mRNA Processing and Transport
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Questions and Answers

Which type of RNA carries the amino acid to the translation machinery?

  • mRNA
  • microRNA
  • rRNA
  • tRNA (correct)

    • Which type of RNA is the most stable and makes up most of the ribosome?

  • rRNA (correct)
  • microRNA
  • tRNA
  • mRNA

    • Which type of RNA is rapidly degraded and necessary for regulating enzyme production?

  • tRNA
  • mRNA (correct)
  • microRNA
  • rRNA

    • Which type of RNA can have enzymatic activity and act as an enzyme to speed up reactions?

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA can interact with itself due to its single-stranded nature?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transcription and replication?

    <p>Transcription copies the regulatory parts of DNA, while replication copies the building blocks of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the anticodon in tRNA?

    <p>To bind to the mRNA in the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for linking the correct amino acid to the correct tRNA?

    <p>tRNA synthetase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is the most abundant in the cell?

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the post-transcriptional modification of tRNA, where normal bases are modified?

    <p>RNA modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs after the formation of mature mRNA?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>To process the mRNA for translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of formation for the new strands in transcription?

    <p>5 prime to 3 prime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of RNA polymerase in transcription?

    <p>To synthesize RNA from DNA template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between DNA replication and transcription?

    <p>Use of RNA polymerase instead of DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the initiation phase of transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase binds to the DNA promoter region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the elongation phase of transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the termination phase of transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA template</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 5 prime capping, splicing, and poly A tail formation?

    <p>To make the mRNA mature and ready for translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteins in transcription?

    <p>To assist in the initiation, elongation, and termination phases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cell is responsible for the production of R RNA?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nucleolus in the production of ribosomes?

    <p>Processing R RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of R RNA transcription on the structure of DNA during cell replication?

    <p>DNA condenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the uncondensed part of a chromosome where R RNA genes are located?

    <p>Satellites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>Bringing the message from DNA to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the starting point for RNA polymerase in transcription?

    <p>Open region of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cofactors required by RNA polymerase in transcription?

    <p>Transcription factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transcription factors in transcription?

    <p>Regulating gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the region recognized by the sigma factor in prokaryotes?

    <p>Minus 10 region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Number of transcription factors required</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of attaching the correct amino acid to tRNA?

    <p>Amino-acid tRNA synthetase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prokaryotes, what subunits form the 70S ribosome?

    <p>50S and 30S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the tRNA molecule when viewed in 3D?

    <p>L-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is mainly composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotes, what are the subunits that form the ribosome?

    <p>40S and 60S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of post-transcriptional modifications of tRNA?

    <p>To increase stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the position indicated by the 'S' in the 70S ribosome?

    <p>Size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is made inside the nucleus?

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prokaryotes, what are the subunits that form the ribosome?

    <p>30S and 50S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different amino-acid tRNA synthetases are there?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the speed of RNA polymerases during transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerases speed up the positioning of the RNA polymerase during transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and initiates transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the termination phase of transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase binds to the terminator region and terminates transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>The poly A tail enhances the stability of the mRNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 5' prime capping in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>5' prime capping enhances the stability of the mRNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of splicing in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>Splicing enhances the translation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the speed of RNA polymerases during transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerases speed up the positioning of the RNA polymerase during transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transcription and replication?

    <p>Transcription produces RNA molecules, while replication produces DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>Post-transcriptional modifications enhance the stability of the mRNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the initiation phase of transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to the promoter region of the gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for speeding up the positioning of RNA polymerase during transcription in prokaryotes?

    <p>The sigma factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the consensus sequence in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>To start transcription at the correct position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the DNA is recognized by the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>The promoter region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>To bind the RNA polymerase to the DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the promoter region in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>To scan the DNA for the sigma factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the consensus sequence in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>To start transcription at the correct position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for recognizing different consensus sequences and transcribing different genes in prokaryotes?

    <p>The sigma factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the promoter region in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>To scan the DNA for the sigma factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>To bind the RNA polymerase to the DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the DNA is recognized by the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>The promoter region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is often used interchangeably with 'sense strand' in the context of DNA replication?

    <p>Minus strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the other name for the 'anti-sense strand' in the context of DNA replication?

    <p>Plus strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms is NOT used interchangeably with 'anti-sense strand' in the context of DNA replication?

    <p>Non-coding strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prokaryotes, where does transcription take place?

    <p>Cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the mRNA produced during transcription in prokaryotes?

    <p>It is immediately available for translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to the same thing as 'anti-sense strand', 'non-coding strand', and 'plus strand'?

    <p>Template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transcription and replication?

    <p>Direction of synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>To protect the mRNA from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component is responsible for the production of rRNA?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sigma factor in transcription?

    <p>To find the consensus sequence and bind to the promoter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the RNA polymerase in transcription?

    <p>To help the polymerase slide along the DNA and make RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the speed at which RNA is produced during transcription?

    <p>30 to 50 nucleotides per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of topoisomerases in transcription?

    <p>To relieve tensions in the DNA molecule caused by supercoiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate RNA strand produced during transcription complementary to?

    <p>The coding strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the non-template strand during transcription?

    <p>The non-coding strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the non-template strand during transcription?

    <p>The non-coding strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between DNA replication and transcription?

    <p>DNA replication produces DNA molecules, while transcription produces RNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>To protect the mRNA from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of splicing in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>To remove introns and join exons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the purpose of the five prime cap in mRNA?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the poly-A tail in mRNA?

    <p>To protect the mRNA against degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the formation of the five prime cap in mRNA?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the termination phase in transcription?

    <p>To stop RNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about termination in prokaryotes?

    <p>Termination is done by hairpin loops in the RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Termination is more complex in eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the five prime cap in mRNA transport?

    <p>To facilitate proper transport of the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of splicing in mRNA processing?

    <p>To remove introns from the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the poly-A tail in mRNA processing?

    <p>To protect the mRNA against degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the guanin nucleotide in the formation of the five prime cap?

    <p>To stabilize the RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about row dependent termination in transcription?

    <p>The row factor recognizes a sequence coming out of the RNA polymerase and binds to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of row factor binding to the RNA in row dependent termination?

    <p>Destabilization of the RNA polymerase bound to the DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of termination in transcription?

    <p>Row independent and row dependent termination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the row factor in transcription termination?

    <p>To recognize a sequence coming out of the RNA polymerase and bind to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the row factor binds to the RNA in transcription termination?

    <p>The RNA polymerase bound to the DNA is destabilized and falls off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of row independent termination in transcription?

    <p>The RNA polymerase reaches a termination sequence and stops transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between row independent and row dependent termination?

    <p>Row independent termination occurs when the RNA polymerase reaches a termination sequence, while row dependent termination involves the row factor binding to the RNA and destabilizing the RNA polymerase bound to the DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the row factor in transcription?

    <p>To recognize a sequence coming out of the RNA polymerase and bind to it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two factors involved in transcription termination?

    <p>Row factor and RNA polymerase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of row dependent termination in transcription?

    <p>The RNA polymerase bound to the DNA is destabilized and falls off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are simultaneous, while in eukaryotes, transcription and translation are separate processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of post-transcriptional modifications of mRNA?

    <p>To remove introns and splice together exons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ribosomes in protein synthesis?

    <p>To catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the promoter region in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>To provide a binding site for RNA polymerase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the region recognized by the sigma factor in prokaryotes?

    <p>Promoter region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the starting point for RNA polymerase in transcription?

    <p>Promoter region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the elongation phase of transcription?

    <p>RNA polymerase synthesizes the mRNA molecule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is made inside the nucleus?

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the other name for the 'anti-sense strand' in the context of DNA replication?

    <p>Template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transcription and replication?

    <p>Transcription involves the synthesis of a complementary RNA strand, while replication involves the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the poly-A tail at the end of mRNA?

    <p>Poly-A polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for adding a longer poly-A tail to mRNA?

    <p>Improving stability of mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for removing introns during mRNA processing?

    <p>Spliceosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the introns after they are removed during mRNA processing?

    <p>They are degraded by exonucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the five prime cap on mRNA?

    <p>Preventing degradation of mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribonucleoproteins in mRNA processing?

    <p>Binding to intron sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the RNA polymerase during mRNA processing?

    <p>It falls off the DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of splicing in mRNA processing?

    <p>To remove introns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the loop formed by the mRNA during mRNA processing?

    <p>Enhancing translation efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the introns that are removed during mRNA processing?

    <p>They are degraded by exonucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about termination in transcription?

    <p>Termination occurs when the RNA polymerase recognizes a specific sequence on the RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of exon duplicates in eukaryotic transcription termination?

    <p>Exon duplicates recognize specific sequences on the RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of enzymes in the formation of the poly A tail?

    <p>Enzymes recognize specific sequences on the RNA and form the poly A tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after the RNA is cut in half during the formation of the poly A tail?

    <p>Another enzyme binds to the RNA and forms the poly A tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the poly A tail in mRNA?

    <p>To stabilize the mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Prokaryotes terminate transcription when the RNA polymerase recognizes a specific sequence on the DNA, while eukaryotes terminate when the RNA polymerase recognizes a specific sequence on the RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of row factor binding to the RNA in row dependent termination?

    <p>The RNA polymerase falls off the DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of splicing in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>To remove introns from the RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 5' prime cap in mRNA?

    <p>To protect the mRNA from degradation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process occurs after the formation of mature mRNA?

    <p>Translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of regulation controls the formation of proteins by determining whether or not a gene is transcribed?

    <p>Transcriptional control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the degradation of RNA molecules, thereby regulating the formation of proteins?

    <p>RNA processing control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the regulation of the movement of RNA molecules within a cell?

    <p>Transport control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the regulation of the synthesis of proteins from mRNA molecules?

    <p>Translation control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of regulation involves the decision of whether or not to make alternative splicing of RNA molecules?

    <p>RNA processing control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of regulation determines the amount of mRNA produced, thus influencing protein formation?

    <p>Transcriptional control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of regulation involves the degradation of mRNA molecules?

    <p>RNA processing control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of regulation involves the movement of RNA molecules within a cell?

    <p>Transport control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of regulation involves the synthesis of proteins from mRNA molecules?

    <p>Translation control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of regulation involves the decision of whether or not to make alternative splicing of RNA molecules?

    <p>RNA processing control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of alternative splicing in gene expression?

    <p>To increase the complexity of proteins produced from a single gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of genes found in the human DNA?

    <p>30 to 40,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the poly A tail in mature mRNA?

    <p>To protect the mRNA from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of export factors in mRNA transport?

    <p>They facilitate the transport of mRNA out of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the five prime cap in mature mRNA?

    <p>To protect the mRNA from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of tissue-specific splicing variants?

    <p>They allow for the production of different proteins in different tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of introns in gene expression?

    <p>To increase the complexity of proteins produced from a single gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the DS-CAN gene in fly genetics?

    <p>It produces over 38,000 different proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?

    <p>The presence of introns in eukaryotic genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteins in mRNA transport?

    <p>To assist in the transport of mRNA out of the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of SNURPs in mRNA processing?

    <p>They recognize and bind to specific sequences at the beginning and end of introns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when SNURPs bind at the beginning and end of an intron?

    <p>They create a loop by bringing the two ends of the intron together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spliceosome in mRNA processing?

    <p>To remove introns and glue exons together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the RNA from the intron during mRNA processing?

    <p>It can be cut in pieces and reused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cutting off the intron during mRNA processing?

    <p>To remove non-coding regions and join the coding regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the complex formed by SNURPs, RNA, and proteins during mRNA processing?

    <p>Spliceosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the SNURPs after mRNA processing?

    <p>They can be reused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spliceosome in mRNA processing?

    <p>To remove introns and glue exons together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the RNA from the intron during mRNA processing?

    <p>It can be cut in pieces and reused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cutting off the intron during mRNA processing?

    <p>To remove non-coding regions and join the coding regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the complex formed by SNURPs, RNA, and proteins during mRNA processing?

    <p>Spliceosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the SNURPs after mRNA processing?

    <p>They can be reused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is believed to have played a role in the origin of life, according to the lecture by Gerhard Johan and Haftog?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>It carries the amino acids to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are the satellites on the chromosomes the same as telomeres?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Shine-Dalgano sequence involved in?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of activators in transcription?

    <p>They help position the RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the ribosomal RNA genes located in a chromosome?

    <p>In the secondary constrictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do 70S ribosomes occur in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of topoisomerase in fixing coils in DNA?

    <p>It turns the DNA around and glues it back together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does prokaryotic mRNA contain a poly-A tail?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

    <p>tRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main ways in which the formation of proteins can be regulated?

    <p>RNA processing control, protein transport, and protein activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three post-transcriptional modifications mentioned in the text?

    <p>Poly-A tail, 5-prime cap, and splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the poly-A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>To protect the mRNA from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 5-prime cap on mRNA?

    <p>To protect the mRNA from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Prokaryotes have introns in their mRNA, while eukaryotes do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the spliceosome in mRNA processing?

    <p>To remove introns from the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when SNURPs bind at the beginning and end of an intron?

    <p>The intron is spliced out of the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the loop formed by the mRNA during mRNA processing?

    <p>To protect the mRNA from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the post-transcriptional modification of tRNA, where normal bases are modified?

    <p>Methylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transcription factors in transcription?

    <p>To bind to the promoter region and initiate transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular component is responsible for breaking down damaged proteins?

    <p>Proteasome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of topoisomerases in DNA replication?

    <p>To remove super coils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a longer poly A tail result in more stability of RNA?

    <p>It prevents exonucleases from reaching the coding sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Kozak rules in translation?

    <p>To initiate translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>To prevent exonucleases from degrading RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of exonucleases in RNA degradation?

    <p>To degrade RNA from the end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when there are too many super coils in DNA?

    <p>DNA becomes less accessible for proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of SNURPs in mRNA processing?

    <p>To facilitate splicing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of export factors in mRNA transport?

    <p>To transport mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteins in transcription?

    <p>To assist in the transcription process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polymerase is responsible for transcribing the mRNA in eukaryotes?

    <p>Polymerase 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of exonucleases during mRNA synthesis?

    <p>They degrade the RNA from the beginning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the poly A tail in mRNA?

    <p>To degrade the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between pre-mRNA and hnRNA?

    <p>Pre-mRNA contains introns while hnRNA does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transcription factors in mRNA production?

    <p>To help polymerase 2 bind correctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of alternative splicing?

    <p>To produce different proteins from the same gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the invariable domain of tRNA?

    <p>To bind to the ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can a protein survive forever?

    <p>No, proteins have a very short lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between transcription and replication?

    <p>Transcription produces RNA while replication produces DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the RNA from the intron during mRNA processing?

    <p>It is degraded by exonucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA does not have a poly A tail?

    <p>Prokaryotic DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of topoisomerase one?

    <p>Makes a single strand break, turns the DNA around, and glues it back together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of topoisomerase two?

    <p>Makes a double strand break, turns one side, and puts it back together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the five prime cap?

    <p>Prevents RNA degradation by exonucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of exonucleases in DNA and RNA degradation?

    <p>They degrade DNA and RNA from the ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the tRNA molecule when viewed in 3D?

    <p>Cloverleaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the promoter region in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>Binds transcription factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of activators in transcription?

    <p>Enhance transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the guanine nucleotide in the formation of the five prime cap?

    <p>To prevent RNA degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the DS-CAN gene in fly genetics?

    <p>It is not mentioned in the text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for removing super coils in DNA?

    <p>Topoisomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a longer poly A tail believed to increase the stability of mRNA?

    <p>It delays the reach of exonucleases to the coding sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleotides are required for RNA synthesis?

    <p>ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of satellite and secondary constriction in chromosomes?

    <p>They are consequences of DNA compaction and do not have a specific function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ATP important for RNA synthesis?

    <p>It provides energy for the formation of phosphodiester bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are GTP, TTP, and CTP not used for RNA synthesis?

    <p>They are only used for DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of exonucleases in RNA degradation?

    <p>They remove nucleotides from the end of RNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleotide is not used for RNA synthesis?

    <p>TTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of DNA compaction in chromosomes?

    <p>Formation of satellite and secondary constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for removing super coils in DNA?

    <p>Topoisomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the chromosome is referred to as a satellite?

    <p>The part of the chromosome after the constriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the five prime cap?

    <p>To protect against exonucleases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which RNA component makes up the ribosome?

    <p>rRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In eukaryotes, where does transcription end?

    <p>At the polyA tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>To bind to the promoter region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In prokaryotes, where does translation start?

    <p>At the non-coding sequence before the Shindal Garno</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of topoisomerases in DNA?

    <p>To fix coils in the DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are the coding and non-coding DNA strands referred to as minus and plus strands?

    <p>Because the coding strand is not used for making mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the polyA tail in mRNA?

    <p>To stabilize the mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription termination?

    <p>Prokaryotes use exonucleases to degrade the RNA chain, while eukaryotes use polyA enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method by which cells can get rid of proteins they no longer need?

    <p>Breaking them down</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a poly-A tail in mRNA?

    <p>To stabilize the mRNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a hairpin structure forms in the RNA during transcription?

    <p>The RNA synthesis stops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a poly-A tail added to mRNA instead of another nitrogen base?

    <p>To enhance stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of topoisomerases in DNA replication?

    <p>To unwind the DNA strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the poly-A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>To stabilize the mRNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between termination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>The presence of a hairpin structure in eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the introns that are removed during mRNA processing?

    <p>They are destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for adding a longer poly-A tail to mRNA?

    <p>To enhance stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process destabilizes the binding of RNA polymerase to DNA during transcription termination?

    <p>Single strand binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the zone where transcription of rRNA occurs denser compared to the rest of the nucleus?

    <p>It undergoes more processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are single strand binding proteins used during transcription or translation?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sigma factor recognize the template strand during transcription?

    <p>By binding to a specific sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main function of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>To stabilize the mRNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of exonucleases in RNA degradation?

    <p>To break down RNA from the ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are the satellites on the chromosomes the same as telomeres?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for removing introns during mRNA processing?

    <p>Spliceosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the poly A tail in post-transcriptional modifications?

    <p>To protect the mRNA from degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the poly A tail in mRNA?

    <p>To stabilize the mRNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which direction does RNA polymerase always read in?

    <p>3 prime, 5 prime direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does RNA polymerase know which template to use for synthesizing mRNA?

    <p>It reads the strand in the 3 prime, 5 prime direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does the sigma factor recognize the template or non-template strand?

    <p>It does not recognize either strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Would a eukaryotic mRNA yield the same polypeptide chain if it was translated by a 70S prokaryotic ribosome?

    <p>Yes, because the codons are the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the polyA tail in mRNA?

    <p>It helps in mRNA stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression?

    <p>Prokaryotes have introns, while eukaryotes do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction of attaching the correct amino acid to tRNA?

    <p>Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?

    <p>It recognizes the template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two factors involved in transcription termination?

    <p>Rho factor and RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the five prime cap in mRNA transport?

    <p>It helps in mRNA transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

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