Motion and Vibration Sensors
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Questions and Answers

What is the principle behind the operation of strain gauges/load cells?

  • Change in electrical current
  • Change in electrical voltage
  • Change in electrical resistance (correct)
  • Change in electrical power

    • What is the main application of load cells?

  • Measuring temperature
  • Measuring pressure
  • Measuring flow rate
  • Measuring force and weight (correct)

    • What is the primary function of an LVDT?

  • Measure vibration
  • Measure pressure
  • Measure linear displacement (correct)
  • Measure temperature

    • What does an accelerometer measure?

    <p>The vibration of motion of a structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the operation of an accelerometer?

    <p>Newton's Second Law of Motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a Capacitive MEMS Accelerometer detect acceleration?

    <p>By exploiting the movement of a seismic mass, resulting in a capacitance change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the Piezoelectric effect?

    <p>Generating electric charge from mechanical stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Water Flow Sensor?

    <p>To measure the rate of flow of liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism used in a Water Flow Sensor to measure fluid flow?

    <p>Mechanical and electrical subsystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of a Rain Sensor?

    <p>Both analog and digital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the operation of a Rain Sensor?

    <p>Variable resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for a Barometric Pressure Sensor?

    <p>Pressure transducer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Manometer?

    <p>To measure the pressure of a fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a Manometer in environmental studies?

    <p>It measures atmospheric pressure and other environmental gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the operation of RTDs?

    <p>Change in electrical resistance with temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of RTDs in industrial settings?

    <p>Monitoring and controlling temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of thermistors that makes them suitable for lower temperatures?

    <p>High sensitivity and nonlinearity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of thermocouples?

    <p>Wide temperature range and simplicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of RTDs that makes them suitable for higher temperatures?

    <p>Low sensitivity and linearity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of temperature sensor is the most commonly used?

    <p>Thermocouple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the reference junction in a thermocouple?

    <p>To maintain a constant temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the operation of TEG?

    <p>Seebeck effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output voltage of the LM35 temperature sensor?

    <p>Proportional to temperature in Celsius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a TEC?

    <p>To cool or heat electronic devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a bimetallic thermostat?

    <p>It expands at different rates when heated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Motion and Vibration Sensors

    • Accelerometer: measures vibration or acceleration of a structure, based on Newton's Second law of motion
    • Capacitive MEMS Accelerometer: detects acceleration by exploiting the movement of a seismic mass, resulting in a capacitance change between parallel plates
      • Used mostly in mobile devices
    • Piezoresistive Accelerometer: measures the resistance changed by the force applied on the material
      • Used in automotive crash testing, safety air-bags & traction control system testing, etc.
    • Piezoelectric Accelerometer: contains a Piezoelectric quartz crystal which produces an electric charge or output under acceleration
      • Used in cell phones, vibration sensors, guitar pickups, etc.

    Touch and Pressure Sensors

    • Touch Sensor: a tactile sensor that is sensitive to touch, force or pressure
      • Mostly used in smartphones and robotics
      • Opens up a circuit which allows current to flow through when there is a contact or pressure on the sensor

    Strain and Displacement Sensors

    • Strain Gauge/Load Cell: measures deformation by changing electrical resistance
      • Load cells convert force into an electrical signal using strain gauges
      • Commonly used in weighing systems, force measurement, structural health monitoring, testing and quality control, prosthetics, and rehabilitation equipment
    • Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT): a type of electrical transformer used for measuring linear displacement (position)
      • Comprises a cylindrical coil assembly and a movable core
      • Used in industrial automation, aerospace, civil engineering, medical devices, and wind speed sensors

    Flow and Level Sensors

    • Water Flow Sensor: measures the rate of flow of liquids
      • Uses mechanical and electronic subsystems to measure fluid
      • Operation: water flows through a motor/turbine mechanism, rotations generate a voltage proportional to the flow rate
    • Rain Sensor: used to notice water drops and rainfall
      • Includes two parts: a sensor pad and sensor module
      • Has two outputs: analog and digital
      • Operation: the rain sensor's sensing pad has copper traces acting as a variable resistor, water on the pad changes its resistance inversely to the amount present

    Pressure Sensors

    • Barometric Pressure Sensor: also known as pressure transducers, measure the pressure exerted by the atmosphere
      • Play a crucial role in various fields, including weather forecasting, navigation, and consumer electronics
    • Manometer: a measuring instrument used to determine the pressure of a fluid, such as air or water
      • Consists of a tube connected to an indicator device that displays the pressure on a graduated scale
      • Precise monitoring and control of pressure to ensure proper and safe operation
      • Used in environmental studies, scientific research, educational laboratories, aviation, and industrial applications

    Temperature Sensors

    • Thermal Transducers: convert thermal energy into other physical quantities such as mechanical energy, pressure, electrical signals, etc.
    • Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD): temperature sensors that operate on the principle of resistance change with temperature
      • Capitalizes on the fact that the electrical resistance of a material changes as its temperature changes
      • Widely used in industrial settings to monitor and control the temperature of processes, ensuring optimal operating conditions and safety
    • Thermistor: also called as Thermally Sensitive Resistors
      • Temperature sensors that exhibit a significant change in resistance with a change in temperature
      • Cheaper than RTDs, but highly sensitive and nonlinear
    • Thermocouple: the most commonly used type of temperature sensor
      • Popular due to simplicity, ease of use, and speed of response to changes in temperature
      • Have the widest temperature range of all the temperature sensors from below -200 degrees C to well over 2000 degrees C
      • Are thermoelectric sensors that consist of two junctions of dissimilar metals, such as copper and constantan that are welded or crimped together
    • TEG/TEC (Thermoelectric Generator/Cooler): part of Thermoelectric modules
      • TEG is used for heat generation to produce electricity mainly used for power generation
      • TEC is used to transfer heat from one electronic device to another, mainly used for cooling and heating applications
    • LM35 - Temperature Sensor: a temperature measuring device having an analog output voltage proportional to the temperature
      • Provides output voltage in Centigrade (Celsius)
      • Does not require any external calibration circuitry
      • The sensitivity of LM35 is 10 mV/degree Celsius
      • Used to measure surrounding temperature ranging from -55 °C to 150 °C
    • Bimetallic Thermostat: a component made up of two strips of different metals that expand at different rates when heated
      • This unique property allows bimetallic strips to be used in various applications, including thermostats

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    Description

    Learn about different types of sensors that measure motion and vibration, including accelerometers and their applications in mobile devices and automotive systems.

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