Motion Perception and Sensitivity
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the basilar membrane in hearing?

  • It filters sound based on volume.
  • It converts sound into electrical signals.
  • It amplifies sound waves.
  • It vibrates in response to sound frequencies. (correct)

    • Which part of the cochlea responds best to high frequencies?

  • Helicotrema
  • Round window
  • Apex
  • Base (correct)

    • What role do cochlear implants play in hearing?

  • They enhance sound volume for the user.
  • They bypass damaged hair cells to stimulate auditory nerve fibers. (correct)
  • They improve spatial localization of sound.
  • They directly convert sound waves into vibrations.

    • What does 'Fourier Analysis' refer to in the context of hearing?

    <p>The analysis of complex tones into component frequencies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of conductive hearing loss?

    <p>Obstruction in the outer or middle ear. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which auditory area in the brain is responsible for processing sound information?

    <p>Auditory cortex in the temporal lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension of auditory space refers to the vertical location of a sound?

    <p>Elevation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the difficulty of localizing sounds coming from the sides compared to sounds in front?

    <p>Interaural time and intensity differences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the auricle play in the auditory system?

    <p>It directs sound waves into the auditory canal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for transducing vibrations into electric energy in the inner ear?

    <p>The organ of Corti (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones are located in the middle ear and play a key role in sound transmission?

    <p>Malleus, incus, stapes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cochlea in the inner ear?

    <p>Converting sound vibrations into neural signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane?

    <p>The stapes vibrates and transmits energy to the cochlea. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The semicircular canals are primarily associated with which function?

    <p>Balancing the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the 'audibility threshold' in the context of hearing?

    <p>The minimum sound level needed for detection of sound (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the auditory canal?

    <p>To direct sound waves towards the tympanic membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term Internal Time Difference (ITD) represent?

    <p>The time difference in which sound reaches the two ears. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Interaural Level Difference (ILD) aid in sound localization?

    <p>It uses the head as an acoustical shadow for sound differentiation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the 'cone of confusion' in auditory localization?

    <p>Points in space with similar ITD and ILD values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of auditory grouping suggests that sounds close in proximity are perceived as one?

    <p>Location. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does auditory scene analysis play in perception?

    <p>It separates sound sources from background noise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of sounds does the principle of proximity in time refer to?

    <p>Sounds that arrive simultaneously or with little separation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are low-frequency sounds less effective for Interaural Level Difference (ILD)?

    <p>They do not create a significant acoustical shadow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the brain typically deal with indirect (reflected) sounds in a room?

    <p>It groups them if they occur at short intervals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Sound

    Changes in air pressure, caused by vibrations, that our ears detect.

    Wavelength

    The distance between two peaks or troughs in a sound wave.

    Frequency

    The number of sound wave cycles that occur per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).

    Pure Tone

    A sound with only one frequency and a simple waveform.

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    Complex Tone

    A sound made up of multiple frequencies with different intensities.

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    Pitch

    The subjective perception of how high or low a sound is, determined by its frequency.

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    Loudness

    The subjective perception of how loud a sound is, determined by its intensity.

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    Place Theory of Hearing

    The place along the cochlea where the sound wave vibrates most strongly, determines pitch.

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    Interaural Time Difference (ITD)

    The difference in time of arrival of a sound wave between the two ears.

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    Interaural Level Difference (ILD)

    The difference in sound intensity between the two ears.

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    Cone of Confusion

    A hypothetical cone-shaped surface in the auditory space, which contains the points of the auditory space that have highly similar ITD and ILD.

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    Auditory Scene

    The array of all sound sources at a given moment in the environment.

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    Auditory Scene Analysis

    The process of the brain separating different sound sources from each other in the auditory scene.

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    Proximity in Time

    A principle of auditory grouping used to determine which sounds belong together, based on their proximity in time.

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    Perceptually Organizing Sounds in the Environment

    How our brain organizes sounds received from different sources, including direct and reflected sounds, based on the time interval between them.

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    Reflected Sounds

    Sounds that reach our ears after reflecting off surfaces in a room.

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    Tonotopic Map of the Cochlea

    The basilar membrane vibrates at different points depending on the frequency of the sound. This creates a tonotopic map of the cochlea, where the apex responds to low frequencies and the base responds to high frequencies.

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    Fourier Analysis in Cochlea

    The cochlea breaks down complex sounds into their individual frequencies, similar to how a Fourier analysis separates a complex signal into its component frequencies.

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    Cochlear Implant

    A device that bypasses damaged hair cells in the inner ear, allowing individuals with hearing loss to perceive sound through electrical stimulation.

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    Auditory Cortex

    The first area in the brain to receive auditory information from the ears, located in the temporal lobe. It is divided into two pathways: "What" and "Where" pathways.

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    Conductive Hearing Loss

    A type of hearing loss caused by damage to the outer or middle ear, including issues like ear infections, fluid buildup, and perforated eardrums.

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    Sensorineural Hearing Loss

    A type of hearing loss caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve, often due to factors like aging, loud noise exposure, or certain illnesses.

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    Sound Localization

    The ability to determine the location of a sound source without relying on visual cues.

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    Auditory Space

    The three-dimensional space surrounding an observer, where sounds originating from different locations exist.

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    Study Notes

    Motion Perception

    • Motion perception declines with age but can be trained.
    • Motion captures attention, aiding object identification.
    • Motion helps distinguish objects from the background and reveals their form.
    • Difficulty perceiving motion can lead to problems like pouring liquids, understanding emotional cues in conversations, and increased risk of accidents.

    Sensitivity to Motion

    • Detecting a moving object is easier if it's smaller.
    • Intelligent individuals tend to suppress irrelevant background information while focusing on important stimuli with large movements.
    • Context affects how easily motion is detected. Homogenous backgrounds make small movements harder to see. Patterned backgrounds (like vertical stripes) make horizontally moving objects easier to see than in a homogenous context.

    Real vs. Apparent Motion

    • Gestalt principle: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Apparent motion: elements moving is perceived as the whole moving in a circular path, while individual elements move in a straight line.
    • Persistence of vision: Successive images appear as a single moving object.

    Perceiving Biological Motion

    • Identifying the motion of living things from a large distance.
    • Perceiving biological movement happens quickly due to the dorsal pathways in the brain, allowing rapid identification compared to other visual processing.

    Depth and Size Perception

    • Depth cues are signals that indicate depth in an object or scene.
    • Accommodation of the lens: Fine motor muscles adjust lens shape to focus on near or far objects.
    • Convergence of the eyes: Muscles align eyes to point at a single object; only works up close.
    • Pictorial cues: occlusion, relative height, relative size, perspective convergence, texture gradient, shadows, are cues of depth that can be represented in two-dimensional pictures.
    • Binocular retinal disparity: Differences in the images each eye receives that creates a perception of 3D space. It is effective up to 10 meters.
    • Atmospheric perspective: Objects further away appear fainter or bluer.
    • Familiar size: Using prior knowledge of an object's typical size to judge distance.

    Perceiving Size From Vision

    • Visual angle: The angle an object subtends at the eye. A bigger angle indicates a larger object or one that is closer.
    • Distance: The further an object, the smaller its visual angle.
    • Size constancy: An object's perceived size remains stable despite changes in its distance perceived distance from the observer.
    • Size-distance scaling: The brain perceives size by considering both retinal size and perceived distance.

    Auditory Perception

    • Sound is perceived as pressure changes in air or water (compressions and rarefactions) that cause the waves.
    • Pitch is related to frequency, the number of cycles per second (Hz), which also determines loudness (intensity).
    • Timbre is the quality of a sound, which depends on the harmonics present. Different instruments can have the same pitch and loudness, but different timbres.
    • Auditory localization: Ability to determine the location of a sound source in space. Interaural level differences (ILD) and interaural time differences (ITD) are cues used by the brain for perceiving sound location.

    Auditory Areas in the Cortex

    • Auditory cortex receives sounds, which are processed for 'what' and 'where'.
    • Music training can increase the size of the auditory cortex.

    Hearing Loss

    • Conductive hearing loss: affects the outer or middle ear.
    • Sensorineural hearing loss: affects the inner ear or auditory nerve.
    • Mixed hearing loss: combination of both.

    Auditory Masking

    • The auditory system can filter out unwanted sounds, a process also known as masking.
    • Sounds present in the surrounding environment can be masked by others (e.g., sounds from two close sources may sound like a single sound).

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    Related Documents

    Motion Perception PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of motion perception and how it changes with age. Understand the factors affecting motion sensitivity, including context and background patterns. This quiz delves into real vs. apparent motion and highlights the importance of motion in our daily lives.

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