Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following activities is an example of a discrete movement?
Which of the following activities is an example of a discrete movement?
Which of the following activities is an example of a serial movement?
Which of the following activities is an example of a serial movement?
Which of the following activities is an example of a continuous movement?
Which of the following activities is an example of a continuous movement?
Muscle strength, muscle mass, flexibility, and maximal oxygen uptake are examples of static abilities.
Muscle strength, muscle mass, flexibility, and maximal oxygen uptake are examples of static abilities.
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Muscle fiber type, height, and lung size are examples of static abilities.
Muscle fiber type, height, and lung size are examples of static abilities.
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The preload effect of the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) refers to the buildup of stored elastic energy in the elastic tissues during the eccentric phase, which is then released during the concentric phase.
The preload effect of the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) refers to the buildup of stored elastic energy in the elastic tissues during the eccentric phase, which is then released during the concentric phase.
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Which of the following types of training is designed to increase muscle stiffness and maximize elastic recoil?
Which of the following types of training is designed to increase muscle stiffness and maximize elastic recoil?
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Which of the following types of training may reduce performance in strength and power exercises?
Which of the following types of training may reduce performance in strength and power exercises?
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What is the term for a lower motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates?
What is the term for a lower motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates?
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What is the term for the number of muscle fibers controlled by one neuron?
What is the term for the number of muscle fibers controlled by one neuron?
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The "all-or-none principle" states that a motor neuron will only partially contract or relax in response to an action potential.
The "all-or-none principle" states that a motor neuron will only partially contract or relax in response to an action potential.
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Hand muscles typically have a higher innervation ratio than leg muscles.
Hand muscles typically have a higher innervation ratio than leg muscles.
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The nervous system communicates through bioelectric signals called action potentials.
The nervous system communicates through bioelectric signals called action potentials.
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What is the term for the process by which a neuron's membrane potential becomes more positive?
What is the term for the process by which a neuron's membrane potential becomes more positive?
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What is the term for the process by which a neuron's membrane potential returns to its resting state?
What is the term for the process by which a neuron's membrane potential returns to its resting state?
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What is the term for the process by which a neuron's membrane potential becomes more negative than its resting state?
What is the term for the process by which a neuron's membrane potential becomes more negative than its resting state?
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What is the name of the junction where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber?
What is the name of the junction where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber?
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The release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron can inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, resulting in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
The release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron can inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, resulting in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
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The release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron can inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, resulting in an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
The release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron can inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, resulting in an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the force-length relationship of muscle?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the force-length relationship of muscle?
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Muscles can produce the most force when they are stretched beyond their optimal length.
Muscles can produce the most force when they are stretched beyond their optimal length.
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The optimal length (L) of a muscle is the length at which the greatest active force occurs.
The optimal length (L) of a muscle is the length at which the greatest active force occurs.
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Muscles can produce more force if they are stretched rapidly prior to concentric contraction.
Muscles can produce more force if they are stretched rapidly prior to concentric contraction.
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The preload effect can be attributed to the buildup of stored elastic energy in the elastic tissues during the stretch phase of SSC.
The preload effect can be attributed to the buildup of stored elastic energy in the elastic tissues during the stretch phase of SSC.
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In an eccentric-concentric contraction, the muscle is stretched prior to concentric contraction, which allows for a greater force output.
In an eccentric-concentric contraction, the muscle is stretched prior to concentric contraction, which allows for a greater force output.
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Plyometric training utilizes forceful eccentric contractions followed by explosive concentric contractions.
Plyometric training utilizes forceful eccentric contractions followed by explosive concentric contractions.
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Plyometric training aims to increase muscle stiffness, improve elastic recoil, and enhance neural coordination.
Plyometric training aims to increase muscle stiffness, improve elastic recoil, and enhance neural coordination.
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Strength training can increase muscle-tendon stiffness due to increased tissue thickness and density.
Strength training can increase muscle-tendon stiffness due to increased tissue thickness and density.
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Flexibility training has been consistently proven to reduce risk of injury in most cases.
Flexibility training has been consistently proven to reduce risk of injury in most cases.
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Flexibility training can decrease pain tolerance to stretching.
Flexibility training can decrease pain tolerance to stretching.
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a more compliant muscle-tendon complex?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a more compliant muscle-tendon complex?
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The brain and spinal cord comprise the peripheral nervous system.
The brain and spinal cord comprise the peripheral nervous system.
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The somatic nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion.
The somatic nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion.
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Physical ability examples include muscle strength, muscle mass, flexibility, and maximal oxygen uptake.
Physical ability examples include muscle strength, muscle mass, flexibility, and maximal oxygen uptake.
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Match the following movement types with their corresponding category of Movement Continuity:
Match the following movement types with their corresponding category of Movement Continuity:
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The 'Step' phase in the triple jump happens before the 'Hop' phase.
The 'Step' phase in the triple jump happens before the 'Hop' phase.
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Simple reaction time only involves one stimulus and one response.
Simple reaction time only involves one stimulus and one response.
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Complex (discrimination) reaction time is defined as the time it takes to react to two or more stimuli when only one of them is paired with a required response.
Complex (discrimination) reaction time is defined as the time it takes to react to two or more stimuli when only one of them is paired with a required response.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of static ability?
Which of the following is NOT an example of static ability?
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The relative age effect refers to a ______ for selecting athletes born earlier in the year.
The relative age effect refers to a ______ for selecting athletes born earlier in the year.
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For a 9-year-old athlete, the age cut-off on April 1, 2014, would give the most advantage to those born in March 2014.
For a 9-year-old athlete, the age cut-off on April 1, 2014, would give the most advantage to those born in March 2014.
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The basic mechanical properties of muscles include Extensibility, Elasticity, and Contractility.
The basic mechanical properties of muscles include Extensibility, Elasticity, and Contractility.
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Which of the following is produced ONLY by muscle tissue?
Which of the following is produced ONLY by muscle tissue?
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The stretch and recoil properties of muscles are highly consistent and not influenced by external factors.
The stretch and recoil properties of muscles are highly consistent and not influenced by external factors.
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The nervous system does not play a role in regulating muscle properties like stiffness, force absorption, and recoil.
The nervous system does not play a role in regulating muscle properties like stiffness, force absorption, and recoil.
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The stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) is a mechanism involving only concentric muscle contractions.
The stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) is a mechanism involving only concentric muscle contractions.
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Which of the following actions primarily involves a concentric muscle contraction?
Which of the following actions primarily involves a concentric muscle contraction?
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Eccentric contractions occur when the muscle force is greater than or equal to the resistance.
Eccentric contractions occur when the muscle force is greater than or equal to the resistance.
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A countermovement jump involves a period of eccentric contraction before the concentric phase.
A countermovement jump involves a period of eccentric contraction before the concentric phase.
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The preload effect in the SSC refers to the muscle being already activated before the concentric contraction begins.
The preload effect in the SSC refers to the muscle being already activated before the concentric contraction begins.
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Which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism of the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC)?
Which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism of the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC)?
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The optimal length for maximizing the SSC effect is when the muscle is stretched at its greatest length.
The optimal length for maximizing the SSC effect is when the muscle is stretched at its greatest length.
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A stiffer elastic element in the muscle-tendon complex leads to a higher potential for SSC.
A stiffer elastic element in the muscle-tendon complex leads to a higher potential for SSC.
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Flexibility training can have a negative impact on power and strength performance.
Flexibility training can have a negative impact on power and strength performance.
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'Stress-induced strength loss' can occur because of acute static stretching.
'Stress-induced strength loss' can occur because of acute static stretching.
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How does stretching influence the length-force relationship of a muscle?
How does stretching influence the length-force relationship of a muscle?
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Extensive research has definitively proven the beneficial effects of flexibility training in preventing sports-related injuries.
Extensive research has definitively proven the beneficial effects of flexibility training in preventing sports-related injuries.
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What is a significant benefit of flexibility training?
What is a significant benefit of flexibility training?
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Resistance training always decreases muscle stiffness.
Resistance training always decreases muscle stiffness.
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Plyometrics, like box jumps, are considered a high-effort power training method that focuses exclusively on concentric contractions.
Plyometrics, like box jumps, are considered a high-effort power training method that focuses exclusively on concentric contractions.
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Plyometric training specifically focuses on increasing the overall muscle mass.
Plyometric training specifically focuses on increasing the overall muscle mass.
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Which of the following is NOT a key objective of plyometric training?
Which of the following is NOT a key objective of plyometric training?
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The human nervous system is divided into two main components: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
The human nervous system is divided into two main components: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
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Which part of the nervous system is directly responsible for sending signals to muscles?
Which part of the nervous system is directly responsible for sending signals to muscles?
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The signals within neurons travel as chemical impulses.
The signals within neurons travel as chemical impulses.
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Which part of a neuron receives signals from other neurons?
Which part of a neuron receives signals from other neurons?
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Neurons can be classified as sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons.
Neurons can be classified as sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons.
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Action potentials are electrical signals used for communication between neurons and muscle cells.
Action potentials are electrical signals used for communication between neurons and muscle cells.
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What is the name of the phenomenon where multiple EPSPs in a postsynaptic neuron summate to reach a threshold level and generate an action potential?
What is the name of the phenomenon where multiple EPSPs in a postsynaptic neuron summate to reach a threshold level and generate an action potential?
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IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) increase the likelihood of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic neuron.
IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) increase the likelihood of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic neuron.
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A single motor neuron can only activate one muscle fiber.
A single motor neuron can only activate one muscle fiber.
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The innervation ratio refers to the number of muscle fibers controlled by one motor neuron.
The innervation ratio refers to the number of muscle fibers controlled by one motor neuron.
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The 'all-or-none principle' states that all muscle fibers within a motor unit will contract maximally when the motor neuron fires an action potential.
The 'all-or-none principle' states that all muscle fibers within a motor unit will contract maximally when the motor neuron fires an action potential.
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding the innervation ratio in motor units?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the innervation ratio in motor units?
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Motor units always fire in a synchronous manner, resulting in consistent muscle activation across the whole muscle.
Motor units always fire in a synchronous manner, resulting in consistent muscle activation across the whole muscle.
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By spreading out within the muscle, motor units can help prevent fatigue.
By spreading out within the muscle, motor units can help prevent fatigue.
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The nervous system's role in motor control is limited to activating muscle fibers.
The nervous system's role in motor control is limited to activating muscle fibers.
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Physical abilities, such as muscle strength and flexibility, are highly modifiable through training.
Physical abilities, such as muscle strength and flexibility, are highly modifiable through training.
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Static abilities, such as muscle fiber type and lung size, are easily changed through training.
Static abilities, such as muscle fiber type and lung size, are easily changed through training.
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Which of the following activities is considered a discrete movement?
Which of the following activities is considered a discrete movement?
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Which of the following activities is considered a serial movement?
Which of the following activities is considered a serial movement?
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Which of the following activities is considered a continuous movement?
Which of the following activities is considered a continuous movement?
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Which phase of the triple jump is the longest?
Which phase of the triple jump is the longest?
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Simple reaction time involves responding to a single stimulus with a single response.
Simple reaction time involves responding to a single stimulus with a single response.
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Complex reaction time involves responding to multiple stimuli with multiple responses.
Complex reaction time involves responding to multiple stimuli with multiple responses.
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The relative age effect refers to the preference for selecting athletes born later in the year.
The relative age effect refers to the preference for selecting athletes born later in the year.
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In the context of the relative age effect, if the age cut-off is on April 1, 2014, who would have the most advantage?
In the context of the relative age effect, if the age cut-off is on April 1, 2014, who would have the most advantage?
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Muscle tissue is responsible for both extensibility and contractility.
Muscle tissue is responsible for both extensibility and contractility.
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Tendons are responsible for the contractile element of a muscle.
Tendons are responsible for the contractile element of a muscle.
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Which of the following is a function of the elastic elements of a muscle?
Which of the following is a function of the elastic elements of a muscle?
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Which of the following factors can influence the stretch and recoil properties of a muscle?
Which of the following factors can influence the stretch and recoil properties of a muscle?
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The nervous system can influence the mechanical properties of muscles by adjusting the timing and amount of muscle contraction.
The nervous system can influence the mechanical properties of muscles by adjusting the timing and amount of muscle contraction.
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Muscle work is reduced when storing and releasing elastic energy during activities like running, hopping, and walking.
Muscle work is reduced when storing and releasing elastic energy during activities like running, hopping, and walking.
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During a concentric contraction, what kind of change occurs in muscle length?
During a concentric contraction, what kind of change occurs in muscle length?
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Eccentric contractions are primarily involved in activities like jumping and acceleration.
Eccentric contractions are primarily involved in activities like jumping and acceleration.
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Passive force refers to the force generated by muscle tissue itself.
Passive force refers to the force generated by muscle tissue itself.
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Active force refers to the force produced by active cross-bridges during muscle contraction.
Active force refers to the force produced by active cross-bridges during muscle contraction.
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What is the optimal length of a muscle?
What is the optimal length of a muscle?
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Total force is the sum of active and passive forces.
Total force is the sum of active and passive forces.
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What is the primary goal of plyometric training?
What is the primary goal of plyometric training?
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Plyometric training typically uses heavy weights for resistance.
Plyometric training typically uses heavy weights for resistance.
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Plyometric training is beneficial for strengthening neural coordination for rapid contractions.
Plyometric training is beneficial for strengthening neural coordination for rapid contractions.
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Which part of the nervous system acts as the integration and command center for the entire nervous system
Which part of the nervous system acts as the integration and command center for the entire nervous system
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What are the three main types of neurons?
What are the three main types of neurons?
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Signals transmitted by neurons are primarily chemical.
Signals transmitted by neurons are primarily chemical.
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An action potential occurs when a neuron's membrane potential reaches the threshold level.
An action potential occurs when a neuron's membrane potential reaches the threshold level.
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What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in action potential transmission?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in action potential transmission?
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What happens during depolarization?
What happens during depolarization?
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Neurotransmitters are released from the postsynaptic neuron to stimulate the presynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitters are released from the postsynaptic neuron to stimulate the presynaptic neuron
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What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
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What is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?
What is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?
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Spatial summation occurs when multiple EPSPs from different presynaptic neurons arrive at the postsynaptic neuron at the same time.
Spatial summation occurs when multiple EPSPs from different presynaptic neurons arrive at the postsynaptic neuron at the same time.
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Temporal summation occurs when multiple EPSPs from the same presynaptic neuron arrive at the postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession.
Temporal summation occurs when multiple EPSPs from the same presynaptic neuron arrive at the postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession.
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The ratio of EPSPs to IPSPs determines whether a postsynaptic neuron is likely to fire an action potential.
The ratio of EPSPs to IPSPs determines whether a postsynaptic neuron is likely to fire an action potential.
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A motor unit consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
A motor unit consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
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The innervation ratio refers to the number of muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron.
The innervation ratio refers to the number of muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron.
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The all-or-none principle states that all muscle fibers within a motor unit will either contract maximally or not at all.
The all-or-none principle states that all muscle fibers within a motor unit will either contract maximally or not at all.
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Muscles involved in fine movement, such as hand muscles, typically have a lower innervation ratio.
Muscles involved in fine movement, such as hand muscles, typically have a lower innervation ratio.
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Muscles involved in gross movement, such as the gastrocnemius, typically have a higher innervation ratio.
Muscles involved in gross movement, such as the gastrocnemius, typically have a higher innervation ratio.
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Muscle fibers within a motor unit are typically spread out throughout the muscle, contributing to smoother contractions.
Muscle fibers within a motor unit are typically spread out throughout the muscle, contributing to smoother contractions.
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The distribution of motor units within a muscle can help to delay fatigue by allowing for the alternating activation of different muscle fibers.
The distribution of motor units within a muscle can help to delay fatigue by allowing for the alternating activation of different muscle fibers.
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Which of the following best describes static abilities?
Which of the following best describes static abilities?
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Which of the following represents the correct order of phases in a triple jump?
Which of the following represents the correct order of phases in a triple jump?
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Simple reaction time involves only one stimulus and one response.
Simple reaction time involves only one stimulus and one response.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a complex reaction time, also known as choice reaction time?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a complex reaction time, also known as choice reaction time?
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The relative age effect suggests that there is a preference for selecting athletes born earlier in the year.
The relative age effect suggests that there is a preference for selecting athletes born earlier in the year.
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The relative age effect is a significant factor in determining success in all sports.
The relative age effect is a significant factor in determining success in all sports.
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What are the three primary mechanical properties of skeletal muscles?
What are the three primary mechanical properties of skeletal muscles?
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The contractile element (CE) of a muscle is responsible for storing elastic energy.
The contractile element (CE) of a muscle is responsible for storing elastic energy.
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What are the main components of the elastic elements (EE) in a simplified muscle model?
What are the main components of the elastic elements (EE) in a simplified muscle model?
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The nervous system plays a role in regulating the mechanical properties of muscles.
The nervous system plays a role in regulating the mechanical properties of muscles.
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Which of the following activities primarily uses energy conservation in muscle function?
Which of the following activities primarily uses energy conservation in muscle function?
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Which type of muscle contraction is primarily involved in activities like jumping and acceleration?
Which type of muscle contraction is primarily involved in activities like jumping and acceleration?
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Eccentric contraction is characterized by the muscle lengthening against an external force.
Eccentric contraction is characterized by the muscle lengthening against an external force.
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the stretch and recoil properties of a muscle?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the stretch and recoil properties of a muscle?
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The resting length of a muscle is the length at which passive force begins to develop.
The resting length of a muscle is the length at which passive force begins to develop.
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Active force is generated by the contractile elements (CE) of the muscle.
Active force is generated by the contractile elements (CE) of the muscle.
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The sarcomere is the basic unit of muscle contraction.
The sarcomere is the basic unit of muscle contraction.
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At which length does a muscle generate the greatest amount of active force?
At which length does a muscle generate the greatest amount of active force?
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The total force produced by a muscle is the sum of active and passive force.
The total force produced by a muscle is the sum of active and passive force.
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The stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) involves a concentric contraction immediately following an eccentric contraction.
The stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) involves a concentric contraction immediately following an eccentric contraction.
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The preload effect during SSC refers to the fact that the muscle is already activated during the eccentric contraction.
The preload effect during SSC refers to the fact that the muscle is already activated during the eccentric contraction.
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Plyometric training is designed to enhance the stored elastic energy and release it during the concentric phase of a movement.
Plyometric training is designed to enhance the stored elastic energy and release it during the concentric phase of a movement.
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Plyometric training is usually low-intensity, involving slow repetitions.
Plyometric training is usually low-intensity, involving slow repetitions.
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Plyometric training can increase the stiffness of a muscle.
Plyometric training can increase the stiffness of a muscle.
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What are the two primary components of the central nervous system?
What are the two primary components of the central nervous system?
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Which of the following best describes the function of the peripheral nervous system?
Which of the following best describes the function of the peripheral nervous system?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of a neuron?
Which of the following is NOT a part of a neuron?
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Signals between neurons are transmitted chemically through the synapses.
Signals between neurons are transmitted chemically through the synapses.
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Sensory neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to the periphery.
Sensory neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to the periphery.
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Motor neurons carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.
Motor neurons carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.
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What is the name of the bioelectrical signal transmitted by neurons called?
What is the name of the bioelectrical signal transmitted by neurons called?
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The movement of an action potential down a neuron is due to the influx of potassium ions.
The movement of an action potential down a neuron is due to the influx of potassium ions.
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Action potentials are unidirectional, moving from the dendrites to the axon.
Action potentials are unidirectional, moving from the dendrites to the axon.
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An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) makes the neuron more likely to generate an action potential.
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) makes the neuron more likely to generate an action potential.
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An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) makes the neuron less likely to generate an action potential.
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) makes the neuron less likely to generate an action potential.
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The strength of a signal transmission depends on the frequency of action potentials.
The strength of a signal transmission depends on the frequency of action potentials.
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A single lower motor neuron can innervate multiple muscle fibers.
A single lower motor neuron can innervate multiple muscle fibers.
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What is the term for the number of muscle fibers controlled by one motor neuron?
What is the term for the number of muscle fibers controlled by one motor neuron?
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The all-or-none principle means that if a motor neuron is stimulated, all of the muscle fibers it innervates will contract.
The all-or-none principle means that if a motor neuron is stimulated, all of the muscle fibers it innervates will contract.
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Muscles involved in fine motor control have a lower innervation ratio than muscles involved in gross motor control.
Muscles involved in fine motor control have a lower innervation ratio than muscles involved in gross motor control.
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Motor units are evenly distributed throughout a muscle.
Motor units are evenly distributed throughout a muscle.
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Flexibility training involves stretching a muscle beyond its normal range of motion.
Flexibility training involves stretching a muscle beyond its normal range of motion.
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Strength training can increase muscle tissue thickness, a process known as hypertrophy.
Strength training can increase muscle tissue thickness, a process known as hypertrophy.
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Plyometric training can enhance the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) by increasing muscle stiffness and elastic recoil.
Plyometric training can enhance the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) by increasing muscle stiffness and elastic recoil.
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Flexibility training can always improve performance in strength and power activities
Flexibility training can always improve performance in strength and power activities
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Which of the following physical abilities are modifiable through training?
Which of the following physical abilities are modifiable through training?
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Static abilities have a high potential to change through training.
Static abilities have a high potential to change through training.
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What defines simple reaction time?
What defines simple reaction time?
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A movement that consists of multiple phases, such as the triple jump, is classified as a ______ movement.
A movement that consists of multiple phases, such as the triple jump, is classified as a ______ movement.
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Match the following types of reaction times with their characteristics:
Match the following types of reaction times with their characteristics:
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What does the relative age effect influence in sports selections?
What does the relative age effect influence in sports selections?
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Complex reaction time involves responding to multiple stimuli, only one of which is relevant.
Complex reaction time involves responding to multiple stimuli, only one of which is relevant.
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What is the primary advantage of athletes born just before the age cut-off date?
What is the primary advantage of athletes born just before the age cut-off date?
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The ______ effect refers to the advantage given to those who are older within the same age category.
The ______ effect refers to the advantage given to those who are older within the same age category.
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Match the following terms related to muscle properties with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to muscle properties with their definitions:
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What occurs during an eccentric contraction?
What occurs during an eccentric contraction?
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A squat jump primarily involves eccentric contraction.
A squat jump primarily involves eccentric contraction.
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What effect does the stretch-shorten cycle have on force production?
What effect does the stretch-shorten cycle have on force production?
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In a countermovement jump, the quadriceps eccentrically contract to stop the __________ movement.
In a countermovement jump, the quadriceps eccentrically contract to stop the __________ movement.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What is the main role of the central nervous system?
What is the main role of the central nervous system?
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The brain is part of the peripheral nervous system.
The brain is part of the peripheral nervous system.
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What defines the 'optimal length' of a muscle?
What defines the 'optimal length' of a muscle?
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The process where a neuron's membrane potential becomes more negative than its resting state is called ______.
The process where a neuron's membrane potential becomes more negative than its resting state is called ______.
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Match the following components of the nervous system with their functions:
Match the following components of the nervous system with their functions:
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Which of the following statements about muscle properties is correct?
Which of the following statements about muscle properties is correct?
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Eccentric muscle contractions occur when the muscle lengthens under tension.
Eccentric muscle contractions occur when the muscle lengthens under tension.
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What is the term used to describe the muscle's ability to return to its original length after being stretched?
What is the term used to describe the muscle's ability to return to its original length after being stretched?
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The ___________ regulates mechanical properties like stiffness and force absorption in muscles.
The ___________ regulates mechanical properties like stiffness and force absorption in muscles.
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Match the following mechanical properties of muscles with their definitions:
Match the following mechanical properties of muscles with their definitions:
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Which type of contraction primarily occurs during a countermovement jump?
Which type of contraction primarily occurs during a countermovement jump?
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The force-length relationship indicates that a muscle can produce maximum force when it is at any random length.
The force-length relationship indicates that a muscle can produce maximum force when it is at any random length.
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Name the two types of elements involved in storing and releasing force in muscles.
Name the two types of elements involved in storing and releasing force in muscles.
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Which ions are primarily involved in the depolarization phase of an action potential?
Which ions are primarily involved in the depolarization phase of an action potential?
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An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) makes it more likely for a neuron to generate an action potential.
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) makes it more likely for a neuron to generate an action potential.
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What is the role of neurotransmitters in neuron communication?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in neuron communication?
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The ____________ neuron is responsible for transmitting signals away from the central nervous system to the muscles.
The ____________ neuron is responsible for transmitting signals away from the central nervous system to the muscles.
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Match the following components with their correct function:
Match the following components with their correct function:
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What occurs during hyperpolarization?
What occurs during hyperpolarization?
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All motor fibers within one motor unit contract in response to an action potential according to the all-or-none principle.
All motor fibers within one motor unit contract in response to an action potential according to the all-or-none principle.
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Define the term 'innervation ratio' in the context of motor neurons.
Define the term 'innervation ratio' in the context of motor neurons.
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The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around __________ mV.
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around __________ mV.
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What characterizes an action potential (AP)?
What characterizes an action potential (AP)?
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Study Notes
Motor Learning (PHYL 4518)
- Course: PHYL 4518
- Instructor: Zoe Chan, PhD
- Semester: F2024
- Week: 4
Review of In-Class Quiz
- Physical abilities: Highly modifiable through training (e.g., muscle strength, muscle mass, flexibility, maximal oxygen uptake)
- Static abilities: Limited potential to change (e.g., muscle fiber type, height, lung size). Largely genetic. Not to be confused with static vs. dynamic exercises
-
Movement continuity: Categorized as Discrete, Serial, or Continuo us. Examples:
- Throwing a punch: Discrete
- Steering a car: Serial
- Playing a piano composition: Continuo us
- Triple jump: Discrete steps (approach run, hop, step, jump)
- Running: Continuo us
-
Simple vs. complex reaction time:
- Simple: one stimulus, one response
- Complex (choice): two or more stimuli, specific response options
- Complex (discrimination): two or more stimuli, paired with a specific response.
Relative Age Effect
- Preference for selecting athletes born earlier in the year
- Example: January 15, 2024 selection for 9-year-olds
- Example: Age cut-off on April 1, 2014. Who has the most advantage? 2014, born on March vs. 2015, born on March.
Unit 3: Peripheral Neuromuscular Mechanisms
- Focuses on the peripheral nervous system's role in movement.
- Learning objectives: Understanding the mechanical properties of muscles, organization of the nervous system, functions of neurons, and the physiology/organization of motor units.
Muscle Properties
-
Skeletal muscles: Central area of muscle tissue, tendons on both ends. Three mechanical properties:
- Extensibility: Stretch and recoil from stretch.
- Elasticity: Muscles have recoil from stretch; Connective tissues (run longitudinally throughout muscle tissue).
- Contractility: Muscle tissue shortens to produce force.
- Simplified model: Contractile element (CE) produces force; Elastic elements (PE + SE) store and release force. PE - parallel; SE - serial (tendons)
- Stretch & recoil properties: Vary greatly depending on shortening/lengthening velocity, tissue length/thickness, and tissue health.
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Nervous system regulation: Regulates mechanical properties (stiffness, force absorption and recoil).
- By changing timing and amount of muscle contraction.
- Changes the flow of forces or energy.
External and internal forces
- External forces: Body weight. Stretch muscle-tendon complex. Force is stored in the elastic components. Released by recoil.
- Muscle work: Reduced in movement that involves external forces with body weight.
Muscle properties – Concentric
- Build up force
- Transfer force to tendon
- Release force rapidly
- Jumping, acceleration, incline running
Muscle properties – Eccentric
- External forces
- Stretched tendon
- Store energy
- Transfer energy to muscle
- Absorb force by muscles
- Decline running, deceleration, landing
Force-Length Relationship
- Passive force: Resistance of relaxed muscle to stretch (EE).
- Resting length: Length at which passive force begins to develop.
- Active force: Produced by active cross-bridges during contraction (CE)
- Sarcomere: Basic contractile force-generating unit and optimal length
- Total force: Active + passive force.
- Optimal length (Lo): Length at which greatest active force occurs
Stretch-Shorten Cycle (SSC)
- Concentric vs. eccentric contraction: The length of the muscle shortens or lengthens during contractions. Concentric: Muscle shortens, Force generated. Eccentric: Muscle lengthens, Muscle force < resistance
- Mechanism of SSC (Preload effect): not fully known; buildup of stored elastic energy in elastic tissues during eccentric phase, released at recoil during concentric phase; optimal length: stretch muscle during eccentric phase; excite reflex mechanism to CNS.
- Stiffer SE = More SSC: Can store more energy during eccentric phase; greater energy return during concentric (con.).
Exercise Training & Neuromechanics
- Flexibility training (static stretching): May affect muscle-tendon properties. Acute flexibility exercises increase joint ROM; long-term training increases chronic joint ROM; reduces stiffness in muscle-tendon complex.
- Strength training: Resistance training may increase muscle-tendon stiffness, increases tissue thickness (hypertrophy), and tissue density.
- Plyometric training: Emphasizes increasing stretch force and forceful eccentric followed by explosive rapid reversal concentric; ballistic training, maximal speed of concentric phase.
Nervous System Organization
- Central nervous system: Brain and spinal cord; Command center for integration and the entire nervous system.
- Peripheral nervous system: Contains motor/efferent neurons, somatic and autonomic nervous systems with further branches (sympathetic, parasympathetic), skeletal muscle, and smooth muscles associated with internal organs and glands.
Neuron Structure and Function
- Neurons: Have cell bodies, dendrites (signal IN), and axons (signal OUT).
- Neurons classified: Sensory (afferent,) motor (efferent,) interneurons.
- Action potentials: Bioelectric signals transmitted through synapses. Neuron communication through changes of charges (Na+ and K+ ions). Sequential steps of depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization.
- Neuron function: Neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons affect postsynaptic ones. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSPs), Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSPs) summation.
Motor Neurons
- Axons branch off to activate muscle fibers.
- Motor unit (MU): consists of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
- All-or-none principle: all muscle fibers in one MU contract simultaneously or not at all in response to the neuron's action potential.
- Innervation ratio: number of muscle fibers controlled by one neuron.
- High ratio in gross movements.
- Low ratio in fine movements.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the key concepts of motor learning as covered in PHYL 4518. It includes topics such as physical and static abilities, movement continuity, and types of reaction times. Test your knowledge on how these concepts apply to various physical activities and exercises.
