Biopsychology Chapter 10 Final
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a symptom of advanced MS?

  • Joint pain
  • Blurred vision (correct)
  • Headache
  • Memory loss

    • What is the most established risk factor for MS?

  • Vitamin D deficiency (correct)
  • Family history of MS
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Exposure to Epstein-Barr virus

    • What is the cause of Huntington's disease?

  • Brain injury
  • Exposure to toxins
  • Autoimmune response
  • Genetic mutation (correct)

    • Which of the following is a symptom of Alzheimer's disease?

    <p>Loss of speech function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the procedure used in the kindling model of epilepsy?

    <p>Electrical brain stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the utility of the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease?

    <p>It can be made in primates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sensory deafferentation in adult macaques?

    <p>Massive cortical reorganization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brain tumor grows diffusely through surrounding tissue?

    <p>Infiltrating tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of brain tumor originates from glial cells?

    <p>Gliomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of brain tumor grows in the meninges and is often encapsulated and benign?

    <p>Meningiomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an area of dead or dying tissue surrounded by penumbra in the brain?

    <p>Infarct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one physiological mechanism of ischemic brain damage?

    <p>Excessive release of excitatory amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an injury to the brain that includes bleeding without laceration and results in a hematoma?

    <p>Contusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a blow to the head that disrupts consciousness?

    <p>Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a proposed mechanism for the reorganization of neural circuits after damage?

    <p>Strengthening of existing connections through release from inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is collateral sprouting?

    <p>The creation of new connections by existing neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dendritic arborization?

    <p>The formation of new synapses from dendritic trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the challenges in studying the recovery of function after CNS damage?

    <p>Distinguishing from decline in cerebral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the benefits of rehabilitative training for promoting recovery from CNS damage?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can implants used in neurotransplantation stimulate?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stem cells capable of in the context of neurotransplantation?

    <p>Pluripotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the proposed mechanisms for the recovery of function after CNS damage?

    <p>Collateral sprouting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the ways enriched environments can lead to improved outcomes for recovery from CNS damage?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of epilepsy?

    <p>Seizures are limited to changes in thought, mood, and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

    <p>Repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Degeneration of the myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?

    <p>They myelinate the axons in the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

    <p>Apoptosis impacts the nucleus early in the process, while necrosis impacts the nucleus late in the process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current focus of multiple sclerosis (MS) research?

    <p>Developing treatments to encourage remyelination by oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment option for epilepsy?

    <p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Symptoms of Neurological Disorders

    • Advanced Multiple Sclerosis (MS) symptoms include significant motor impairment and cognitive difficulties.
    • Alzheimer's disease symptoms encompass memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with language.

    Risk Factors and Causes

    • The most established risk factor for MS is a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors.
    • Huntington's disease is caused by a genetic mutation in the HTT gene, leading to neurodegeneration.

    Epilepsy and Parkinson's Disease Models

    • The kindling model of epilepsy involves repeated subthreshold stimulation to induce seizures.
    • The MPTP model of Parkinson's disease is used to study the effects of dopamine depletion and evaluate potential therapies.

    Sensory Deafferentation Effects

    • In adult macaques, sensory deafferentation can lead to functional reorganization of the brain and altered perception.

    Brain Tumor Types

    • Diffuse brain tumors grow infiltratively through surrounding brain tissue.
    • Gliomas originate from glial cells and can exhibit aggressive behavior.
    • Meningiomas arise from the meninges, are often encapsulated, and generally benign.

    Brain Injury Terminology

    • An area of dead or dying tissue surrounded by a penumbra is referred to as an infarct.
    • An injury that includes bleeding without laceration, leading to a hematoma, is classified as a contusion.
    • A concussion is termed as a blow to the head that causes disruption of consciousness.

    Neural Circuit Reorganization

    • Proposed mechanisms for neural circuit reorganization after damage include collateral sprouting and dendritic arborization.

    Challenges and Benefits of Recovery

    • One challenge in studying recovery post-CNS damage is variability in individual responses and types of injuries.
    • Rehabilitative training promotes recovery by enhancing neural plasticity and functional reorganization within the brain.

    Neurotransplantation Insights

    • Implants used in neurotransplantation can stimulate neuronal growth and integration into existing neural circuits.
    • Stem cells have potential to differentiate into various cell types and promote healing in damaged brain areas.

    Enriched Environments and Recovery

    • Exposure to enriched environments can lead to improved cognitive and motor outcomes following CNS damage by enhancing learning and neuroplasticity.

    Epilepsy and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

    • A key characteristic of epilepsy is the occurrence of recurrent seizures.
    • Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is primarily caused by repeated head trauma.

    Multiple Sclerosis Research Focus

    • Current MS research concentrates on understanding immune responses, potential disease-modifying therapies, and neuroprotective mechanisms.

    Functions and Cellular Processes

    • Oligodendrocytes are responsible for producing myelin in the central nervous system, crucial for proper neuronal function.
    • Apoptosis is a controlled cell death process, whereas necrosis is an uncontrolled cell death often resulting from injury.

    Treatment for Epilepsy

    • Treatments for epilepsy may include antiepileptic drugs, lifestyle modifications, and in some cases, surgical interventions.

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    Test your knowledge on MRI and the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Learn about structural brain imaging procedures, high-resolution images, white-matter lesions, and symptoms of advanced MS.

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