Mortality Trends in the US
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Questions and Answers

What factor heavily influences children's health-related behaviors?

  • Family habits (correct)
  • Television programs
  • School policies
  • Peer pressure

    • Children who receive encouragement for unhealthy behaviors at home are more likely to develop good health habits.

    False (B)

    What type of health-related behaviors might be influenced by social factors?

    Smoking and exercising

    When symptoms are perceived as __________, individuals are more likely to seek professional care.

    <p>severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following health-related behaviors with their influencers:

    <p>Dietary habits = Family members Exercise routines = Social factors Smoking behaviors = Peer influences Health problem perceptions = Individual cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do people often adjust their health habits when symptoms are not severe?

    <p>They limit certain foods and drinks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gender differences in health behavior mean that American girls are typically more physically active than boys.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive factor is crucial for performing health-related behaviors?

    <p>Correct knowledge about health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences a person's likelihood of taking preventive action regarding health issues?

    <p>Their perceived threat of the health problem and pros/cons of taking action (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The perceived susceptibility to a health problem does not significantly affect a person's decision to take preventive action.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cues to action in health behavior decision-making?

    <p>Reminders or alerts about potential health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The likelihood of performing a health behavior is based on the perceived threat of the health problem and the sum of ______ of taking action.

    <p>pros and cons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the factors influencing perceived susceptibility to health problems:

    <p>Age = Demographic factor affecting risk perception Sex = Biological factor affecting vulnerability Personality traits = Influence decision making and risk appraisal Prior contact = Personal experience with health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the intention to donate blood?

    <p>Attitude regarding the behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of cues to action?

    <p>A recommendation from a doctor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The subjective norm affects the intention to quit smoking.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women over 50 are less likely to perceive the risk of breast cancer compared to younger males.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one factor that affects the intention to exercise.

    <p>Attitude regarding the behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to an individual's assessment of health threat?

    <p>Age, sex, race, ethnic background, social class, personality traits, and prior knowledge or contact with the health problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perceived behavioral control is related to self-_____.

    <p>efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the health-related behavior with the appropriate factor influencing intention:

    <p>Donating blood = Attitude regarding the behavior Starting smoking = Subjective norm Exercising = Perceived behavioral control Cancer screening = Subjective norm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that influences the intention to use condoms?

    <p>Perceived behavioral control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory of planned behavior has no shortcomings.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one limitation of the theory of planned behavior.

    <p>Vague reasons for behavior intentions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leading cause of death has seen the largest decrease from the late 1960s to today?

    <p>Heart disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The percentage of deaths caused by Alzheimer's disease has increased since the late 1960s.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By how many years can individuals expect to live longer if they engage in healthy behaviors such as exercising and eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables?

    <p>12 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the late 1960s, the percentage of deaths caused by ____ was 1.74%.

    <p>Arteriosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following causes of death with their respective percentages in the late 1960s:

    <p>Heart disease = 38.59% Stroke = 10.95% Malignancies (cancer) = 16.50% Accidents = 5.95%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is NOT mentioned as contributing to a longer life expectancy?

    <p>Reducing stress levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic lower respiratory disease was a major cause of death in the late 1960s.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage of deaths caused by diabetes in the late 1960s?

    <p>1.99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of the stages of change model?

    <p>Matching strategies to a person’s current needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-efficacy beliefs are unrelated to a person's readiness to change.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotion might lead to flawed decisions regarding health, despite having clear symptoms?

    <p>Fear or anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ________ stage, an individual does not yet consider changing their behavior.

    <p>precontemplation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of change with their characteristics:

    <p>Precontemplation = Not considering change Contemplation = Considering change Preparation = Planning for change Action = Actively engaged in change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a perceived barrier to changing unhealthy behavior?

    <p>Lack of time to exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People’s beliefs about what is socially acceptable do not influence their health-related behavior.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a nurse do when interacting with an elderly woman at the precontemplation stage regarding exercise?

    <p>Discuss the benefits of exercise and the harms of not exercising.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily motivating nonrational thought processes in health-related decisions?

    <p>Desires or preferences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with chronic illnesses tend to follow medical advice closely.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two factors that increase willingness to engage in risky behaviors?

    <p>Positive subjective norms and attitudes toward the behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who use defense mechanisms often deny they are at risk for _____, particularly if their risk of infection is high.

    <p>AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors to their influence on willingness to engage in risky behavior:

    <p>Positive subjective norms = Increases willingness Negative social image = Decreases willingness Prior engagement in the behavior = Increases willingness Denial of risk = Decreases willingness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that heightens willingness to engage in risky behaviors?

    <p>Being aware of all health risks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stress negatively affects cognitive processes in decision-making.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might motivate an individual to use denial regarding health risks?

    <p>A high feeling of threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Health-related behaviors

    Actions and habits related to a person's health, such as diet, exercise, and smoking.

    Family influence

    Children learn health behaviors by observing and being encouraged or discouraged by family members.

    Social factors

    Friends and family influence health habits through encouragement (or discouragement) and modeling.

    Perceived symptoms

    How people experience and interpret the symptoms of an illness.

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    Severe symptoms response

    People in severe pain or with visible injuries are more likely to seek immediate medical care.

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    Symptom adjustment

    People with less severe symptoms often modify their health habits in response.

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    Cognitive factors

    Knowledge and problem-solving skills are crucial for implementing and maintaining healthy habits.

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    Gender differences

    Social factors may explain differences in health behaviors between genders, like higher physical activity in some boys.

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    Perceived Threat

    An individual's assessment of the likelihood of a health problem affecting them personally.

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    Perceived benefits & barriers

    The perceived advantages and disadvantages of taking a health action (sum = benefits - barriers).

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    Perceived Susceptibility

    An individual's assessment of their likelihood of developing a health problem.

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    Cues to action

    Reminders or alerts about a potential health problem, increasing the likelihood of taking action.

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    Health Behavior

    Actions taken to prevent or address health problems.

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    Personal Factors

    Individual characteristics that influence threat assessments (age, sex, social class etc)

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    Risk Perception

    Subjective judgment of the likelihood and severity of a health risk.

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    Preventive Action

    Taking steps to protect oneself from health problems.

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    Heart Disease Deaths in the US (1960s vs. Today)

    Percentage of deaths caused by heart disease in the United States decreased from 38.59% in late 1960s to 23.53% today.

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    Cancer Deaths (Malignancies) in the US

    A major cause of deaths in the US. Percentage of death due to cancer has remained fairly steady.

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    Stroke Deaths in the US (1960s vs. Today)

    Percentage of deaths due to stroke in the US has decreased. Stroke deaths were 10.95% in the late 1960s and 5.75% today.

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    Deaths due to accidents in the US (1960s vs. Today)

    Percentage of all deaths due to accidents has slightly decreased in the US. From 5.95% in the late 1960s to 5.03% today.

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    US Death Rate: Pneumonia and Influenza (1960s vs. Today)

    Percentage of deaths caused by pneumonia and influenza decreased from 3.81% in the late 1960s to 4.97% today.

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    Major Causes of Death: Early Infancy Diseases (1960s vs. Today)

    Percentage of deaths due to early infancy diseases in the US dropped significantly. Death rates are lower.

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    US Death Rate: Diabetes (1960s vs. Today)

    Percentage of deaths due to diabetes in the US, is higher today.

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    US Death Rate: Influenza and Pneumonia (1960s vs. Today)

    Percentage of deaths due to influenza and pneumonia changed slightly. Data from the late 1960s to now shows an increase.

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    Theory of Planned Behavior Shortcomings

    The Theory of Planned Behavior, while influential, can be criticized for its ambiguity and lack of specificity in explaining motivations for certain behaviors.

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    Attitude toward Behavior

    A component of the Theory of Planned Behavior, representing the positive or negative evaluation of performing a specific behavior.

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    Subjective Norm

    In the Theory of Planned Behavior, the perceived social pressure to perform or not perform a behavior.

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    Perceived Behavioral Control

    A key component of the Theory of Planned Behavior; it reflects a person's belief in their ability to perform a behavior successfully(self-efficacy).

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    Blood Donation

    An act of voluntarily giving blood to help others.

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    Smoking

    The act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke produced when burning tobacco.

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    Exercising

    Physical activity performed to improve or maintain health.

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    Condom Use

    Using a barrier to prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies.

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    Nonrational thought processes

    Decision-making processes influenced by desires, preferences, or biased cognitive biases, rather than logic; information is selectively accepted/rejected.

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    Illogical thought patterns

    Cognitive processes that do not follow the rules of consistent reasoning, for example, ignoring medical advice when managing chronic illnesses.

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    Defense mechanisms

    Strategies employed to avoid dealing with stressful information.

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    Risk denial

    Refusal to acknowledge a potential risk.

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    Risky behavior willingness

    The degree to which a person is inclined to engage in a risky action.

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    Emotional factors

    Stress, emotions impacting decision processes and thought patterns; potentially influencing decisions.

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    Irrelevant information

    Data or aspects that are not relevant in assessing the risks of the behavior.

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    Stages of Change Model

    A model that describes different mental states related to behavior change.

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    Precontemplation Stage

    The stage where a person isn't considering changing a behavior.

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    Matching Strategies

    Tailoring interventions to the individual's current stage of behavior change.

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    Behavior Change

    The process of modifying a habit or action.

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    Intervention

    Strategies or actions taken to promote behavior change.

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    Individual's Needs

    Characteristics that dictate an individual's current state of mind in the process of change.

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    Irrational/Unwise Decisions

    Decisions related to health that aren't logical or optimal.

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    Study Notes

    • Death rates from cardiovascular disease (heart disease) have decreased significantly since the late 1960s, from 38.59% to 23.53% of all deaths.
    • Malignancies (cancer) have also seen a change from 16.50% to 22.52% of all deaths.
    • Conversely, chronic lower respiratory diseases (like emphysema) have become a more significant cause of death, rising from a relatively minor cause to 5.75% of all deaths.
    • Accidents, stroke, pneumonia/influenza, early infancy diseases, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, COPD (lung disease), liver disease, and kidney disease have also shown changes in their prevalence as leading causes of death.
    • The data displays percentage of all deaths attributed to each of the top 10 causes in the late 1960s and present day, illustrating shifts in the overall mortality landscape.
    • Following healthy habits, such as exercising, eating balanced diets, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol, can extend lifespan by 12 years.
    • Children's health behaviors are often influenced by observations and encouragement from family members.
    • Social factors significantly impact health-related behaviors. Friends and family can encourage or discourage habits like smoking and exercising through modelling, praise, or complaints.
    • Gender differences can be attributed to these social influences.

    Factors Influencing Health Behavior

    • Symptoms affect individuals' responses to wellness issues, ranging from ignoring to seeking immediate care.
    • People adjust their daily habits to mitigate perceived health challenges, for example, using dietary control for symptoms.
    • Health behaviors are influenced by factors like perceived threat/risk, perceived benefits/barriers, and cues to action.
    • Personal factors (age, sex, ethnicity, social class) and prior experiences influence health perceptions and actions.

    Cognitive Influences on Health Behaviors

    • Knowledge of the health problem and the ability to implement positive changes are crucial to health behaviors.
    • People evaluate the risk of developing a health problem, and their perceived threat of the problem and associated action costs/benefits dictate if they act on the risk.
    • Reminders or alerts (cues) about health issues increase the likelihood of taking action.

    Stages of Change Model

    • The Stages of Change Model describes people's mindset during behavior change, suggesting that four distinct stages with varied focal points may be more effective.
    • Matching interventions to a person's specific stage of change is essential to promote advancement.

    Emotional and Non-Rational Thought Processes

    • Emotional factors like stress can impact decision-making processes. Anxiety or stress might influence the acceptance of treatment for a chronic illness like diabetes. or the likelihood of denying personal risk to a health problem.
    • People might use non-rational thought processes, focusing on confirming information and ignoring disconfirming evidence, when faced with health decisions.
    • For example, people might prioritize attractive characteristics over perceived risks related to a behavior.
    • People respond to heightened situations involving risk differently from predictable patterns, making the intention/behaviour aspect alone insufficient for understanding their actions. A person's likelihood to engage in a risk-taking behavior depends on factors including subjective norms, attitudes towards the behavior, prior experience, and social image.

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    Description

    Explore the significant changes in mortality rates in the US, particularly focusing on the decline of cardiovascular disease and the rise of chronic lower respiratory diseases. This quiz examines shifts in leading causes of death from the late 1960s to present day. Test your knowledge on this evolving landscape of health-related concerns.

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