Topic 11: Motivation and Performance in Organizations

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Questions and Answers

What is the highest-level need according to the hierarchy addressed?

Esteem Needs

Self-actualization Needs (correct)

Belongingness Needs

Safety Needs

Which of the following describes esteem needs?

The need for respect and recognition (correct)

The need for social interaction and love

The need for food and shelter

The need for security and stability

How can managers help address belongingness needs?

By providing job security

By organizing social functions (correct)

By offering health care benefits

By granting promotions

Which need is considered the lowest level in the hierarchy?

Physiological Needs Signup and view all the answers

What do safety needs require?

Security and stability Signup and view all the answers

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, what three needs motivate behavior?

Existence, Relatedness, Growth Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of helping fulfill physiological needs?

Ensuring adequate pay for basic needs Signup and view all the answers

When belongingness needs are satisfied, what is the next level individuals seek to satisfy?

Esteem Needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Organizational Behavior Modification (OB Mod)?

To promote functional behaviors and discourage dysfunctional behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the importance of individuals observing and being motivated by others' behaviors?

Social Learning Theory Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pay motivation, what does 'instrumentality' refer to?

The relationship between performance and outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a merit pay plan?

Pay based on individual, group, or organizational performance Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of piece-rate pay systems?

Pay based on the number of units produced Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a merit pay plan?

Hourly wage for all employees Signup and view all the answers

What does self-efficacy refer to?

A person's belief in their ability to succeed Signup and view all the answers

Which pay structure involves employees receiving a share of the organization's profits?

Profit sharing Signup and view all the answers

What does intrinsic motivation refer to?

Behavior performed for its own sake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes expectancy theory?

Motivation is high when effort leads to desired outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is persistence in the context of motivation?

Whether a person keeps trying despite obstacles Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, which level of needs is a prime motivator?

Lowest level of unmet needs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a need theory of motivation?

Expectancy Theory Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of extrinsically motivated behavior?

Performed to acquire rewards or avoid punishment Signup and view all the answers

In the context of motivation, what are inputs?

Efforts made by employees Signup and view all the answers

What is prosocially motivated behavior aimed at?

Community service and helping others Signup and view all the answers

What type of needs are related to the nature of the work itself, such as autonomy and interesting work?

Motivator needs Signup and view all the answers

What do hygiene needs primarily concern?

Interpersonal relations Signup and view all the answers

In Equity Theory, equity exists when a person's outcome/input ratio is perceived as what relative to a referent?

Equal Signup and view all the answers

Underpayment inequity occurs when a person's outcome/input ratio is perceived as what?

Less than the referent Signup and view all the answers

What is the need for power primarily focused on?

Controlling or influencing others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies overpayment inequity?

An engineer receiving a higher salary for equal inputs Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is concerned with someone wanting to be liked and maintain good relationships?

Hygiene needs Signup and view all the answers

Equity Theory evaluates what kind of perceptions?

Perceptions of fairness regarding outcomes relative to inputs Signup and view all the answers

What does overpayment inequity refer to?

The feeling that one's outcomes are greater compared to a referent's outcomes. Signup and view all the answers

What is distributive justice concerned with?

The fairness of the distribution of outcomes within an organization. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of justice refers to the fairness of treatment from those distributing outcomes?

Interpersonal justice Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for goals according to Goal-Setting Theory?

Goals should be specific and difficult. Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning theory focuses on outcomes and behaviors?

Operant Conditioning Theory Signup and view all the answers

What does positive reinforcement do in the context of behavior management?

Provides desirable outcomes for desired behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of punishment in behavior management?

To administer a negative consequence for dysfunctional behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does extinction aim to achieve in behavior management?

To eliminate reinforcement of dysfunctional behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What are growth needs primarily concerned with?

Self-development and creative work Signup and view all the answers

How can managers help employees satisfy relatedness needs?

By promoting good interpersonal relations Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the motivation to satisfy higher-level needs?

Satisfaction of lower-level needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of existence needs?

Basic necessities of life Signup and view all the answers

Which need is associated with the desire to perform challenging tasks?

Achievement needs Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of satisfying existence needs in the workplace?

Providing enough pay for basic necessities Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a key difference in McClelland's needs theory?

Motivator needs must be met for job satisfaction Signup and view all the answers

What happens when higher-level needs are frustrated?

Motivation for lower-level needs increases Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Motivation and Performance

Motivation is defined as the psychological forces that direction, effort, and persistence of a person's behavior in an organization
Motivation explains why people behave the way they do in organizations
Direction: Possible behaviors a person could engage in
Effort: How hard people work
Persistence: Whether people keep trying when faced with obstacles

Source of Motivation

Intrinsically motivated behavior: Behavior performed for its own sake
Extrinsically motivated behavior: Behavior performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment
Prosocially motivated behavior: Behavior performed to benefit or help others

Outcomes and Inputs

Outcomes: Anything a person gets from a job or organization
Inputs: Anything a person contributes to his or her job or organization
Factors contributing to a Person's Performance: Time, effort, Education, Experience, skills, knowledge, and work behaviors, organizational efficiency, organizational effectiveness, attainment of organizational goals are important contributions.
Factors contributing to Outcomes: Pay, job security, benefits, vacation time, job satisfaction, autonomy, responsibility, feeling of accomplishments, improving the lives or well-being of others.

Expectancy Theory

Motivation is high when workers believe high effort leads to high performance and that high performance leads to desired outcomes.
Expectancy: Person's belief that effort will lead to performance
Instrumentality: Person's belief that performance will lead to an outcome
Valence: How desirable the outcome is to a person

Need Theories

Theories focus on what needs people try to satisfy at work, and what outcomes will satisfy those needs
Need: Requirement or necessity for survival and well-being
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (highest to lowest): Self-actualization, Esteem, Belongingness, Safety, Physiological
Alderfer's ERG Theory (existence, relatedness, growth)
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory: Motivator needs are related to work itself (autonomy, responsibility, interesting work) and hygiene needs are related to the work environment (pay, job security).
McClelland's Needs: Achievement, Affiliation, Power

Equity Theory

Focuses on people's perceptions of fairness in work outcomes relative to their inputs
Equity exists when a person perceives their outcome/input ratio to be equal to the referent's ratio
Underpayment inequity: Person's outcome/input ratio is less than the referent's
Overpayment inequity: Person's outcome/input ratio is greater than the referent's

Equity and Justice in Organizations

Distributive justice: Fairness of outcome distribution
Procedural justice: Fairness of procedures used to distribute outcomes
Interpersonal justice: Fairness of interpersonal treatment
Informational justice: Extent to which managers explain decisions and procedures

Goal-Setting Theory

Focuses on goal types that produce high motivation and performance, emphasizing goals' impact.
Goals must be specific (typically quantitative) and difficult (challenging but attainable)

Learning Theories

Focus on increasing employee motivation and linking outcomes to performance
Operant Conditioning Theory: People learn to perform desired behaviors when they are rewarded and to avoid those with negative consequences. (Four managerial tools: Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction)
Social Learning Theory: Learning through observation and modeling others' behavior, motivated by vicarious learning and self-reinforcement, influenced by self-efficacy beliefs

Pay and Motivation

Pay is a motivator—related to expectancy theory (instrumentality), need theory (satisfying needs), equity theory (fairness with inputs), goal-setting (linking to goals) and learning theory (outcomes for behavior).

Salary Increase or Bonus?

Employee stock options can attract high-level managers and motivate employee performance

Merit Pay and Performance

Merit pay plans base pay on individual, group or organizational performance
Common types include merit pay plans, group plans, organization plans, piece-rate plans, commission plans, and organization-based merit plans (e.g., Scanlon plans, profit sharing)

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Description

This quiz explores the key concepts of motivation within an organizational context. It examines the definitions, sources, and impacts of intrinsic, extrinsic, and prosocial motivation on performance. Understand how these factors influence behaviors and contributions in the workplace.