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Questions and Answers
What significant event preceded the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in April 1991?
How long did the eruption of Mount Pinatubo last on June 15, 1991?
What was the estimated economic damage caused by the Mount Pinatubo eruption?
Which natural disaster struck after the ash was dispersed from the Mount Pinatubo eruption?
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What form of volcanic material was responsible for the damage to agricultural land around Mount Pinatubo?
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How many fatalities were reported due to the Mount Pinatubo eruption?
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What was a short-term atmospheric effect of the Mount Pinatubo eruption?
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What type of tectonic setting is associated with the Mount Pinatubo eruption?
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The eruption of Mount Pinatubo occurred on June 15th, 1991, on the island of ______ in the Philippines.
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The tectonic setting of Mount Pinatubo is a convergent plate boundary where the oceanic Philippines plate subducted under the lighter continental ______ plate.
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The eruption was the second largest volcanic eruption of the ______ century.
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Following the eruption, ______ million farm animals died due to the disaster.
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The eruption projected ash ______ kilometers into the atmosphere, significantly affecting air quality.
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The ash caused a global cooling of ______ degrees Celsius that lasted for two years.
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The economic impact of the eruption was estimated at ______ million dollars in damage.
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The eruption resulted in ______ fatalities, highlighting its devastating social impact.
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The eruption of Mount Pinatubo started on June 15th, 1991, and lasted for ______ hours.
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Prior to the eruption, several earthquakes occurred that signaled the volcano was becoming ______.
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The ash cloud from the eruption reached ______ kilometers into the atmosphere.
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The global cooling caused by the eruption was approximately ______ degrees Celsius.
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After the eruption, rice paddies and sugar cane fields were buried and burned by ______.
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The economic damage from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo is estimated to be about ______ million dollars.
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The ______ from Mount Pinatubo caused breathing issues and infections for many people.
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Approximately ______ people were affected directly due to collapsing roofs, lahars, and disease.
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Study Notes
Mount Pinatubo Eruption
- Mount Pinatubo is located on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.
- The eruption occurred on June 15th, 1991 and lasted for 9 hours.
- The eruption was caused by a convergent plate boundary where the oceanic Philippine plate subducted under the continental Eurasian plate.
- Mount Pinatubo was considered a dormant volcano before the eruption in 1991.
- In April 1991, a series of earthquakes indicated magma was filling the volcano's chamber.
- A 1.5km fissure opened near the summit, leading to the installation of monitoring devices.
- The monitoring devices confirmed volcanic activity and a full magma chamber.
- A mass evacuation was implemented for a 30km radius around the volcano.
- Despite the evacuation, an estimated 65,000 people remained in the danger zone during the June 15th eruption.
- Typhoon Yunya struck after the eruption, dispersing the ash cloud.
Impact on the Biosphere
- The eruption resulted in 847 deaths and directly affected 2 million people.
- Collapsing roofs, lahars, and diseases contributed to the death toll.
- Rice paddies and sugarcane fields were destroyed by lahars.
- Volcanic ash blanketed agricultural land and forests.
- Approximately 1 million farm animals died due to the eruption.
- Pyroclastic flows killed those who did not evacuate.
- Ash caused respiratory issues and infections.
- Ash contamination of water supplies led to water scarcity for people and animals.
- Global cooling caused by the eruption extended the duration of ice caps.
Impact on the Atmosphere
- The eruption ejected ash 35km into the atmosphere, impacting air quality.
- The eruption resulted in a global cooling of 0.5 degrees Celsius due to sulfur dioxide and ash in the stratosphere.
- The cooling effect lasted for two years, as the stratosphere lacks rain clouds to cleanse pollutants.
Assessment of Environmental Impact
- Extensive damage and loss were observed due to the eruption.
- Thick, valley-filling pyroclastic flow deposits were left behind.
Social Impact
- Communities experienced significant destruction, fear, and loss.
- The death toll reached 847.
Economic Impact
- The eruption caused $700 million in damages.
- 650,000 workers were forced out of work due to the destruction of farms and industries.
Mount Pinatubo Eruption
- The eruption occurred on June 15th, 1991, and lasted for 9 hours.
- It was the second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century.
- The eruption took place on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.
- The eruption occurred at a convergent plate boundary where the oceanic Philippine Plate subducted under the Eurasian Plate.
- In April 1991, earthquakes occurred near the volcano indicating magma filling the chamber.
- A 1.5 km fissure opened near the summit, prompting scientists to install monitoring devices.
- The devices confirmed volcanic activity and a full magma chamber.
- A warning level increase resulted in a mass evacuation for a 30 km radius.
- Only 65,000 people had evacuated by the time the eruption occurred on June 15th.
- Typhoon Yunya struck after the eruption dispersed the ash.
Impact on the Biosphere
- 847 people died and 2 million were directly affected by collapsing roofs, lahars, and disease.
- Rice paddies and sugarcane fields were destroyed by lahars.
- Volcanic ash covered agricultural lands and forests.
- 1 million farm animals died.
- Pyroclastic flows killed those who had not evacuated.
- Ash caused breathing issues and infections.
- Ash contaminated water, affecting animal and human water supply.
- Global cooling extended the ice caps.
Impact on the Atmosphere
- Ash was projected 35 km into the atmosphere.
- Global cooling of 0.5 degrees Celsius occurred for two years due to sulfur dioxide and ash in the stratosphere.
- The ash and sulfur dioxide reflected sunlight and the stratosphere lacks rain clouds to wash out pollutants.
Assessment of Impact on the Environment
- Thick, valley-filling pyroclastic flow deposits signify significant damage.
Social Impact
- Communities faced destruction, fear, and loss.
- 847 fatalities resulted from the eruption.
Economic Impact
- $700 million in damage occurred.
- 650,000 workers were forced out of work due to farm destruction.
Mount Pinatubo Eruption
- Date: June 15th, 1991, lasting 9 hours
- Location: Island of Luzon, Philippines
- Tectonic Setting: Convergent plate boundary where the oceanic Philippines plate subducted under the Eurasian plate.
-
Description: The second largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century.
- 6 million people resided near the volcano, which was previously considered dormant.
- In April 1991, a series of earthquakes indicated magma filling the chamber.
- A 1.5 km fissure opened near the summit, prompting scientists to install monitoring devices.
- Devices confirmed volcanic activity and a full magma chamber.
- Warning levels increased and mass evacuation was enforced for a 30 km radius.
- The eruption on June 15th affected 65,000 people who hadn't evacuated.
- Typhoon Yunya struck shortly after, exacerbating the ash dispersal.
Impact on the Biosphere
-
Direct Impacts:
- 847 fatalities and 2 million people directly affected.
- Pyroclastic flows killed those who hadn't evacuated.
- Collapsing roofs, lahars, and diseases caused further damage.
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Agricultural Impacts:
- Rice paddies and sugarcane fields were buried and burned by lahars.
- Volcanic ash covered agricultural land and forests.
- 1 million farm animals perished due to the ash and lack of resources.
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Environmental Impacts:
- Ash caused respiratory issues and infections.
- Ash contaminated water sources, reducing water supply for animals and people.
- Global cooling: ice caps lasted longer due to ash and sulfur dioxide reflecting sunlight.
Impact on the Atmosphere
-
Atmospheric Impacts:
- Ash was projected 35 km into the atmosphere, degrading air quality.
- Global cooling of 0.5 degrees Celsius resulted from sulfur dioxide and ash in the stratosphere.
- This cooling effect lasted two years.
Assessment of Impact on the Environment
-
Significant Damage and Loss:
- Thick pyroclastic flow deposits filled valleys.
- Widespread destruction to communities, resulting in fear and loss.
Social and Economic Impact
-
Social Impact:
- 847 fatalities.
-
Economic Impact:
- $700 million in damage.
- 650,000 workers lost their jobs due to the destruction of farms and infrastructure.
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Description
This quiz explores the significant eruption of Mount Pinatubo that occurred on June 15th, 1991. It delves into the causes behind the eruption, the geological activity leading up to it, and the impact on the surrounding areas and population. Test your knowledge on this pivotal event in volcanic history.
