5' prime capping in post-transcriptional modifications?
5' prime capping enhances the stability of the mRNA molecule
What is the purpose of splicing in post-transcriptional modifications?
Splicing enhances the translation process
Which of the following accurately describes the speed of RNA polymerases during transcription?
RNA polymerases speed up the positioning of the RNA polymerase during transcription
What is the main difference between transcription and replication?
Transcription produces RNA molecules, while replication produces DNA molecules
What is the purpose of post-transcriptional modifications?
Post-transcriptional modifications enhance the stability of the mRNA molecule
What occurs during the initiation phase of transcription?
RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to the promoter region of the gene
Which of the following is responsible for speeding up the positioning of RNA polymerase during transcription in prokaryotes?
The sigma factor
What is the purpose of the consensus sequence in prokaryotic transcription?
To start transcription at the correct position
Which region of the DNA is recognized by the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?
The promoter region
What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?
To bind the RNA polymerase to the DNA
What is the function of the promoter region in prokaryotic transcription?
To scan the DNA for the sigma factor
What is the purpose of the consensus sequence in prokaryotic transcription?
To start transcription at the correct position
Which of the following is responsible for recognizing different consensus sequences and transcribing different genes in prokaryotes?
The sigma factor
What is the function of the promoter region in prokaryotic transcription?
To scan the DNA for the sigma factor
What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?
To bind the RNA polymerase to the DNA
Which region of the DNA is recognized by the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?
The promoter region
Which term is often used interchangeably with 'sense strand' in the context of DNA replication?
Minus strand
What is the other name for the 'anti-sense strand' in the context of DNA replication?
Plus strand
Which of the following terms is NOT used interchangeably with 'anti-sense strand' in the context of DNA replication?
Non-coding strand
In prokaryotes, where does transcription take place?
Cytoplasm
What happens to the mRNA produced during transcription in prokaryotes?
It is immediately available for translation
Which of the following terms refers to the same thing as 'anti-sense strand', 'non-coding strand', and 'plus strand'?
Template strand
What is the main difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Presence of a nucleus
What is the main difference between transcription and replication?
Direction of synthesis
What is the purpose of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
Which cellular component is responsible for the production of rRNA?
Nucleolus
What is the function of the sigma factor in transcription?
To find the consensus sequence and bind to the promoter
What is the role of the RNA polymerase in transcription?
To help the polymerase slide along the DNA and make RNA
What is the speed at which RNA is produced during transcription?
30 to 50 nucleotides per second
What is the role of topoisomerases in transcription?
To relieve tensions in the DNA molecule caused by supercoiling
What is the ultimate RNA strand produced during transcription complementary to?
The coding strand
What is the term used to describe the non-template strand during transcription?
The non-coding strand
What is the term used to describe the non-template strand during transcription?
The non-coding strand
What is the main difference between DNA replication and transcription?
DNA replication produces DNA molecules, while transcription produces RNA molecules
What is the function of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
What is the purpose of splicing in post-transcriptional modifications?
To remove introns and join exons
Which of the following is the purpose of the five prime cap in mRNA?
All of the above
What is the main function of the poly-A tail in mRNA?
To protect the mRNA against degradation
Which of the following is true about the formation of the five prime cap in mRNA?
All of the above
What is the purpose of the termination phase in transcription?
To stop RNA synthesis
Which of the following is true about termination in prokaryotes?
Termination is done by hairpin loops in the RNA
What is the main difference between termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Termination is more complex in eukaryotes
What is the function of the five prime cap in mRNA transport?
To facilitate proper transport of the mRNA
What is the main purpose of splicing in mRNA processing?
To remove introns from the mRNA
What is the role of the poly-A tail in mRNA processing?
To protect the mRNA against degradation
What is the purpose of the guanin nucleotide in the formation of the five prime cap?
To stabilize the RNA polymerase
Which of the following is true about row dependent termination in transcription?
The row factor recognizes a sequence coming out of the RNA polymerase and binds to it.
What is the result of row factor binding to the RNA in row dependent termination?
Destabilization of the RNA polymerase bound to the DNA.
What are the two types of termination in transcription?
Row independent and row dependent termination.
What is the role of the row factor in transcription termination?
To recognize a sequence coming out of the RNA polymerase and bind to it.
What happens when the row factor binds to the RNA in transcription termination?
The RNA polymerase bound to the DNA is destabilized and falls off.
What is the result of row independent termination in transcription?
The RNA polymerase reaches a termination sequence and stops transcription.
What is the difference between row independent and row dependent termination?
Row independent termination occurs when the RNA polymerase reaches a termination sequence, while row dependent termination involves the row factor binding to the RNA and destabilizing the RNA polymerase bound to the DNA.
What is the role of the row factor in transcription?
To recognize a sequence coming out of the RNA polymerase and bind to it.
What are the two factors involved in transcription termination?
Row factor and RNA polymerase.
What is the result of row dependent termination in transcription?
The RNA polymerase bound to the DNA is destabilized and falls off.
What is the main difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are simultaneous, while in eukaryotes, transcription and translation are separate processes.
What is the purpose of post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA?
To remove introns and splice together exons.
What is the role of the ribosomes in protein synthesis?
To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
What is the function of the promoter region in prokaryotic transcription?
To provide a binding site for RNA polymerase.
What is the term for the region recognized by the sigma factor in prokaryotes?
Promoter region
What is the starting point for RNA polymerase in transcription?
Promoter region
What occurs during the elongation phase of transcription?
RNA polymerase synthesizes the mRNA molecule.
Which type of RNA is made inside the nucleus?
rRNA
What is the other name for the 'anti-sense strand' in the context of DNA replication?
Template strand
What is the main difference between transcription and replication?
Transcription involves the synthesis of a complementary RNA strand, while replication involves the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand.
Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the poly-A tail at the end of mRNA?
Poly-A polymerase
What is the main reason for adding a longer poly-A tail to mRNA?
Improving stability of mRNA
Which enzyme is responsible for removing introns during mRNA processing?
Spliceosome
What happens to the introns after they are removed during mRNA processing?
They are degraded by exonucleases
What is the function of the five prime cap on mRNA?
Preventing degradation of mRNA
What is the role of ribonucleoproteins in mRNA processing?
Binding to intron sequences
What happens to the RNA polymerase during mRNA processing?
It falls off the DNA
What is the purpose of splicing in mRNA processing?
To remove introns
What is the function of the loop formed by the mRNA during mRNA processing?
Enhancing translation efficiency
What happens to the introns that are removed during mRNA processing?
They are degraded by exonucleases
Which of the following is true about termination in transcription?
Termination occurs when the RNA polymerase recognizes a specific sequence on the RNA.
What is the role of exon duplicates in eukaryotic transcription termination?
Exon duplicates recognize specific sequences on the RNA.
What is the function of enzymes in the formation of the poly A tail?
Enzymes recognize specific sequences on the RNA and form the poly A tail.
What happens after the RNA is cut in half during the formation of the poly A tail?
Another enzyme binds to the RNA and forms the poly A tail.
What is the purpose of the poly A tail in mRNA?
To stabilize the mRNA.
What is the main difference between termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes terminate transcription when the RNA polymerase recognizes a specific sequence on the DNA, while eukaryotes terminate when the RNA polymerase recognizes a specific sequence on the RNA.
What is the result of row factor binding to the RNA in row dependent termination?
The RNA polymerase falls off the DNA.
What is the purpose of splicing in post-transcriptional modifications?
To remove introns from the RNA.
What is the purpose of the 5' prime cap in mRNA?
To protect the mRNA from degradation.
Which process occurs after the formation of mature mRNA?
Translation.
Which level of regulation controls the formation of proteins by determining whether or not a gene is transcribed?
Transcriptional control
Which process involves the degradation of RNA molecules, thereby regulating the formation of proteins?
RNA processing control
Which process involves the regulation of the movement of RNA molecules within a cell?
Transport control
Which process involves the regulation of the synthesis of proteins from mRNA molecules?
Translation control
Which level of regulation involves the decision of whether or not to make alternative splicing of RNA molecules?
RNA processing control
Which level of regulation determines the amount of mRNA produced, thus influencing protein formation?
Transcriptional control
Which level of regulation involves the degradation of mRNA molecules?
RNA processing control
Which level of regulation involves the movement of RNA molecules within a cell?
Transport control
Which level of regulation involves the synthesis of proteins from mRNA molecules?
Translation control
Which level of regulation involves the decision of whether or not to make alternative splicing of RNA molecules?
RNA processing control
What is the purpose of alternative splicing in gene expression?
To increase the complexity of proteins produced from a single gene
What is the approximate number of genes found in the human DNA?
30 to 40,000
What is the function of the poly A tail in mature mRNA?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
What is the role of export factors in mRNA transport?
They facilitate the transport of mRNA out of the nucleus
What is the purpose of the five prime cap in mature mRNA?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
What is the significance of tissue-specific splicing variants?
They allow for the production of different proteins in different tissues
What is the function of introns in gene expression?
To increase the complexity of proteins produced from a single gene
What is the significance of the DS-CAN gene in fly genetics?
It produces over 38,000 different proteins
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?
The presence of introns in eukaryotic genes
What is the role of proteins in mRNA transport?
To assist in the transport of mRNA out of the nucleus
What is the role of SNURPs in mRNA processing?
They recognize and bind to specific sequences at the beginning and end of introns
What happens when SNURPs bind at the beginning and end of an intron?
They create a loop by bringing the two ends of the intron together
What is the function of the spliceosome in mRNA processing?
To remove introns and glue exons together
What happens to the RNA from the intron during mRNA processing?
It can be cut in pieces and reused
What is the purpose of cutting off the intron during mRNA processing?
To remove non-coding regions and join the coding regions
What is the name of the complex formed by SNURPs, RNA, and proteins during mRNA processing?
Spliceosome
What happens to the SNURPs after mRNA processing?
They can be reused
What is the function of the spliceosome in mRNA processing?
To remove introns and glue exons together
What happens to the RNA from the intron during mRNA processing?
It can be cut in pieces and reused
What is the purpose of cutting off the intron during mRNA processing?
To remove non-coding regions and join the coding regions
What is the name of the complex formed by SNURPs, RNA, and proteins during mRNA processing?
Spliceosome
What happens to the SNURPs after mRNA processing?
They can be reused
Which molecule is believed to have played a role in the origin of life, according to the lecture by Gerhard Johan and Haftog?
RNA
What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?
It carries the amino acids to the ribosome
Are the satellites on the chromosomes the same as telomeres?
No
What is the Shine-Dalgano sequence involved in?
Translation
What is the role of activators in transcription?
They help position the RNA polymerase
Where are the ribosomal RNA genes located in a chromosome?
In the secondary constrictions
Do 70S ribosomes occur in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes?
No
What is the role of topoisomerase in fixing coils in DNA?
It turns the DNA around and glues it back together
Does prokaryotic mRNA contain a poly-A tail?
No
Which molecule is responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
tRNA
What are the three main ways in which the formation of proteins can be regulated?
RNA processing control, protein transport, and protein activity
What are the three post-transcriptional modifications mentioned in the text?
Poly-A tail, 5-prime cap, and splicing
What is the purpose of the poly-A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
What is the purpose of the 5-prime cap on mRNA?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
What is the main difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have introns in their mRNA, while eukaryotes do not
What is the function of the spliceosome in mRNA processing?
To remove introns from the mRNA
What happens when SNURPs bind at the beginning and end of an intron?
The intron is spliced out of the mRNA
What is the function of the loop formed by the mRNA during mRNA processing?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
What is the term for the post-transcriptional modification of tRNA, where normal bases are modified?
Methylation
What is the role of transcription factors in transcription?
To bind to the promoter region and initiate transcription
Which cellular component is responsible for breaking down damaged proteins?
Proteasome
What is the function of topoisomerases in DNA replication?
To remove super coils
Why does a longer poly A tail result in more stability of RNA?
It prevents exonucleases from reaching the coding sequence
What is the role of the Kozak rules in translation?
To initiate translation
What is the primary function of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?
To prevent exonucleases from degrading RNA
What is the role of exonucleases in RNA degradation?
To degrade RNA from the end
What happens when there are too many super coils in DNA?
DNA becomes less accessible for proteins
What is the main function of SNURPs in mRNA processing?
To facilitate splicing
What is the primary role of export factors in mRNA transport?
To transport mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
What is the function of proteins in transcription?
To assist in the transcription process
Which polymerase is responsible for transcribing the mRNA in eukaryotes?
Polymerase 2
What is the function of exonucleases during mRNA synthesis?
They degrade the RNA from the beginning
What is the purpose of the poly A tail in mRNA?
To degrade the mRNA
What is the difference between pre-mRNA and hnRNA?
Pre-mRNA contains introns while hnRNA does not
What is the role of transcription factors in mRNA production?
To help polymerase 2 bind correctly
What is the purpose of alternative splicing?
To produce different proteins from the same gene
What is the function of the invariable domain of tRNA?
To bind to the ribosome
Can a protein survive forever?
No, proteins have a very short lifespan
What is the main difference between transcription and replication?
Transcription produces RNA while replication produces DNA
What happens to the RNA from the intron during mRNA processing?
It is degraded by exonucleases
Which type of DNA does not have a poly A tail?
Prokaryotic DNA
What is the function of topoisomerase one?
Makes a single strand break, turns the DNA around, and glues it back together
What is the function of topoisomerase two?
Makes a double strand break, turns one side, and puts it back together
What is the function of the five prime cap?
Prevents RNA degradation by exonucleases
What is the role of exonucleases in DNA and RNA degradation?
They degrade DNA and RNA from the ends
What is the shape of the tRNA molecule when viewed in 3D?
Cloverleaf
What is the function of the promoter region in prokaryotic transcription?
Binds transcription factors
What is the function of activators in transcription?
Enhance transcription
What is the purpose of the guanine nucleotide in the formation of the five prime cap?
To prevent RNA degradation
What is the significance of the DS-CAN gene in fly genetics?
It is not mentioned in the text
Which enzyme is responsible for removing super coils in DNA?
Topoisomerase
Why is a longer poly A tail believed to increase the stability of mRNA?
It delays the reach of exonucleases to the coding sequence
Which nucleotides are required for RNA synthesis?
ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP
What is the function of satellite and secondary constriction in chromosomes?
They are consequences of DNA compaction and do not have a specific function
Why is ATP important for RNA synthesis?
It provides energy for the formation of phosphodiester bonds
Why are GTP, TTP, and CTP not used for RNA synthesis?
They are only used for DNA synthesis
What is the role of exonucleases in RNA degradation?
They remove nucleotides from the end of RNA molecules
Which nucleotide is not used for RNA synthesis?
TTP
What is the consequence of DNA compaction in chromosomes?
Formation of satellite and secondary constriction
Which enzyme is responsible for removing super coils in DNA?
Topoisomerase
Which part of the chromosome is referred to as a satellite?
The part of the chromosome after the constriction
What is the purpose of the five prime cap?
To protect against exonucleases
Which RNA component makes up the ribosome?
rRNA
In eukaryotes, where does transcription end?
At the polyA tail
What is the function of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?
To bind to the promoter region
In prokaryotes, where does translation start?
At the non-coding sequence before the Shindal Garno
What is the role of topoisomerases in DNA?
To fix coils in the DNA
Why are the coding and non-coding DNA strands referred to as minus and plus strands?
Because the coding strand is not used for making mRNA
What is the purpose of the polyA tail in mRNA?
To stabilize the mRNA
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription termination?
Prokaryotes use exonucleases to degrade the RNA chain, while eukaryotes use polyA enzymes
Which of the following is a method by which cells can get rid of proteins they no longer need?
Breaking them down
What is the purpose of a poly-A tail in mRNA?
To stabilize the mRNA molecule
What happens when a hairpin structure forms in the RNA during transcription?
The RNA synthesis stops
Why is a poly-A tail added to mRNA instead of another nitrogen base?
To enhance stability
What is the main role of topoisomerases in DNA replication?
To unwind the DNA strands
What is the primary function of the poly-A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?
To stabilize the mRNA molecule
What is the main difference between termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
The presence of a hairpin structure in eukaryotes
What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
To carry the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes
What happens to the introns that are removed during mRNA processing?
They are destroyed
What is the main reason for adding a longer poly-A tail to mRNA?
To enhance stability
Which process destabilizes the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA during transcription termination?
Single strand binding proteins
Why is the zone where transcription of rRNA occurs denser compared to the rest of the nucleus?
It undergoes more processing
Are single strand binding proteins used during transcription or translation?
Transcription
How does the sigma factor recognize the template strand during transcription?
By binding to a specific sequence
Which of the following is the main function of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?
To stabilize the mRNA molecule
What is the role of exonucleases in RNA degradation?
To break down RNA from the ends
Are the satellites on the chromosomes the same as telomeres?
No
Which enzyme is responsible for removing introns during mRNA processing?
Spliceosome
What is the primary function of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?
To protect the mRNA from degradation
What is the purpose of the poly A tail in mRNA?
To stabilize the mRNA molecule
Which direction does RNA polymerase always read in?
3 prime, 5 prime direction
How does RNA polymerase know which template to use for synthesizing mRNA?
It reads the strand in the 3 prime, 5 prime direction
Does the sigma factor recognize the template or non-template strand?
It does not recognize either strand
Would a eukaryotic mRNA yield the same polypeptide chain if it was translated by a 70S prokaryotic ribosome?
Yes, because the codons are the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
What is the purpose of the polyA tail in mRNA?
It helps in mRNA stability
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?
Prokaryotes have introns, while eukaryotes do not
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of attaching the correct amino acid to tRNA?
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?
It recognizes the template strand
What are the two factors involved in transcription termination?
Rho factor and RNA polymerase
What is the function of the five prime cap in mRNA transport?
It helps in mRNA transport
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