quiz 1 MPharm PHA112 Drug Receptor Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the measure of the ease with which a drug binds to its receptor?

  • Slope
  • Affinity (correct)
  • Potency
  • Efficacy

    • Which type of drug binds to its receptor, activates the receptor, and elicits a biological response?

  • Agonist (correct)
  • Partial agonist
  • Antagonist
  • Full agonist

    • What is the measure of the ability of the drug-receptor complex to couple or transduce the drug binding into a biological response?

  • Affinity
  • Efficacy (correct)
  • Maximal efficacy
  • Potency

    • What type of drug binds to its receptor, activates the receptor, and is capable of eliciting the maximum possible response?

    <p>Full agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug type binds to its receptor but fails to activate the receptor, and so fails to elicit a response?

    <p>Antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept allows low affinity drugs to elicit the maximum possible response?

    <p>'Spare Receptor' concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reflected in the location of the Dose-Response curve along the dose axis?

    <p>Potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic reflects the magnitude of change in response per unit change in dose?

    <p>'Slope'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'efficacy (e)' express about a drug?

    <p>Ability to activate or cause a conformational change in the receptor leading to a biological response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'potency' measure?

    <p>The amount of drug needed to elicit a specified response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic reflects the maximal response or effect produced by a drug?

    <p>Maximal efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug competes with the agonist drug for binding to the receptor?

    <p>Antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a characteristic of graded dose-response curves?

    <p>Drug-Drug Interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antagonism occurs when the antagonist and agonist drugs compete for the same receptor binding site?

    <p>Reversible competitive antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In irreversible competitive antagonism, what happens to the available receptors for the agonist?

    <p>They become permanently reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antagonism occurs when the antagonist drug binds directly to the agonist drug in solution, rendering it inactive?

    <p>Chemical antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antagonism occurs when the antagonist drug reduces the effective concentration of the agonist drug at its site of action, through mechanisms such as decreased absorption or increased metabolism?

    <p>Pharmacokinetic antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When two drugs elicit opposing responses, canceling each other out, by acting on different receptors, what type of antagonism is this?

    <p>Physiological antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug interaction occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the algebraic sum of their individual effects?

    <p>Summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug interaction occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the algebraic sum of their individual effects?

    <p>Synergism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a drug due to prior or repeated exposure?

    <p>Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept refers to the measure of the margin of safety of a drug based on the ratio of the median toxic dose to the median effective dose?

    <p>Therapeutic index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of pharmacology deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs from the body?

    <p>Pharmacokinetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of variation refers to a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a drug due to prior or repeated exposure?

    <p>Acquired tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which book is recommended reading material for the lecture series on Drug Receptor Concepts?

    <p>Katzung and Trevor's: Basic &amp; Clinical Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs bind to receptors and activate a response?

    <p>Agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms called?

    <p>Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept provides a useful measure of the benefit to risk ratio of a drug?

    <p>Therapeutic index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic distinction between an 'Agonist' and an 'Antagonist' drug?

    <p>An agonist drug produces the same effect as the natural chemical messenger, while an antagonist drug produces no effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug binds to a site near the binding site for a natural chemical messenger and influences its binding?

    <p>Positive Allosteric Modulator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug may produce an opposite effect to the natural chemical messenger?

    <p>Inverse Agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug interaction occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the algebraic sum of their individual effects?

    <p>Potentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reflected in the location of the Dose-Response curve along the dose axis?

    <p>Potency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic reflects the maximal response produced by a drug?

    <p>Efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept allows low affinity drugs to elicit the maximum possible response?

    <p>Efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antagonism occurs when the antagonist drug reduces the effective concentration of the agonist drug at its site of action?

    <p>Competitive antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of antagonism does the antagonist drug binds directly to the agonist drug in solution, rendering it inactive?

    <p>Chemical antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug interaction occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the algebraic sum of their individual effects?

    <p>Additive effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of pharmacology involves the study of drug effects on the body?

    <p>Pharmacodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug action involves interaction with specific macromolecular or cellular targets, called receptors, resulting in clear-cut structure-activity relationships?

    <p>Specific drug action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug target involves regulatory proteins or binding sites for endogenous chemical messengers?

    <p>Classical receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of drug-receptor interactions involve the drug's molecular structure fitting complementarily into the binding site on the receptor, forming a drug-receptor complex via a reversible chemical reaction?

    <p>Specific interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the drug effect and the fraction of receptors occupied by the drug?

    <p>Direct relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory assumes that the drug effect is proportional to the fraction of receptors occupied and that the maximum effect occurs when all receptors are occupied?

    <p>Receptor occupancy theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which curve is an important tool in understanding drug-receptor interactions and drug action?

    <p>$\log$ drug concentration-receptor occupancy curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antagonism occurs when the antagonist drug binds directly to the agonist drug in solution, rendering it inactive?

    <p>Chemical antagonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Efficacy (e)' expresses what about a drug?

    <p>The maximal response or effect produced by a drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of variation refers to a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a drug due to prior or repeated exposure?

    <p>Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drugs bind to receptors, activate them, and elicit a biological response?

    <p>Agonist drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms called?

    <p>Pharmacology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is the main constituent of a bacterial cell?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where do bacteria obtain their energy?

    <p>Organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main inorganic cation and enzymatic cofactor in a bacterium?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is responsible for forming nucleic acids, nucleotides, and phospholipids in bacteria?

    <p>Phosphorus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lithotrophs use as their electron source?

    <p>H2S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serves as the electron source for organotrophs in bacterial metabolism?

    <p>Organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of agar in solid media for microbial culture?

    <p>To serve as a gelling agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes defined media from undefined media in microbial culture?

    <p>Defined media contains chemically defined components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of GasPak sachets in anaerobic microbial culture?

    <p>To produce CO2 and H2 for creating an anaerobic environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of bacterial growth do nutrients become depleted and waste products build-up?

    <p>Stationary phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does secondary metabolism in microbial metabolism primarily involve?

    <p>Production of natural products like antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time taken for a bacterial cell to reproduce by DNA binary fission called?

    <p>&quot;Generation time&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atmospheric requirement for obligate aerobes in microbial culture?

    <p>&quot;Cannot survive without oxygen&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of candle extinction in creating an anaerobic environment for microbial culture?

    <p>&quot;Uses up oxygen by burning a candle&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ways to culture microorganisms mentioned in the text?

    <p>&quot;Liquid media and solid media&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of TSA agar used in microbial culture?

    <p>Tryptone, Soytone, Agar, CaCl2, dH2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atmospheric requirement is associated with Camplylobacter jejuni in microbial culture?

    <p>Increased CO2 content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes solid media from liquid media in microbial culture?

    <p>Solid media facilitates the formation of distinct colonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assumed mechanism of action of broad spectrum antimicrobials?

    <p>Alkylation of various protein functional groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of radiation requires heavy shielding and can damage some materials due to radiolysis of water?

    <p>γ-rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of ionising radiation and UV light used for sterilization?

    <p>Microbial DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can sterilisation be checked?

    <p>Chemical indicators based on color change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the microbial safety index that indicates a 1 in 10 chance of a single surviving organism?

    <p>$10^{-5}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is commonly used for assessing whether a sterilized product is free from microbial contamination?

    <p>Membrane filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to product recall and litigation if sterilisation goes wrong?

    <p>Microbial contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk associated with ionising radiation for sterilisation?

    <p>Radiolysis of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of contamination can be controlled through environmental controls, clean or aseptic preparation areas, and Grades C, D, B, and A?

    <p>Bacterial contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicator is used based on a visible color change to assess steam sterilisation?

    <p>$pH$ indicator strips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the air for aseptic production come from, and what filtration method is used?

    <p>Air drawn from outside aseptic area, HEPA filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic reflects the magnitude of change in response per unit change in dose?

    <p>$EC_{50}$ value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of water in pharmaceutical manufacturing has stricter quality guidelines than purified water and focuses on Endotoxin levels?

    <p>Purified Water for injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between exposure time and the probability of a non-sterile unit?

    <p>$10^{-6}$ probability per microsecond exposure time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hand washing and alcohol hand gels in reducing contamination from personnel in pharmaceutical manufacturing?

    <p>To minimize biological contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'sterile' mean in terms of microbial populations?

    <p>No survivors in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common methods used for product sampling and clinical samples in pharmaceuticals?

    <p>Filtration, direct inoculation, surface swabbing, air sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regulatory body sets acceptable limits for microbial contamination in non-sterile products?

    <p>British Pharmacopoeia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of microbial contamination in pharmaceuticals?

    <p>Chemical deterioration, inactivation of products, resistance to spoilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of calculations are used to assess microbial content in pharmaceutical products?

    <p>Total microbial count calculations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of biological contamination in pharmaceuticals?

    <p>$Utilities used in production$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can microbial contamination be controlled within a pharmaceutical facility?

    <p>$By implementing environmental controls$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to reduce contamination from personnel in pharmaceutical manufacturing?

    <p>$Alcohol hand gels$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of contamination can be controlled through Grades C, D, B, and A areas in pharmaceutical facilities?

    <p>Viral contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In batch culture, what limits nutrient availability and product production?

    <p>Closed systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for scaling up production through bulk culturing?

    <p>Increased product production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of strain improvement in production processes?

    <p>Increase production through mutations or genetic modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the production of human-identical insulin through cloning and gene modification in E. coli?

    <p>Heterologous gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In viral replication, what can lead to cell destruction or budding?

    <p>Host cell machinery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bacterial evolution over time due to mutation or DNA acquisition?

    <p>Reduced effectiveness of treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of antimicrobial resistance resulting from selective pressure from antibiotics?

    <p>Reduced effectiveness of treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of lab-scale culture that limits its industrial applications?

    <p>'Optimization' for product production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration for maintaining adequate mixing, high oxygen levels, and control of pH, temperature, and foam in production processes?

    <p>Important criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of contamination of pharmaceutical products?

    <p>Reduced effectiveness of treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of continuous culture in manufacturing processes?

    <p>Controlled growth with constant nutrient supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process aims to remove or kill all microorganisms and infectious proteins?

    <p>Sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result from contamination of medical products with toxic microbial metabolites?

    <p>Systemic/bloodstream infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of separating products from production mixtures and removing unwanted components called?

    <p>Purification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method aims to minimize microbial contamination while minimizing product damage?

    <p>Gas sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection affects the digestive system, often caused by ingestion of contaminated products?

    <p>GI infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most serious effect of contamination with toxic microbial metabolites?

    <p>General bacteraemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to a series of operations to purify and sterilize medical products, reducing the risk of contamination and side effects?

    <p>Downstream processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process aims to minimize microbial contamination while minimizing product damage?

    <p>Gas sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a minor infection that does not spread beyond the site of injection or contact?

    <p>Local infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infections are serious and spread throughout the body, often caused by injected products or immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Systemic/bloodstream infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can product contamination lead to, in terms of legal consequences?

    <p>Recalls and litigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The text is from a lecture series on Drug Receptor Concepts in the MPharm program at Sunderland University, taught by Dr. Gabriel Boachie-Ansah.

    • The lecture series covers various topics, including pharmacology, drug-receptor interactions, variation in drug responsiveness, and clinical selectivity.

    • Drug responsiveness varies and can result in lack of efficacy or unexpected side effects. Variations can be inter-patient or intra-patient.

    • Variation in drug responsiveness can be due to pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic mechanisms.

    • Possible types of variation include qualitative and quantitative variations. Quantitative variations include hyper-responsiveness and hypo-responsiveness or tolerance.

    • Acquired tolerance is a state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a drug due to prior or repeated exposure. Mechanisms include pharmacodynamic and metabolic processes.

    • Clinical selectivity refers to the therapeutic vs undesirable or side effects of drugs. Therapeutic index is a measure of the margin of safety of a drug based on the ratio of the median toxic dose to the median effective dose.

    • The therapeutic index provides a useful measure of the benefit to risk ratio of a drug.

    • The recommended reading materials for this lecture series include Katzung and Trevor's "Basic & Clinical Pharmacology" and Ritter's "Rang & Dale's Pharmacology."

    • Drug-receptor concepts are fundamental to understanding how drugs affect human health and disease.

    • Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. It can be divided into pharmacodynamics, which deals with the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs, and pharmacokinetics, which deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs from the body.

    • Drugs act by binding to receptors or targets, which can be proteins or other molecules. Agonists bind to receptors and activate a response, while antagonists bind to receptors but block the effects of agonists.

    • Drug-receptor binding translates into a biological effect through various mechanisms, including receptor activation, ion channel modulation, and enzyme inhibition.

    • Therapeutic index is an important concept in drug development and therapy, as it helps determine whether the therapeutic benefits of a drug outweigh the risks.

    • The text emphasizes the importance of understanding drug-receptor interactions and their impact on drug responsiveness and clinical selectivity.

    • Pharmacology is the study of the interaction between drugs and the living body.

    • Pharmacology has three main branches: Pharmacodynamics (study of drug effects on the body), Pharmacokinetics (study of how the body deals with drugs), and Pharmacotherapeutics (study of drug use in disease treatment).

    • Drugs act on the body through two main mechanisms: non-specific drug action and specific drug action.

    • Non-specific drug action involves simple physical or chemical interactions with the body, such as those of antacids or osmotic diuretics, requiring large doses for effect and lacking specific structure-activity relationships.

    • Specific drug action involves interaction with specific macromolecular or cellular targets, called receptors, resulting in clear-cut structure-activity relationships and producing biological effects at very low doses.

    • Drug receptors are protein or glycoprotein entities, some of which are located on the cell membrane, while others are located inside the cell.

    • Multiple types of drug targets or receptors include classical receptors (regulatory protein or binding sites for endogenous chemical messengers), ion channels, enzymes, and carrier or transport proteins.

    • Drug-receptor interactions involve the drug's molecular structure fitting complementarily into the binding site on the receptor, forming a drug-receptor complex via a reversible chemical reaction.

    • The drug effect is proportional to the fraction of receptors occupied by the drug, with the maximum effect occurring when all receptors are occupied.

    • Drug concentration and receptor occupancy are related through the drug concentration-receptor occupancy curve, with the receptor occupancy theory assuming that the drug effect is proportional to the fraction of receptors occupied and that the maximum effect occurs when all receptors are occupied.

    • The drug concentration-effect curve and log drug concentration-effect curve are important tools in understanding drug-receptor interactions and drug action.

    • Health hazards to patients: contamination of medical products with pathogens can result in various infections

    • Local infection: minor infections that do not spread beyond the site of injection or contact

    • GI infection: infections affecting the digestive system, often caused by ingestion of contaminated products

    • Systemic/bloodstream infection: serious infections that spread throughout the body, often caused by injected products or immunocompromised patients

    • Contamination with toxic microbial metabolites: most serious effects come from contaminated injectable products, leading to general bacteraemia and even death

    • Product contamination can lead to recalls and litigation

    • Downstream processing: series of operations to purify and sterilize medical products, reducing the risk of contamination and side effects

    • Purification: process of separating products from production mixtures and removing unwanted components, using methods such as sedimentation, precipitation, centrifugation, adsorption, and filtration

    • Sterilization: process of removing or killing all microorganisms and infectious proteins, using methods such as heat, filtration, and radiation

    • Microbial sensitivity to sterilization: different microbes have different levels of resistance to sterilization, influencing the choice of method

    • Selection of sterilization method: it is important to minimize microbial contamination while minimizing product damage, as harsh methods can reduce therapeutic efficiency, stability, and patient acceptability. Recognized sterilization methods by European Pharmacopoeia(2002) include gas sterilization, steam sterilization, filtration, dry heat, and ionizing radiation.

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