Motor Learning Week 4 Quiz (PHYL 4518)

Which of the following activities is an example of a discrete movement?

Which of the following activities is an example of a serial movement?

Which of the following activities is an example of a continuous movement?

Muscle strength, muscle mass, flexibility, and maximal oxygen uptake are examples of static abilities.

Muscle fiber type, height, and lung size are examples of static abilities.

The preload effect of the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) refers to the buildup of stored elastic energy in the elastic tissues during the eccentric phase, which is then released during the concentric phase.

Which of the following types of training is designed to increase muscle stiffness and maximize elastic recoil?

Which of the following types of training may reduce performance in strength and power exercises?

What is the term for a lower motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates?

What is the term for the number of muscle fibers controlled by one neuron?

The "all-or-none principle" states that a motor neuron will only partially contract or relax in response to an action potential.

Hand muscles typically have a higher innervation ratio than leg muscles.

The nervous system communicates through bioelectric signals called action potentials.

What is the term for the process by which a neuron's membrane potential becomes more positive?

What is the term for the process by which a neuron's membrane potential returns to its resting state?

What is the term for the process by which a neuron's membrane potential becomes more negative than its resting state?

What is the name of the junction where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle fiber?

The release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron can inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, resulting in an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).

The release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron can inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, resulting in an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the force-length relationship of muscle?

Muscles can produce the most force when they are stretched beyond their optimal length.

The optimal length (L) of a muscle is the length at which the greatest active force occurs.

Muscles can produce more force if they are stretched rapidly prior to concentric contraction.

The preload effect can be attributed to the buildup of stored elastic energy in the elastic tissues during the stretch phase of SSC.

In an eccentric-concentric contraction, the muscle is stretched prior to concentric contraction, which allows for a greater force output.

Plyometric training utilizes forceful eccentric contractions followed by explosive concentric contractions.

Plyometric training aims to increase muscle stiffness, improve elastic recoil, and enhance neural coordination.

Strength training can increase muscle-tendon stiffness due to increased tissue thickness and density.

Flexibility training has been consistently proven to reduce risk of injury in most cases.

Flexibility training can decrease pain tolerance to stretching.

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of a more compliant muscle-tendon complex?

The brain and spinal cord comprise the peripheral nervous system.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion.

Physical ability examples include muscle strength, muscle mass, flexibility, and maximal oxygen uptake.

Match the following movement types with their corresponding category of Movement Continuity:

The 'Step' phase in the triple jump happens before the 'Hop' phase.

Simple reaction time only involves one stimulus and one response.

Complex (discrimination) reaction time is defined as the time it takes to react to two or more stimuli when only one of them is paired with a required response.

Which of the following is NOT an example of static ability?

The relative age effect refers to a ______ for selecting athletes born earlier in the year.

For a 9-year-old athlete, the age cut-off on April 1, 2014, would give the most advantage to those born in March 2014.

The basic mechanical properties of muscles include Extensibility, Elasticity, and Contractility.

Which of the following is produced ONLY by muscle tissue?

The stretch and recoil properties of muscles are highly consistent and not influenced by external factors.

The nervous system does not play a role in regulating muscle properties like stiffness, force absorption, and recoil.

The stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) is a mechanism involving only concentric muscle contractions.

Which of the following actions primarily involves a concentric muscle contraction?

Eccentric contractions occur when the muscle force is greater than or equal to the resistance.

A countermovement jump involves a period of eccentric contraction before the concentric phase.

The preload effect in the SSC refers to the muscle being already activated before the concentric contraction begins.

Which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism of the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC)?

The optimal length for maximizing the SSC effect is when the muscle is stretched at its greatest length.

A stiffer elastic element in the muscle-tendon complex leads to a higher potential for SSC.

Flexibility training can have a negative impact on power and strength performance.

'Stress-induced strength loss' can occur because of acute static stretching.

How does stretching influence the length-force relationship of a muscle?

Extensive research has definitively proven the beneficial effects of flexibility training in preventing sports-related injuries.

What is a significant benefit of flexibility training?

Resistance training always decreases muscle stiffness.

Plyometrics, like box jumps, are considered a high-effort power training method that focuses exclusively on concentric contractions.

Plyometric training specifically focuses on increasing the overall muscle mass.

Which of the following is NOT a key objective of plyometric training?

The human nervous system is divided into two main components: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Which part of the nervous system is directly responsible for sending signals to muscles?

The signals within neurons travel as chemical impulses.

Which part of a neuron receives signals from other neurons?

Neurons can be classified as sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and interneurons.

Action potentials are electrical signals used for communication between neurons and muscle cells.

What is the name of the phenomenon where multiple EPSPs in a postsynaptic neuron summate to reach a threshold level and generate an action potential?

IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials) increase the likelihood of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic neuron.

A single motor neuron can only activate one muscle fiber.

The innervation ratio refers to the number of muscle fibers controlled by one motor neuron.

The 'all-or-none principle' states that all muscle fibers within a motor unit will contract maximally when the motor neuron fires an action potential.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the innervation ratio in motor units?

Motor units always fire in a synchronous manner, resulting in consistent muscle activation across the whole muscle.

By spreading out within the muscle, motor units can help prevent fatigue.

The nervous system's role in motor control is limited to activating muscle fibers.

Physical abilities, such as muscle strength and flexibility, are highly modifiable through training.

Static abilities, such as muscle fiber type and lung size, are easily changed through training.

Which of the following activities is considered a discrete movement?

Which of the following activities is considered a serial movement?

Which of the following activities is considered a continuous movement?

Which phase of the triple jump is the longest?

Simple reaction time involves responding to a single stimulus with a single response.

Complex reaction time involves responding to multiple stimuli with multiple responses.

The relative age effect refers to the preference for selecting athletes born later in the year.

In the context of the relative age effect, if the age cut-off is on April 1, 2014, who would have the most advantage?

Muscle tissue is responsible for both extensibility and contractility.

Tendons are responsible for the contractile element of a muscle.

Which of the following is a function of the elastic elements of a muscle?

Which of the following factors can influence the stretch and recoil properties of a muscle?

The nervous system can influence the mechanical properties of muscles by adjusting the timing and amount of muscle contraction.

Muscle work is reduced when storing and releasing elastic energy during activities like running, hopping, and walking.

During a concentric contraction, what kind of change occurs in muscle length?

Eccentric contractions are primarily involved in activities like jumping and acceleration.

Passive force refers to the force generated by muscle tissue itself.

Active force refers to the force produced by active cross-bridges during muscle contraction.

What is the optimal length of a muscle?

Total force is the sum of active and passive forces.

What is the primary goal of plyometric training?

Plyometric training typically uses heavy weights for resistance.

Plyometric training is beneficial for strengthening neural coordination for rapid contractions.

Which part of the nervous system acts as the integration and command center for the entire nervous system

What are the three main types of neurons?

Signals transmitted by neurons are primarily chemical.

An action potential occurs when a neuron's membrane potential reaches the threshold level.

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in action potential transmission?

What happens during depolarization?

Neurotransmitters are released from the postsynaptic neuron to stimulate the presynaptic neuron

What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

What is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

Spatial summation occurs when multiple EPSPs from different presynaptic neurons arrive at the postsynaptic neuron at the same time.

Temporal summation occurs when multiple EPSPs from the same presynaptic neuron arrive at the postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession.

The ratio of EPSPs to IPSPs determines whether a postsynaptic neuron is likely to fire an action potential.

A motor unit consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

The innervation ratio refers to the number of muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron.

The all-or-none principle states that all muscle fibers within a motor unit will either contract maximally or not at all.

Muscles involved in fine movement, such as hand muscles, typically have a lower innervation ratio.

Muscles involved in gross movement, such as the gastrocnemius, typically have a higher innervation ratio.

Muscle fibers within a motor unit are typically spread out throughout the muscle, contributing to smoother contractions.

The distribution of motor units within a muscle can help to delay fatigue by allowing for the alternating activation of different muscle fibers.

Which of the following best describes static abilities?

Which of the following represents the correct order of phases in a triple jump?

Simple reaction time involves only one stimulus and one response.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a complex reaction time, also known as choice reaction time?

The relative age effect suggests that there is a preference for selecting athletes born earlier in the year.

The relative age effect is a significant factor in determining success in all sports.

What are the three primary mechanical properties of skeletal muscles?

The contractile element (CE) of a muscle is responsible for storing elastic energy.

What are the main components of the elastic elements (EE) in a simplified muscle model?

The nervous system plays a role in regulating the mechanical properties of muscles.

Which of the following activities primarily uses energy conservation in muscle function?

Which type of muscle contraction is primarily involved in activities like jumping and acceleration?

Eccentric contraction is characterized by the muscle lengthening against an external force.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the stretch and recoil properties of a muscle?

The resting length of a muscle is the length at which passive force begins to develop.

Active force is generated by the contractile elements (CE) of the muscle.

The sarcomere is the basic unit of muscle contraction.

At which length does a muscle generate the greatest amount of active force?

The total force produced by a muscle is the sum of active and passive force.

The stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) involves a concentric contraction immediately following an eccentric contraction.

The preload effect during SSC refers to the fact that the muscle is already activated during the eccentric contraction.

Plyometric training is designed to enhance the stored elastic energy and release it during the concentric phase of a movement.

Plyometric training is usually low-intensity, involving slow repetitions.

Plyometric training can increase the stiffness of a muscle.

What are the two primary components of the central nervous system?

Which of the following best describes the function of the peripheral nervous system?

Which of the following is NOT a part of a neuron?

Signals between neurons are transmitted chemically through the synapses.

Sensory neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to the periphery.

Motor neurons carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands.

What is the name of the bioelectrical signal transmitted by neurons called?

The movement of an action potential down a neuron is due to the influx of potassium ions.

Action potentials are unidirectional, moving from the dendrites to the axon.

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) makes the neuron more likely to generate an action potential.

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) makes the neuron less likely to generate an action potential.

The strength of a signal transmission depends on the frequency of action potentials.

A single lower motor neuron can innervate multiple muscle fibers.

What is the term for the number of muscle fibers controlled by one motor neuron?

The all-or-none principle means that if a motor neuron is stimulated, all of the muscle fibers it innervates will contract.

Muscles involved in fine motor control have a lower innervation ratio than muscles involved in gross motor control.

Motor units are evenly distributed throughout a muscle.

Flexibility training involves stretching a muscle beyond its normal range of motion.

Strength training can increase muscle tissue thickness, a process known as hypertrophy.

Plyometric training can enhance the stretch-shorten cycle (SSC) by increasing muscle stiffness and elastic recoil.

Flexibility training can always improve performance in strength and power activities

Which of the following physical abilities are modifiable through training?

Static abilities have a high potential to change through training.

What defines simple reaction time?

A movement that consists of multiple phases, such as the triple jump, is classified as a ______ movement.

Match the following types of reaction times with their characteristics:

What does the relative age effect influence in sports selections?

Complex reaction time involves responding to multiple stimuli, only one of which is relevant.

What is the primary advantage of athletes born just before the age cut-off date?

The ______ effect refers to the advantage given to those who are older within the same age category.

Match the following terms related to muscle properties with their definitions:

What occurs during an eccentric contraction?

A squat jump primarily involves eccentric contraction.

What effect does the stretch-shorten cycle have on force production?

In a countermovement jump, the quadriceps eccentrically contract to stop the __________ movement.

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

What is the main role of the central nervous system?

The brain is part of the peripheral nervous system.

What defines the 'optimal length' of a muscle?

The process where a neuron's membrane potential becomes more negative than its resting state is called ______.

Match the following components of the nervous system with their functions:

Which of the following statements about muscle properties is correct?

Eccentric muscle contractions occur when the muscle lengthens under tension.

What is the term used to describe the muscle's ability to return to its original length after being stretched?

The ___________ regulates mechanical properties like stiffness and force absorption in muscles.

Match the following mechanical properties of muscles with their definitions:

Which type of contraction primarily occurs during a countermovement jump?

The force-length relationship indicates that a muscle can produce maximum force when it is at any random length.

Name the two types of elements involved in storing and releasing force in muscles.

Which ions are primarily involved in the depolarization phase of an action potential?

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) makes it more likely for a neuron to generate an action potential.

What is the role of neurotransmitters in neuron communication?

The ____________ neuron is responsible for transmitting signals away from the central nervous system to the muscles.

Match the following components with their correct function:

What occurs during hyperpolarization?

All motor fibers within one motor unit contract in response to an action potential according to the all-or-none principle.

Define the term 'innervation ratio' in the context of motor neurons.

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around __________ mV.

What characterizes an action potential (AP)?