CORE HUMAN Topic 5 hard

• Migration is a more volatile demographic variable than fertility and mortality, reacting quickly to changing economic, political, and social conditions
• Migration is defined as the movement of people across a specified boundary, either national or international, to establish a new permanent place of residence
• The United Nations defines 'permanent' as a change of residence lasting more than one year

Movements of populations

• Movements lasting less than a year are termed 'circulatory movements'
• Internal migration and international migration are two common subdivisions of migration
• International migrants cross international boundaries, while internal migrants move within a nation's borders
• Immigration and emigration are terms used for international migration
• In-migration and out-migration describe internal movements
• Internal migration streams are usually larger than international ones
• Net migration is the difference between the number of migrants entering and leaving a region, which can be positive or negative
• Migrations start from an area of origin and end at an area of destination
• Migrants sharing a common origin and destination form a migration stream
• A counterstream, or reverse flow, occurs at a lower volume when some migrants return home

Push and pull factors

• Push factors are negative aspects of an area that encourage people to leave
• Pull factors are perceived better conditions in a new location that attract migrants
• Chain migration occurs when strong links exist between a rural and urban area, leading to others following pioneering migrants
• Relay migration involves different family members migrating at different life stages to improve the family's financial situation
• Stepped migration is a process where a rural migrant moves to a small town, then a larger urban settlement over time, gradually ascending the urban hierarchy

Other points

• Voluntary migration is when individuals or households have a free choice to move
• Forced migration is when individuals have little or no choice but to move, often due to environmental or human factors such as religious persecution, famine, or natural disasters
• Barriers to migration include physical dangers, costs, and legal restrictions
• The low cost of modern transportation and high safety levels have reduced physical barriers
• Legal restrictions, such as immigration laws, are now the main barriers to international migration

Classification of migration

• Attempts to classify migration have improved understanding of its causes
• W. Peterson identified five migratory types in 1958: primitive, forced, impelled, free, and mass

Examples of migratory types

• Nomadic pastoralism and shifting cultivation are examples of primitive migration governed by physical factors
• The abduction and transport of Africans as slaves was the largest forced migration in history
• Expulsions, and forcible movements under 'ethnic cleansing' are more recent examples of forced migration
• Natural disasters and environmental catastrophes can also force migrations
• Impelled migrations occur under perceived threat, with an element of choice lacking compared to forced migrations
• The partition of India in 1947 resulted in a large migration under duress, as Muslims and Hindus moved in opposite directions
• Free and mass migration differ mainly in magnitude, with European movement to North America being the largest mass migration

Motivations for migration

• Peterson categorized migrations as either innovating (seeking improved living standards) or conservative (maintaining present standards)
• E.S. Lee's Principles of Migration include the origin-intervening obstacles-destination model, emphasizing push and pull factors

Four classes of factors influence the decision to migrate, according to Lee

• Factors associated with the place of origin
• Factors associated with the place of destination
• Intervening obstacles between origin and destination
• Personal factors that moderate the above
• Each location has positive, negative, and neutral factors that vary in importance to each individual
• Differences exist between the operation of factors at origin and destination destinations are often less well known, creating uncertainty for migrants
• Stages of life cycle also influence migration factors

Intervening Obstacles

• Intervening obstacles between origin and destination include distance, transport costs, and legal restraints like immigration laws

Mabogunje Framework

• Akin Mabogunje's analysis of rural-urban migration in Africa uses a systems approach, viewing migration as part of interrelated elements in an environment of change

Urban Economies

• An expanding urban economy encourages migration from rural areas, while deteriorating urban conditions reduce migration flows
• Rural control subsystem: potential migrants are influenced by family and community attitudes
• Urban control systems: employment and housing determine migrant assimilation
• Adjustment mechanisms: positive adjustments include increased income per head for remaining villagers, while negative adjustments include reduced social interaction
• At the urban destination, migrants may receive regular wages but face negative aspects like gambling and prostitution
• Information flow: favorable reports from urban dwellers increase migration, while negative perceptions slow it

Internal versus International Migration

• In most countries, internal migration has no legal restrictions, but distance and cost are constraints
• International migration faces major barriers due to immigration laws

Cost of Migration

• "Closing up" costs at origin varies based on the individual or household assets
• Movement costs depend on transport mode and journey time
• "Opening up" costs at destination include stamp duty, estate agents, and legal fees for housing
• Dangers of the journey can be physical (flood, drought) or human (hostility, accidents)

Government Attitudes and laws

• Before 1914, few government controls existed on international migration
• Between 1914 and 1945, security concerns led to curtailed migration and racist immigration policies
• After 1945, European countries encouraged migration to address labor shortages, but legislation was interpreted liberally
• Since the 1970s, slower economic growth has led to tighter immigration policies, favoring skilled workers and entrepreneurs

Migration Data

• Three principal sources of migration data: censuses, population registers, and social surveys
• All three record moves crossing official boundaries, missing moves within boundaries
• Population censuses are taken regularly and cover whole countries, providing data on birthplaces and period migration figures
• Birthplace data reveals broad migration patterns but lacks information about residential moves
• Period migration data traces migration patterns by comparing past and present addresses, but it misses intervening moves

Population Registers

• Japan and some European countries track migration with population registers, recording all changes of residence
• Partial registers exist in the UK, such as electoral rolls and tax registers
• Social surveys supplement data sources, with the UK's International Passenger Survey and General Household Survey providing information
• Even with all sources, a large proportion of population movements go unrecorded

Conclusion

• Migration has shaped the world with economic, social, cultural, political, and environmental impacts
• Factors driving future migrations may include: socio-economic disparity, global warming, nuclear catastrophe, civil wars, and pandemics

Internal Migration

• Most movements are internal migrations
• In terms of settlement size the following movements are included: Rural-rural, Rural-urban, Urban-rural, Urban-urban

Dimensions of internal migration

• Provides a useful basis for differentiating between types
• The distance over which a person travels can be used as a proxy for other important variables
• Cost is a significant factor in that the distance that migration takes place
• The relative distance of movements may have a filtering effect upon the kinds of people who are moving between different areas
• Social/cultural change
• A change of dialect or social organization of groups may make the migrant seem obvious as an "outsider"
• Avoid such changes: prospective migrant may decide on a shorter-distance movement
• Long-distance: ethnic, colour or religion may all hinder the process of assimilation
• Cultural traditional areas where rapid change is taking place
• Socio-economic between rural and urban areas
• Generally of a much greater magnitudes than in HICs
• Some quite fundamental forms of adaptation by rural migrants in the poorer nations of the world

Additional points on internal migration

• Rural-rural migration: including employment, family reunion & marriage
• Governments have encouraged agricultural development of frontier areas e.g. Amazon basin in Brazil
• Stepped migration up the urban hierarchy to a range of other urban-urban migrations for reasons e.g. employment and education
• Urban-rural dominated by countermigration who are returning to rural origins
• Government officials, teachers & doctors, move to that countryside to work for the first time
• Brazil: have no kind of hold on those LICs

Macro Level: Causes for Internal Migration

• Socio-economic differences at the national scale, emphasizing core-periphery concept
• Development of core regions colonial origin
• Selective/incomplete opening-up of territories in a restricted range of economic sectors: new colonial enterprises & infrastructural projects
• Ports and construction: Export/ports where raw materials export
• Introduction of Capitalism, influence on payment patterns
• Demand in the minds, plantations & activities satisfying extended native access to land coercing people into migration systems through taxation spread of cash economy increased the need of pain employment
• Economic core Region: Industrialization path to a better world resulting in disproportionate investment and negative of the rural economy

Macro-Level Perspective

• Provides a General Explanation of migration patterns in LICS and MICs

Meso-Level of Internal Migration

• In the area of the origin/destination: people's migration
• ES Lee's origin-interveng obstacles destruction model: looking beyond at economic factoring
• the negative at origin
• One number of a potential/destructions
• Negative for origin number of an individual. High population growth
• High migration is the main cause of migration
• The Effects has to be seen with with the failure of other processes. Focus resources on development

Micro-Level of Internal Migration

• Stimuli to you
• Those are source areas as an indifferented entitity
• Families/Communities: URBAN COntact

Socio-Economic of Internal Migration

• Labour to money: skills/attitudes

Impact of Internal Migration

• Returns have been remittances at 10-13 per cent in African
• Hel Weg Stage: changing use of remittance at over time
• Stage 1
• Start 2 family investment
• Stage 2: spending spending
• Stage 3: remittance agricultural activity the relationship/development in an origin areas is clear migration origin & destination

Political Impact of Internal Migration

• Regions, country:
• Depopulation -reduced number of people: reduce political voice of the community: downward spiral: peripheral
• Growing rapidly: Inmigration, Political voice of regions: economic and political primary
• Internal can change significantly ethnic composition or urban tension in the Nigeria Delta small groups have not been largely overlooked

Tiber Case Study

• Changing balance governments:internal migration to change
• In-migration in balance to Han: huge impact:Prior: 1950s Chinese migration
• Continues, minority population: threaten of there way of life
• Demographic aggression: Cultural genocide -Two general groups as labor workers: can be thought out involuntary for other service worker
• Higher wages and better housing,tax incentive for migration

Environmental impact of Internal Migration

• Rural has let vast land of urban area
• Which is swallowed/flood/ecological
• Increased on demand to find out
• Demands on regional to supply & other resources
• Water/pollution
• Waste