Movement and Muscle Contraction in Organisms
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Questions and Answers

What feature helps marine mammals reduce drag while swimming?

  • Hair-covered body
  • Large size
  • Hind limbs
  • Smooth skin (correct)

    • Marine mammals primarily use their front legs for steering while swimming.

    False

    What are flukes used for in marine mammals?

    To increase thrust when the tail is moved up and down.

    Marine mammals' bodies are shaped to be widest near the ______ to minimize resistance.

    <p>front</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following features of marine mammals with their functions:

    <p>Blubber = Provides buoyancy Dorsal fin = Prevents rolling Flippers = Steering Flukes = Increases thrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of synovial joints helps to prevent friction and absorb shocks?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which myosin pulls actin during contraction?

    <p>Cross-bridge cycling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tendons attach muscle to muscle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ligaments in synovial joints?

    <p>To prevent dislocation of the joint.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dark band of the sarcomere shortens during muscle contraction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the elastic protein that stores potential energy during muscle relaxation.

    <p>titin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The device used to measure the range of motion at a joint is called a __________.

    <p>goniometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of joints with their range of motion:

    <p>Hinge joint = Flexion and extension Ball-and-socket joint = Movement in three planes Pivot joint = Rotation Saddle joint = Bending and straightening in two planes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During muscle relaxation, potential energy is stored by _____.

    <p>titin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a synovial joint secretes synovial fluid?

    <p>Joint capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of muscle contraction in organisms?

    <p>To enable movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions:

    <p>Myosin = Forms cross-bridges with actin Actin = Thin filaments in muscle contraction Titin = Stores potential energy and prevents overstretching Z-disc = Anchors the actin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antagonist muscles play during muscle lengthening?

    <p>They provide energy to relax another muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The range of motion in hinge joints is limited to one plane.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All organisms are motile and can move from one location to another.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does synovial fluid contribute to joint health?

    <p>It lubricates the joint, reducing friction during movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myosin filaments have multiple heads, allowing them to exert more force during contraction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is a bar-tailed godwit, and how far does it migrate?

    <p>Motile organism, migrates 10,400 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two types of protein filaments found in sarcomeres are _______ and _______.

    <p>actin, myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much do myosin heads pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere during each cycle?

    <p>about 10 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

    <p>Motile organisms = Can move from one place to another Sessile organisms = Remain in a fixed position Peristalsis = Internal movement in the gut Coral polyps = Example of a sessile organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do thin actin filaments overlap with in a sarcomere?

    <p>Myosin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dark band in a sarcomere contains actin but not myosin filaments.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptions do motile organisms like bar-tailed godwits have for locomotion?

    <p>Wings for flight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a motor unit?

    <p>A motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it stimulates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arthropods have endoskeletons made of bony structures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how honey bees forage for food?

    <p>Bees fly from flower to flower searching for nectar and pollen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Salmon migrate to fresh water during their adult life.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the fulcrum play in a lever system?

    <p>It acts as the pivot point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction is __________.

    <p>acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do male bees do to find a mate?

    <p>Male bees fly at a height of 10-40 m and mate with a virgin queen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ muscles contract to move the ribcage up and out during inhalation.

    <p>external intercostal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Origin = Fixed attachment point of the muscle Insertion = Moving attachment point of the muscle Effort = Force applied to a lever Resultant Force = Outcome force produced by a lever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do internal intercostal muscles aid in exhalation?

    <p>They pull the ribs down and in.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skeleton do vertebrates have?

    <p>Endoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscle contraction at the origin causes movement.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with their corresponding muscle type or animal example:

    <p>Foraging for food = Honey bees Mating behavior = Male salmon Escaping from predators = Salmon Ribcage movement = Intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscles facilitate movement by providing an anchorage to the __________.

    <p>skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both external and internal intercostal muscles work together to cause inhalation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the contraction of external intercostal muscles?

    <p>To increase the volume of the thorax and draw air into the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Movement in Organisms

    • Movement is a vital life function, with adaptations varying across organisms.
    • Internal movements occur within organisms, such as peristalsis in the gut and ventilation in lungs.
    • Motile organisms move their entire body, from one place to another, a process called locomotion.
    • Sessile organisms stay in one place (e.g., plants rooted in soil, corals).

    Muscle Contraction

    • Muscle fibers contain many parallel, cylindrical myofibrils.
    • Each myofibril has repeating units called sarcomeres.
    • Sarcomeres consist of overlapping actin and myosin filaments.
    • Myosin filaments contain "heads" that bind to actin, creating cross-bridges.
    • The cross-bridges cause the actin filaments to slide past the myosin, shortening the sarcomere and thus the muscle.
    • The interaction of many myosin heads amplifies the force exerted by the muscle.
    • Dark bands contain myosin, light bands actin.
    • Z-lines define boundaries of sarcomeres.

    Muscle Relaxation

    • Titin, an elastic protein, stores potential energy during muscle relaxation, contributing to muscle contracting force.
    • Titin connects myosin filaments to Z-discs.
    • Energy is needed to stretch titin and lengthen a muscle.
    • Another muscle (antagonist) provides energy to lengthen the relaxed muscle.

    Motor Units

    • Skeletal muscles are composed of striated muscle fibers.
    • A motor unit is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates.
    • Simultaneous contraction in a muscle group is possible through this pattern.

    Skeletons for Movement

    • Skeletons provide support and protection for animals.
    • Exoskeletons (e.g., arthropods) are external, while endoskeletons (e.g., vertebrates) are internal.
    • Skeletons act as levers to change the size and direction of forces.
    • Muscles are attached to bones at insertion and origin points.
    • Levers increase speed, force, or both to maximize movement.

    Synovial Joints

    • Synovial joints allow articulation, or movement, of bones.
    • They have components like bones, ligaments, cartilage, and synovial fluid.
    • Cartilage covers bones, providing smooth surfaces to reduce friction.
    • Synovial fluid lubricates the joint and cushions against shocks.
    • The joint capsule encloses the joint, preventing dislocation.

    Measuring Range of Motion

    • Range of motion is measured using tools like goniometers.
    • Computer analysis also helps with measuring movement.

    Importance of Locomotion

    • Animals move for various reasons, including foraging for food, searching for mates, escaping dangers and migration.
    • Examples of different animals and behaviours are provided.

    Intercostal Muscles

    • Intercostal muscles are involved in breathing.
    • External intercostals contract to increase thoracic volume during inhalation.
    • Internal intercostals contract to decrease thoracic volume during exhalation.

    Marine Mammal Adaptations for Swimming

    • Water is denser and more viscous compared to air.
    • Streamlining is crucial for reducing water resistance (e.g. body shape, flippers, flukes).
    • Blubber provides buoyancy and reduces friction.
    • Adaptations for periodic breathing are present to allow dives and quick re-emergence (e.g., blowhole, smooth muscle in airways).

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    B3.3 Muscle and Motility PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of movement in organisms, including internal and locomotion. Delve into the mechanics of muscle contraction, focusing on the structure of myofibrils, sarcomeres, and the interaction of actin and myosin. Understand how these components work together to facilitate movement and muscle function.

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