Mortality Patterns and Determinants
55 Questions
0 Views

Mortality Patterns and Determinants

Created by
@BetterThanExpectedLime6421

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is defined as the average risk of dying of a person in a group during a specified period?

  • Demographics
  • Fertility
  • Mortality (correct)
  • Migration

    • Which factor does NOT impact mortality patterns?

  • Cultural beliefs
  • Demographic structure
  • Endogenetics
  • Personal preference (correct)

    • Endogenetics and exogenetics are types of factors that influence what aspect of population changes?

  • Economic growth
  • Migration rates
  • Fertility rates
  • Mortality patterns (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT considered a determinant of mortality?

    <p>Physical activity levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three determinants of population change?

    <p>Fertility, Mortality, and Migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate the Crude Death Rate (CDR)?

    <p>CDR = P/D x 1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is not mentioned as a contributor to increased mortality rates?

    <p>Economic recession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected lifespan projected to be by the year 2050?

    <p>120 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was identified as the largest death risk in Vietnam in 2019?

    <p>Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for using the Crude Death Rate (CDR) formula?

    <p>Easily interpretable with minimum data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the age-specific death rate (ASDR) measure?

    <p>Probability of death at each age group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group has the highest reported mortality rate based on the characteristics mentioned?

    <p>Children and the elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'nDx' represent in the context of calculating the ASDR?

    <p>Number of deaths in the specified age interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mortality specifically refers to deaths that occur within the first month of life?

    <p>Neonatal mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The probability of dying before the fifth birthday is known as?

    <p>Under-5 mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines stillbirth in pregnancy?

    <p>Death of fetus after 28 weeks but before birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the early neonatal mortality rate defined?

    <p>Number of deaths during the first 7 days of life per 1000 live births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age range is associated with late neonatal mortality rate?

    <p>8 – 28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes foetal death?

    <p>Death prior to complete expulsion from the mother after conception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neonatal mortality is measured within which time frame after birth?

    <p>First 28 days of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR) measure?

    <p>Combination of stillbirths and deaths within the first week of life for a given region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula represents the calculation for Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?

    <p>Number of infants who died under one year / Total live births x 1000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a decrease in Infant Mortality Rate affect population distribution?

    <p>It influences population distribution by age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of healthcare does infant mortality serve as a sensitive indicator for?

    <p>The supply, use, and efficiency of healthcare services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary health problem directly impacting the mortality of children under one year of age?

    <p>Economic instability affecting family health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infant mortality rate significantly influenced by during the first few days after birth?

    <p>Age of the infant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which maternal factor is associated with a higher risk of childhood mortality?

    <p>Short birth interval of less than 24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does maternal age affect the risk of childhood mortality?

    <p>Younger mothers (under 18) and older mothers (over 40) have a higher risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the maternal mortality rate typically measure?

    <p>Number of deaths related to pregnancy per 100,000 live births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What birth order is associated with an elevated risk of childhood mortality?

    <p>Mother has four or more children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between maternal mortality rate (MMRate) and maternal mortality ratio (MMRatio)?

    <p>MMRate considers the number of women aged 15-49 in the calculation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In developed countries, why is the multiplying factor of 100,000 used for calculating maternal mortality ratio (MMRatio)?

    <p>To avoid fractions in calculations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a late maternal death?

    <p>Death from obstetric causes more than 42 days after pregnancy termination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes pregnancy-related death?

    <p>Death during pregnancy or within 30 days after termination, from any cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the maternal mortality ratio (MMRatio) primarily measure?

    <p>The number of maternal deaths relative to the number of live births.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the direct causes of maternal deaths?

    <p>Obstructed labour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is categorized as an indirect cause of maternal deaths?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these issues is NOT commonly associated with maternal mortality?

    <p>Appendicitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common direct causes of maternal deaths?

    <p>Eclampsia and infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is least likely to lead to maternal death under normal circumstances?

    <p>Asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is categorized as a direct obstetric death?

    <p>Death from severe bleeding during labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to maternal deaths in the context provided?

    <p>Access to safe surgical procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary direct cause of maternal death?

    <p>Severe bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes indirect obstetric deaths?

    <p>They are caused by previous existing conditions not related to pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered one of the three main factors contributing to maternal deaths?

    <p>Poor nutrition before pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct cause of maternal mortality?

    <p>Poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the three main factors contributing to maternal deaths?

    <p>Lack of antenatal care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indirect obstetric deaths are mainly caused by what?

    <p>Previous existing diseases or conditions aggravated by pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most likely associated with unsafe abortion leading to maternal mortality?

    <p>Lack of proper treatment and care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can contribute to maternal mortality through inadequate healthcare services?

    <p>Lack of information regarding reproductive health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is indicated to be at high risk for mortality?

    <p>Newborns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested to improve accessibility to healthcare services?

    <p>Economic status and living standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is negatively correlated with mortality rates?

    <p>Fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental condition is associated with higher mortality risks?

    <p>Polluted environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What usefulness does the mortality rate provide for planners?

    <p>Projecting future population size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • The World Health Organization (WHO) defines death as the permanent loss of all evidence of life after birth.
    • Mortality represents the average risk of death for a specific group during a given timeframe.
    • Mortality is one of the key components in population change, alongside fertility and migration.

    Factors of Mortality Patterns

    • Endogenetic factors are biological and internal influences on mortality.
    • Exogenetic factors are environmental and external influences on mortality.

    Determinants of Mortality

    • Demographic Structure: This includes factors like age and sex composition within a population.
    • Social Advancement: This encompasses factors like age of marriage, quality of healthcare, overall nutritional status, housing and sanitation conditions, literacy levels, religious beliefs, and social group customs.
    • Economic Development: This includes occupational factors, standard of living (per capita income), and the type of economy.

    Importance of Mortality

    • Crucial for population growth rate projections
    • Essential for research on the cause of death, epidemiology, and public health

    Sources of Mortality Data

    • National censuses
    • Demographic sample surveys
    • Crude Death Rate (CDR) used to analyze and interpret data

    Crude Death Rate (CDR) Formula

    • CDR = (Number of deaths in a population during a given year / Average population size during the year) x 1000

    Advantages of CDR

    • Minimum data required
    • Easy to interpret
    • Can be used to analyze different population segments

    Limitations of CDR

    • Cannot compare directly between populations with different age structures
    • Standardization necessary for accurate comparisons

    Factors Influencing Mortality Rate

    • Increases due to:
      • Natural disasters
      • Water shortages
      • Droughts
      • Food shortages
      • War and conflict
      • Epidemics (e.g., COVID-19)
    • Differences in mortality rate between developing and developed countries
    • Differences in mortality by age group (e.g., children vs. elderly)

    Example of CDR in Vietnam

    • Stroke is the leading cause of death in Vietnam
    • CDR in 2019

    Changes in Life Expectancy

    • Life expectancy in 2011 was 72 years.
    • Projected life expectancy to reach 120 years by 2050.

    Age-Specific Death Rate (ASDR)

    • Expresses the number of deaths within a specific age group per 1,000 individuals in that same age group.
    • Calculated using the formula: ASDR = (nDx / nPx) * 1,000
      • nDx: Number of deaths between ages x and x+n during the year.
      • nPx: Number of individuals aged between x and x+n at the midpoint of the year.
    • Represents the probability of death within a specific age.
    • Allows direct comparison of mortality rates across different age groups.
    • Generally, males have higher ASDR than females.
    • ASDR is highest among children and elderly individuals.
    • The ASDR over the lifespan typically exhibits a U-shape or J-shape due to higher mortality rates in infancy and old age.

    Childhood Mortality Measures

    • Neonatal Mortality: Probability of death within the first month of life.
    • Postneonatal Mortality: Probability of death between the first month and the first birthday.
    • Infant Mortality: Probability of death before the first birthday.
    • Child Mortality: Probability of death between ages one and five.
    • Under-5 Mortality: Probability of death before the fifth birthday.

    Foetal Death

    • Foetal death occurs before a product of conception is expelled or extracted from the mother, regardless of the stage of pregnancy.

    Still Birth

    • A still birth occurs after a fetus completes 28 weeks of pregnancy until the time of birth.

    Reproductive Health Care Results

    • Access, use, and effectiveness are key aspects of reproductive health care.

    Neonatal Mortality

    • Neonatal mortality refers to the number of infant deaths within the first 28 days of life per 1000 live births in a specific year and region.
    • Early Neonatal Mortality Rate: Represents deaths during the first seven days of life per 1000 live births.
    • Late Neonatal Mortality Rate: Covers deaths from eight to 28 days after birth.
    • Neonatal mortality is significantly impacted by childcare practices in hospitals.

    Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR)

    • Represents the number of stillbirths or late fetal deaths (after 28 weeks gestation) plus deaths within the first week of life per 1000 live births in a specific year and location.
    • Calculated by: (Fetal deaths after 28 weeks + deaths of newborns within 7 days) / Total live births x 1000
    • Influenced by factors such as pregnancy management, obstetric techniques, and neonatal care.

    Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

    • Represents the number of infants dying under one year of age per 1000 live births in a specific year and location.
    • Calculated by: (Number of infants who died before completing one year) / Total live births x 1000
    • A decrease in IMR can impact population distribution by age.
    • IMR is also linked to fertility rates.

    Significance of IMR

    • Serves as an indicator of a region's economic, cultural, and social development.
    • A crucial measure to assess the supply, use, and effectiveness of healthcare services.

    Infant Mortality

    • The death rate is highest in the first few days after birth.
    • The percentage of infants that die within the first year of life is a strong indicator of a country's overall health.

    Maternal Factors

    • Short Birth Interval: Mothers who give birth less than 24 months after a previous birth have a higher risk of child mortality.
    • Mother's Age: Children born to mothers under 18 or over 40 years old are at an increased risk of death.
    • High Birth Order: Having four or more children increases the risk of childhood mortality.

    Maternal Mortality Rate

    • This rate measures the number of women dying during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy per 100,000 live births.
    • The rate signifies the risk associated with each pregnancy.

    Maternal Mortality Rate (MMRate)

    • MMRate is the number of maternal deaths per 1,000 women aged 15-49 in a given year.

    Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMRatio)

    • MMRatio is the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in a given year.
    • Developed countries use a multiplier of 100,000 to avoid fractions when calculating MMR.

    Late Maternal Death

    • A late maternal death is the death of a woman from direct or indirect obstetric causes more than 42 days but less than one year after termination of pregnancy.
    • A pregnancy-related death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 2 months of termination of pregnancy, regardless of the cause of death.

    Mortality Rates

    • Mortality rate: Average risk of dying within a specified time period for a group.
    • Factors impacting mortality rates: Endogenetics (genetics), exogenetics (environment), socioeconomic conditions, lifestyle, healthcare access, and infectious diseases.
    • Determinants of mortality: Age, sex, socioeconomic status, occupation, and geographical location.
    • Crude Death Rate (CDR) formula: (Number of deaths in a year / Total mid-year population) x 1000.
    • Age-specific death rate (ASDR): Measures the death rate within a specific age group.
    • nDx: Number of deaths in a particular age group.
    • Early neonatal mortality rate: Deaths within the first month of life.
    • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) formula: (Number of deaths under one year of age / Number of live births) x 1000.
    • Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR): Measures deaths during the perinatal period (from 28th week of pregnancy to 7 days after birth).
    • Stillbirth: Death of a fetus at or after 28 weeks gestation.
    • Late neonatal mortality rate: Deaths within the 28th and 56th day after birth.
    • Foetal death: Death of a fetus prior to the 28th week of gestation.
    • Neonatal mortality: Measured within the first four weeks (28 days) of life.
    • Infant mortality rate: A sensitive indicator of healthcare quality, socioeconomic factors, and maternal health.
    • Childhood mortality: Risk factors include malnutrition, infectious diseases, and access to healthcare.
    • Maternal mortality rate (MMR): Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
    • Maternal mortality ratio (MMR): Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
    • Late maternal death: Occurs after 42 days (6 weeks) of childbirth.
    • Pregnancy-related death: Occurs during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of childbirth.
    • Direct maternal deaths: Caused by complications of pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum.
    • Indirect maternal deaths: Caused by pre-existing conditions that worsen during pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum.

    Population Changes

    • Endogenetics and exogenetics: Influence population changes.
    • Three determinants of population change: Births, deaths, and migration.

    Projections and Statistics

    • Life expectancy projection for 2050: 80 years old.
    • Leading cause of death in Vietnam (2019): Non-communicable diseases.
    • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): A decrease leads to a higher proportion of younger people in the population.

    Other Factors

    • Maternal age and childhood mortality: Increased risk at younger and older maternal ages.
    • Birth order and childhood mortality: Increased risk for first and last born children.
    • Multiplying factor of 100,000 for MMRatio in developed countries: Represents the larger population base, making the rate more comparable across countries.
    • Common direct causes of maternal deaths: Hemorrhage, infection, eclampsia, obstructed labor, and unsafe abortion.
    • Condition least likely to lead to maternal death: Gestational Diabetes.
    • Indirect causes of maternal deaths: Hypertension, anemia, HIV/AIDS, and heart disease.
    • Issues not commonly associated with maternal mortality: Obesity, mental disorders, genetic disorders.

    Maternal Death Causes

    • Eclampsia, severe bleeding, obstructed labour, unsafe abortion, and infection are primary causes of maternal deaths.
    • Indirect causes are related to pre-existing or pregnancy-aggravated health conditions.
    • Lack of antenatal and delivery care, and unsafe abortions are significant contributing factors to these deaths.

    Direct Obstetric Deaths

    • Result from complications during pregnancy, childbirth, or the postpartum period.
    • Caused by medical interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment, or a chain of events related to these factors.

    Indirect Obstetric Deaths

    • Result from pre-existing health conditions or diseases that develop during pregnancy.
    • These conditions are not directly related to obstetric causes.
    • They may be aggravated by the physiological changes of pregnancy.

    Direct Causes of Maternal Death

    • Eclampsia
    • Severe bleeding
    • Obstructed labor
    • Unsafe abortion
    • Infection

    Indirect Causes of Maternal Death

    • Existing or pregnancy-related diseases not directly caused by obstetric factors
    • Conditions exacerbated by pregnancy's physiological effects

    Main Contributing Factors for Maternal Deaths

    • Lack of antenatal care
    • Lack of delivery care
    • Unsafe abortion

    Other Causes of Maternal Mortality

    • Unsafe abortion
    • Early marriage
    • Poverty
    • Lack of proper treatment
    • Postpartum hemorrhage
    • Infection
    • Parity
    • Age
    • Distance to healthcare facilities
    • Lack of information
    • Inadequate and poor-quality healthcare services
    • Cultural beliefs and practices

    High-Risk Mortality and Demographic Structure

    • Age: Newborns and elderly individuals are at higher risk of mortality.
    • Sex: Life expectancy at birth differs between men and women.
    • Fertility: Lower fertility rates are associated with higher mortality.
    • Economic Status and Living Standard: Improved economic status enables better access to healthcare services, reducing mortality.
    • Medical Development and Healthcare: Advancements in medical technology and healthcare infrastructure contribute to reduced mortality.
      • Prevention and control measures play a key role.
      • Healthcare insurance enhances access to healthcare services.
    • Environment:
      • Pollution negatively affects overall health and increases mortality rates.
      • Mortality rates tend to be higher in rural areas compared to urban areas.
      • Mountainous regions generally have higher mortality rates than plains.
    • Occupation:
      • Certain dangerous occupations expose individuals to higher mortality risks.
      • Specific illnesses and health conditions are linked to particular professions.

    Uses of Mortality Rate

    • Population Projections: Mortality rates are essential for predicting future population sizes.
    • Identifying High-Risk Groups: Mortality data helps identify populations at higher risk of death, allowing for targeted health interventions.
    • Quality of Life Indicators: Mortality rates serve as indicators of overall quality of life and life expectancy at birth.
    • Planning and Policymaking: Mortality data informs planning decisions for healthcare services, insurance companies, and other stakeholders.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz explores the concepts of mortality as defined by the WHO, covering the factors that influence mortality patterns and the various determinants involved. Learn about endogenetic and exogenetic factors, as well as the role of demographic structure, social advancement, and economic development in shaping mortality rates.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser