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Questions and Answers
What is the main characteristic of lexical words?
Closed class words are categories that regularly accept new members.
False
What is compounding in word formation?
Combining two or more words to form a new word.
Prefixes are added to the _______________________ of a word.
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Match the word formation processes with their descriptions:
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What is the function of the suffix '-ness'?
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Acronyms are always pronounced as individual letters.
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What is the main difference between present perfect simple and present perfect continuous?
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The suffix '-ly' is used to form an _______________ from an adjective.
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Match the following tenses with their uses in storytelling:
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Study Notes
Morphology
- Concerned with the internal organization of words and studies the minimal units of meaning and word-formation processes.
Lexical Words
- Include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
- Carry semantic content.
- Can stand alone in a sentence.
- Are open class words.
Function Words
- Include prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, pronouns, and auxiliary verbs.
- Carry grammatical information rather than meaning.
- Help to construct the grammatical framework of a sentence.
- Are closed class words.
Difference between Lexical and Function Words
- Lexical words carry significant meaning and contribute to the content of the sentence.
- Function words provide grammatical structure and relational meaning.
Open and Closed Class Systems
- Open class words: categories that regularly accept new members.
- Closed class words: categories that do not readily accept new members.
Word Formation Processes
- Compounding: combining two or more words (e.g., toothbrush).
- Derivation: adding prefixes or suffixes to a base word (e.g., unhappy, happiness).
- Inflection: modifying a word to express different grammatical categories (e.g., walked, cats).
- Clipping: shortening a longer word (e.g., exam from examination).
- Blending: combining parts of two words to create a new word (e.g., brunch from breakfast and lunch).
- Acronyms and Initialisms: forming words from the initial letters of a phrase (e.g., NASA, FBI).
- Conversion: changing the word class without changing the form (e.g., to text, from a noun to a verb).
Prefixes and Suffixes
- Prefixes: added to the beginning of a word (e.g., "un-", "re-").
- Suffixes: added to the end of a word (e.g., "-ness", "-able").
- Affixes that change the word class: suffixes like "-ness" (noun from adjective), "-ment" (noun from verb), and "-ly" (adverb from adjective).
Typical Suffixes for Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verbs
- Nouns: -ness, -ment, -tion, -ity
- Adjectives: -ful, -less, -able, -ous
- Adverbs: -ly, -wise
- Verbs: -ize, -ify
Acronyms, Initialisms, and Abbreviations
- Acronyms: pronounced as a word and formed from initial letters (e.g., NASA).
- Initialisms: pronounced as individual letters (e.g., FBI).
- Abbreviations: shortened forms of words (e.g., "Dr." for "Doctor").
Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous
- Present perfect simple: focuses on the result or completion of an action (e.g., "I have finished my homework.").
- Present perfect continuous: emphasizes the duration or ongoing nature of an action (e.g., "I have been studying for three hours.").
Narrative Tenses
- Include past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous.
- Each tense has a different use in storytelling:
- Past simple: describes completed actions.
- Past continuous: describes ongoing actions in the past.
- Past perfect: describes actions completed before another action in the past.
- Past perfect continuous: emphasizes the duration of an action before another action in the past.
State Verbs and Dynamic Verbs
- State verbs: describe states or conditions.
- Dynamic verbs: describe actions or processes.
Demonstrative Pronouns and Determiners
- Demonstrative pronouns: replace nouns (e.g., "This is mine.").
- Demonstrative determiners: modify nouns (e.g., "This book...").
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Description
Explore the world of words! Learn about the internal organization of words, lexical and function words, and their main characteristics in this linguistics quiz.
