Mother Teresa's Early Life & Ministry

Teresa's Concerns and Sacrifices

• Teresa worried her fellow Sisters would perceive her as vain or crazy for claiming Christ called her to a new ministry.
• She was willing to sacrifice her reputation which was what Christ asked of her.
• As a Loretto Sister, Teresa had regular meals, a settled routine, and the pleasure of teaching children, but sacrificed these comforts.
• She accepted obedience and embraced poverty per Christ's request to be poor with the poor.

Bureaucratic Delays and Support

• Bureaucratic obstacles made it difficult for Teresa to leave the Loretto Sisters and work among the poor in the slums.
• She waited two years for permission for her new ministry and it officially sanctioned a third year after initial request.
• Fr. Celeste Van Exem, a Belgian Jesuit, was Teresa's confessor and aided her.

Bojaxhiu Family and Early Life of Anjezë

• The Bojaxhiu family was Roman Catholic with daily prayers, regular attendance at Sacred Heart, and religious pilgrimages.
• They were always involved with the choir, religious services, and missionary topics, as the Bojaxhiu women were also involved in the parish choir.
• Each child in the family played an instrument as Drana insisted
• Anjezë chose the mandolin and had a good voice, leading her to sing solos in the church.
• Anjezë was the baby of the family and was nicknamed Gonxha meaning "flower bud".
• The town of Skopje contained a river
• Drana thought Anjezë wouldn’t live long due to her persistent cough and suffering from periodic chills and fever of malaria, and Drana's deep faith.

Mother Teresa's Work with the Dying

• After witnessing a poor woman die on the street due to lack of hospital admission, Teresa resolved to create a home for the dying. Rented a hut as a shelter for the dying because the poor had no place to go but it quickly was too small.
• Teresa requested a larger building for students.
• She got permission to use two rooms attached to a temple dedicated to Kali, a Hindu goddess.
• The Calcutta officials offered these rooms for a hospice.
• Mother Teresa and her Sisters cleaned the rooms and opened Nirmal Hriday, or Place of the Immaculate Heart.
• There was some local opposition because there was a fear the space would convert Hindus and Muslims to Christianity.
• Teresa heard Bengalis complain about an outsider Christian woman.
• Teresa replied gently in Bengali: "I am an Indian and India is mine" she also spoke to them in their own language.

Mother Teresa's Private Vow and Return to Loretto

• The nation's colonial authority imprisoned people who mobilized relief because they thought those people were agitation.
• Two million newcomers to Calcutta perished because there were resources for the people to use.
• Because of the hardship and famine experienced in a city full of poor refugees, Mother Teresa made a private vow to Christ.
• In April of 1942 "I made a vow.. to give to God anything that He may ask and not to refuse Him anything".
• When Mother Teresa and her wards were permitted to return to the Loretto compound she restarted her duties.
• Teresa continued to do supervisory work she'd done in the temporary school during the war years.

Anjezë's Exposure to Indian Poverty

• Anjezë expressed that she desired to be a missionary.
• Anjezë was shocked by the brutality of Indian poverty when her ship stopped at the Tamil city of Madras.
• She saw homeless and jobless families in the streets of Madras with scenes she had not seen back home.
• Anjezë saw a Hindu funeral By the time she returned to the ship she had started to lose any romantic fantasies about life in India.
• Anjezë and her fellow postulant arrived at the port of Calcutta in West Bengal after about seven weeks.
• By mid-January 1929 they were no longer bewildered.

The Desire to Become Holy

• Thomas Merton recalled a suggestion from Robert Lax that Merton should want to be a Saint in his autobiographical The Seven Story Mountain.
• Lax states "What you should say is that that you want yo be a saint!"
• Mother Teresa, known as "saint of the gutters" or "saint of the slums," recognized her desire for holiness at a young age but later rediscovered the desire when she was eighteen.

Teresa's Ministry to AIDS patients

• President Reagan acknowledged that AIDS was Public Health concern.
• Teresa opened a hospice in Greenwich Village, New York.
• Three patients at the hospice were Sing Sing prison inmates.
• Teresa requested Mario Cuomo transfer the three Sing Sing inmates to the hospice so that they could die in peace and dignity.
• A larger building was needed the following year to deal with the number of AIDS patients.
• James Hickey, a Catholic Archbishop, supported the ministry and offered an abandoned convent as a hospice and residence for the Missionaries of Charity.
• Some citizens opposed the AIDS hospice.
• The hospice opened in early November 1986 and was named "Gift of Peace".
• Missionaries of Charity opened hospice centers in major cities such as Los Angeles, San Francisco, Charity, hard-hit regions of Africa and Denver.
• Some patients didn't stay long due to house rules such as no television and limited visiting hours others were not acclimated to the Roman atmosphere.

Mother Teresa's Dream and Philosophy

• Mother Teresa dreamt after working in the slums of Calcutta that she died.
• St. Peter refused her to enter heaven because there were no slums so no need for her.
• Teresa said she would fill heaven with the homeless and hopeless.
• Teresa was willing to storm the gates of heaven to help the millions of people who lacked shelter, food, health, or love.
• Her spirituality centered around bearing suffering in the service of others as Christ shared material poverty.
• Ill health added to her passion, as in the final decade of her life, and years of backbreaking work were hard on her body.

Later Life Ventures

• Muggeridge stunned his friends by announcing that he had converted and wrote three books about Jesus, three years after his initial meeting with Mother Teresa,.
• His conversion disappointed those that knew him as the witty skeptic and he resigned as honorary rector of the University of Edinburgh.
• He and his wife became Catholic years later when he was eighty.
• Sisters of Charity founded more missions in Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America.
• Men were necessary for work requiring physical strength and for dangerous areas.
• In 1967, an auxiliary order, the Brothers of Charity, was founded for men who wished to serve Christ in the suffering poor.
• The Brothers of Charity planted missions in Saigon and Los Angeles's Skid Row.
• As Sisters and Brothers were unable to participate fully in tending the dying aged or nursing the ill, they could still serve through prayer.
• Two contemplative orders for Missionaries of in 1976 and 1979.

Recalibration of One's Way of Looking at The World

• A recalibration of one's way of looking at the world is the necessary starting point.
• Recogntion means come to re-know the nature of reality and the humans that inhabit.
• Silence offers the opportunity to begin shedding false understandings of one's self and the world.
• Silence and prayer become the wombs in which people are reborn.
• Enlarge the heat untill it is capable of containing God's gift of Himself
• Rebirth midwife for is by silence and prayer nurtures an abiding and gratefull faith in the essential godness of creation.
• The Creator in turn makes humans want to proctect and perserve creation.
• Discern the presence of Christ in each and every person the person encounters.
• Contemplative insight that undergirdds the activity of the Missionaries if Charity.
• Seeing God in others is Discerning God's presence with in ones self.
• Another aspect of Mother Teresa is that her sprirituality ofter goes unnoticed, focused as the sisters urge their selves want of food medicine shelter and love.

Tension, Compression, and Shear

• Stress is measured in psi or Pa.
• Axial stress: $\sigma = \frac{P}{A}$
  • P is Axial Load [lb, N]
  • A is Cross-sectional Area $[in^2, m^2]$
• Bearing stress: $\sigma_b = \frac{P}{A_b}$
  • $A_b$ : Bearing Area $[in^2, m^2]$
• Shear stress: $\tau = \frac{V}{A}$
  • $V$ : Shear Force [lb, N]
  • $A$ : Area $[in^2, m^2]$

Strain

• Axial strain: $\epsilon = \frac{\delta}{L}$
  • Strain is unitless
  • $\delta$ : Change in Length [in, m]
  • $L$ : Original Length [in, m]
• Shear strain: $\gamma = \frac{\delta_t}{L}$
  • $\gamma$ : Shear Strain [radians]
  • $\delta_t$ : Transverse Displacement [in, m]
  • $L$ : Original Length [in, m]

Material Properties

• Hooke's Law: $\sigma = E\epsilon$ and $\tau = G\gamma$
  • $E$ : Young's Modulus [psi, Pa]
  • $G$ : Shear Modulus [psi, Pa]
• Poisson's Ratio: $v = -\frac{\epsilon_{lat}}{\epsilon_{long}}$
  • Poisson's Ratio is unitless
  • $\epsilon_{lat}$ : Lateral Strain [unitless]
  • $\epsilon_{long}$ : Longitudinal Strain [unitless]
• Shear Modulus: $G = \frac{E}{2(1+v)}$

Thermal Deformation

• Thermal Deformation: $\delta_T = \alpha \Delta T L$
  • $\delta_T$ : Change in Length [in, m]
  • $\alpha$ : Coefficient of Thermal Expansion $[1/^{\circ}F, 1/^{\circ}C]$
  • $\Delta T$ : Change in Temperature $[^{\circ}F, ^{\circ}C]$
  • $L$ : Original Length [in, m]

Algorithmic Trading Definition

• Algorithmic trading uses computer programs to execute on a predifined series of instructions.
• Those instructions consider:

1. Price
2. Timing
3. Quantitiy

Algorithmic Trading Objective

• Is to generate profit on a speed and frequency scale that is impossible for the human trader.

Algorithmic Trading Strategies

• Trend following strategies
• Arbirage Opportunities
• Mathematical Model based strategy
• Index Fund Rebalancing
• Statistical Arbitrage
• Mean Reversion

Advantages Of Algorithmic Trading:

• Reduction in transaction costs
• Improved oder execution speed.
• Simultanious Order execution
• Reduced emotional and psychological influences.
• Backtesting.

Disadvantages Of Algorithmic Trading

• System Failure
• Model Decay
• Over-Optimization
• Unexpected events
• Need for constant monitoring

Popular Tools and Software for Algorithmic Trading:

• Meta Trader 4/5 (MT4/5)
• TradingView
• NinjaTrader
• MultiCharts
• QuantConnect
• Excel/VBA
• Python
• R
• MATLAB
• Interactive Brokers API
• FIX API
• Bloomberg Terminal
• Refinitive Eikon
• cTrader
• AlgoTrader
• BlackArbs SDK
• Open Source Frameworks

EM Algorithm Introduction

• The EM (Expectation-Maximization) Algorithm is a popular iterative method used for Maximum likelihood in statistical models depending on unobserved latent variables.

Typical Use-Cases

• Clustering; e.g. Discover Clusters In Data, Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM)
• Missing Data Imputation: Infer missing data points, e.g., impute missing values in a dataset.
• Latent Variable Model: Estimate parameters in models with latent variables, Hidden Markov Model (HMM).

Gaussuan Mixture Model

• A Gaussian Mixture Model is a probabilistic model that assumes all the data points, are generated from a mixture of a finite number of Gaussian distributions with unknown parameters.

Why Em For GMM?

• The key idea is to introduce a latent variable Zi for each data point Xi, where z1 E (I…k} indicated, which Gaussian component generated z. The likelihood function, can be written as:
• Maximizing this likhelood directly is hard. Instead, using the EM Algorithm.

Algorithm:

1. Initialization: intitialive the paremeters randomly?
2. E-step: Evaluate the responsibilities using current parameters:
3. M - Step: Re-estmate the parameters using the computed responsibilities:
4. Convergence Check: Evaluate the los-likelilhood and check for convergence. If nor converged, go back to the E-step.

Advantages / Disadvantages for algorithm

• Advanatges:
  • Simple To Implement.
  • Guaranteed Convergence.
• Disadvantages:
  • Cann be SLow To Converg.
  • Sensitive To Initialziation,

Plan de Acción Basado en el Sistema de Gestión de la Calidad

• Objective - Improve key efficiency with client focus based on SGC and ISO9001:2015 standards
• Objetivos
  • Diagnostico inicial - Initial diagnosis del estado actual del SGC con ISO9000 and processes.
  • Desarrollo detallado - Detailed plan for implementation to meet resources, scopes and timeline objectives
  • Documentacion del SGC - Dcoument processes, procedures and instructions SGC's operation

Resources Needed

• Consultor SGC, Lider del SGC, Equipo del SGC, Jefes de Area, Departamento de RR.HH.
• Financiales - Budget for consutlting, capacitation, auditas, cerciticacion, software.

Lecuture 19 - GMM and EM

• With parameters such as density, flexible, and clustering

EM expectation

• Is an interactive algorithm for finding maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in protabilistic models where the mobel depends on unobserved latent variables.

Goal

• Maximize the expected log-likelihood function with respect to the posterior distrinution of the latent variables given the observed date and the current parameter estimates.

Modeling Time Series

• Financial time series demonstrate characteristics like non-stationarity and volatility.
• Models covered include AR, MA, ARMA, ARIMA, and SARIMA.

Volatility Models

• ARCH models capture volatility clustering using past errors.
• GARCH models extend ARCH by including past volatility.
• Stochastic volatility models treat volatility as a latent process estimated via Kalman filtering.

State Space Models

• The Kalman filter estimates states in linear Gaussian systems.
• Hidden Markov Models use hidden states to influence observed data, useful in signal processing.

Long Memory Models

• Fractional Brownian motion (fBm) generalizes Brownian motion with the Hurst exponent.
• ARFIMA models capture long memory in time series.

Multivariate Time Series Models

• Vector Autoregression (VAR) models capture relationships between multiple time series.
• Cointegration identifies long-run equilibrium relationships between time series.

Model evaluation and selection

• Residual analysis and goodness-of-fit tests help check model assumptions.
• Evaluate forecast accuracy using metrics like MSE, MAE, and RMSE.
• Use criteria like AIC and cross-validation to select the best model.

Applications in Algorithmic Trading

• Statistical arbitrage exploits price discrepancies between assets.
• Trend-following strategies identify and follow trends.
• Mean reversion strategies trade on price patterns reverting to their average value.

Algorithmic Trading and Quantatitve Strategies book outline

1. Introduction
2. Financial Knowledge
3. Data Statisics
4. Time Series
5. Liner Models
6. Factor Models
7. Machine Learning
8. Execution
9. RsikManagement 10 Portfolio Construction
10. Backtesting
11. Profession

Skillset

• math
• stats
• computer
• finance
• risk managemtn

Chemical Kinetics-

• reaction arte- speed reactants are converted to products
  • rate= change products/ time Factors of reaction rate Reactant concentration Temp Surface area reactan
  • with catlyst reaction greatly increases

Arrhenius equation

• Relates to the rate constnat to activation energy temp
  • k= Ae-Ea over RL
    • -Ea is the pre energy - r is the ideal gar constnat

Catalysis-

• Process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction- by adding a catlyst
  • Lower activation energy, providing a reaction path way
    • Homogeneous catalysis catalysts is same phase as reactants
• Heterogeneneous catalysts is in different phases as with reactants Reaction mechanisms- sequence of elementery reactions by wich overal chemical change.
• • Rate detemrining step is the slowest step in reacnt mehanism-. It detemrines the over all rate of the reacatin.

Meta Engine

• Math
  • Contains math based items such as length, normailizie etc
  • Memory
    • contains memory management classes and structs

Details of Teresa's concerns about her ministry and the sacrifices she made. Also, a look at bureaucratic delays and support from Fr. Celeste Van Exem. The Bojaxhiu family's Roman Catholic practices are highlighted.