Morphology of Flowering Plants
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Questions and Answers

Which type of leaf is characterized by having a single leaf blade?

  • Simple leaf (correct)
  • Palmately compound leaf
  • Pinnately compound leaf
  • Compound leaf
  • What is the unique feature of the leaflets in a compound leaf?

  • They do not bear axillary buds in their axil. (correct)
  • They are all attached to a common point.
  • They are divided into small segments.
  • They bear axillary buds in their axil.
  • Which arrangement of leaves involves a single leaf at each node?

  • Clustered arrangement
  • Whorled arrangement
  • Opposite arrangement
  • Alternate arrangement (correct)
  • What term describes leaves that arise in pairs from each node?

    <p>Opposite leaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of leaf modification is found in xerophytic plants like Opuntia?

    <p>Leaf spines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the primary function of root hairs?

    <p>They increase the surface area for absorption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the meristematic region of the root?

    <p>It has thin-walled, actively dividing cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which region of the root is primarily involved in the elongation of root cells?

    <p>Region of elongation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do roots typically respond to light?

    <p>They grow away from light sources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region do lateral roots develop from the primary root?

    <p>Region of maturation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the root cap serve?

    <p>It protects the root apex during soil penetration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the roots' geotropic response?

    <p>Roots grow towards the gravitational pull. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes the root from other parts of the plant?

    <p>Roots produce only similar organs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stipules and what role do they play in a leaf?

    <p>Lateral outgrowths that protect the bud and perform photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes petiolate leaves from non-petiolate leaves?

    <p>Petiolate leaves possess a petiole, while non-petiolate do not (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of venation features veins arranged in a net-like pattern?

    <p>Reticulate venation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the petiole in a leaf?

    <p>To connect the lamina with the branch and enhance exposure to light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining feature of dorsiventral leaves?

    <p>A distinct difference between the ventral and dorsal surfaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are stipulates found on a leaf?

    <p>At the leaf base, often beside the axillary bud (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leaves have veins that run parallel to each other?

    <p>Parallel venation leaves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional role does the lamina play in a leaf?

    <p>Is responsible for photosynthesis and gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root is described as swollen and fleshy, and serves primarily for food storage?

    <p>Fusiform root (A), Napiform root (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function does the stem NOT perform?

    <p>Root anchorage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant is defined as the ascending part of the plant axis that develops from the plumule?

    <p>Stem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bud develops into branches?

    <p>Vegetative bud (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modification of stem is primarily used for storage?

    <p>Rhizome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of stems indicates they can produce dissimilar organs?

    <p>Nodes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root has a characteristic shape and is illustrated by vegetables like carrots?

    <p>Conical root (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the orientation of stems in relation to light?

    <p>Positively phototropic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tubers?

    <p>Vegetative propagation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about bulbs?

    <p>They have a central apical bud. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which underground modification grows horizontally?

    <p>Rhizome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates tubers from rhizomes?

    <p>Tubers have eyes that sprout aerial shoots. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bulb is formed when fleshy scale leaves surround the apical bud in concentric rings?

    <p>Tunicated bulb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of a leaf primarily specialized for?

    <p>Photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT true about leaves?

    <p>Leaves possess an apical bud. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of underground modification does NOT store food material?

    <p>Bulb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of roots in plants?

    <p>Anchorage and absorption of water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a tap root system?

    <p>The primary root grows vertically with branching (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants is an example of having a tap root?

    <p>Carrot (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root system is known for developing from the base of the stem in monocots?

    <p>Adventitious root system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common modification of tap roots?

    <p>Respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of roots may perform photosynthesis?

    <p>Modified roots (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of adventitious root systems?

    <p>They grow very deep into the soil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of fibrous root systems?

    <p>They consist of a cluster of equal sized roots (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Root Cap

    The tip of the root that's covered by a protective, multi-celled cap, like a helmet.

    Meristematic Region

    The small, rapidly dividing region just below the root cap.

    Region of Elongation

    The area above the meristematic region where cells elongate rapidly, pushing the root deeper into the soil.

    Region of Root Hairs

    The area covered in thin, hair-like projections called 'root hairs' that absorb water and minerals from the soil.

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    Region of Maturation

    The main part of the root where specialized cells perform different functions, like anchoring the plant and conducting water.

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    What's the term for root growth towards gravity?

    It's the root's ability to grow downwards towards gravity.

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    What's the term for root growth towards water?

    It's the root's tendency to grow towards water.

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    What's the term for root growth away from light?

    It's the root's tendency to grow away from light.

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    Tap Root

    The main root that develops from the radicle during seed germination. It's the foundation of the tap root system.

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    Tap Root System

    A branched structure of roots formed by the tap root and its branches.

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    Adventitious Roots

    Roots that develop from any part other than the radicle, like the stem, nodes or leaves.

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    Adventitious Root System

    A cluster of equally sized roots that develop from the base of the stem in monocots. It's known for its fibrous appearance.

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    Storage of food

    A modification where roots become fleshy or swollen to store food materials. Examples include carrots, radishes and sweet potatoes.

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    Respiration

    A modification where roots perform respiration, absorbing oxygen from the air. Examples include some submerged plants.

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    Support

    A modification where roots provide support to the plant. Examples include roots in climbing plants or corn.

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    Special Functions

    Specialized roots that perform unique functions, such as absorbing moisture from the air (aerial roots) or facilitating gas exchange.

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    Stem

    The main axis of the shoot system, which is the aerial part of the plant body. It develops from the plumule and is typically negatively hydrotropic, negatively geotropic, and positively phototropic. It also exhibits nodes and internodes, producing leaves, flowers, branches, and conducting water, minerals, and food throughout the plant.

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    Modified Taproot

    A swelling of the taproot due to the storage of food and water. Depending on the shape, they can be classified as fusiform (spindle-shaped), conical (cone-shaped), or napiform (turnip-shaped).

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    Terminal Bud

    A structure at the tip of the stem or branches that contains meristematic tissue, responsible for growth in the length of the stem.

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    Axillary Bud

    A bud located in the axil of a leaf, capable of developing into a branch, leaf, flower, or other organs.

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    Rhizome

    A specialized type of stem that grows horizontally underground, serving as an energy storage and propagation mechanism.

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    Runner

    A type of stem that grows horizontally above ground, spreading out and producing new plants.

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    Tuber

    A specialized stem that grows underground, serving as a food storage organ.

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    Tendril

    A modified stem that aids in climbing, often thin and thread-like, wrapping around a support.

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    Bulb

    A modified, underground stem with fleshy scale leaves used for food storage and vegetative propagation. The stem itself does not store food.

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    Tunicated Bulb

    A type of bulb where the fleshy scale leaves completely surround the apical bud in rings, giving it a layered appearance.

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    Scaly Bulb

    A type of bulb where the fleshy scale leaves overlap only at their margins, leaving the bud partly exposed.

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    Leaf

    A thin, flat, green structure attached to the stem at a node, specialized for photosynthesis. It's responsible for making food for the plant.

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    Chlorophyll

    The green pigment in leaves that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.

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    Leaf Base

    The bottommost part of a leaf, connecting it to the stem or branch. In monocots, it may expand into a sheath that partially or fully covers the stem.

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    Stipules

    Small, paired structures found at the base of some leaves, on either side of the axillary bud. They help protect the bud and perform photosynthesis.

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    Stipulate Leaves

    Leaves with stipules.

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    Ex-stipulate Leaves

    Leaves without stipules.

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    Petiole

    The stalk that connects the leaf blade (lamina) to the stem or branch.

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    Petiolate Leaves

    Leaves with a petiole.

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    Non-petiolate or Sessile Leaves

    Leaves without a petiole.

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    Lamina or Leaf Blade

    The broad, flat part of the leaf, responsible for photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transpiration.

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    Simple Leaf

    A leaf with a single, undivided blade, like the leaves of mango, peepal, or papaya.

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    Compound Leaf

    A leaf with a blade divided into several smaller segments called leaflets, like those found on a gold mohur tree.

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    Pinnately Compound Leaf

    A compound leaf where leaflets are arranged along a central axis called the rachis, like a feather.

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    Palmately Compound Leaf

    A compound leaf where leaflets are all attached to a single point at the tip of the petiole, like fingers on a palm.

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    Alternate leaf arrangement

    A leaf arrangement where one leaf grows at each node of the stem, like in sunflower, mango, or china rose.

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    Study Notes

    Morphology of Flowering Plants

    • Flowering plants are composed of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds.
    • Each part plays a specific role in the plant's survival and reproduction.

    Morphology of Roots

    • Definition: The descending part of the plant axis.
    • Geotropism: Positively geotropic (grows towards gravity).
    • Hydrotropism: Positively hydrotropic (grows towards water).
    • Phototropism: Negatively phototropic (grows away from light).
    • Development: Develops from the radicle of the embryo during seed germination.
    • Structure: Non-green and cylindrical.
    • Organ Production: Produces only similar organs (secondary and tertiary roots).
    • Nodes and Internodes: Does not exhibit nodes and internodes.

    Regions of the Root

    • Root Cap: Protects the tender apex, secretes mucilage to lubricate passage through soil.
    • Meristematic Region: A small region with densely packed dividing cells, responsible for growth.
    • Region of Elongation: Lies above the meristematic region; cells elongate rapidly, increasing root length. Helps absorb mineral salts.
    • Region of Maturation/Differentiation: The major part of the root; enlarged cells differentiate into various tissues (e.g., cortex, endodermis, xylem, phloem). Conducts absorbed substances and creates lateral roots.
    • Region of Root Hairs: The outer layer has numerous root hairs that increase the surface area for absorption.

    Functions of Roots

    • Primary: Anchoring, absorbing water and minerals from the soil, conduction of absorbed materials.
    • Secondary (Modifications): Storage of food, photosynthesis, respiration, moisture absorption, in some cases.

    Types of Root Systems

    • Taproot:
      • Develops from the radicle.
      • Primary root is the main root.
      • Secondary and tertiary roots branch off.
      • Typically found in dicots.
      • Grows vertically downwards or obliquely or horizontally outwards.
    • Adventitious:
      • Develops from any part of the plant other than the radicle.
      • Often found in monocots.
      • Forms a dense network of equal sized roots.
    • Modified taproots and adventitious systems can be further specialized for specific functions (e.g., storage of food, support).

    Morphology of Stems

    • Definition: The ascending part of the plant axis.
    • Position: Develops from the plumule.
    • Directional Growth: Usually negatively hydrotropic, negatively geotropic, and positively phototropic.
    • Buds: Bears terminal and axillary buds for growth.
    • Nodes and Internodes: Differentiated into nodes (where buds and leaves develop) and internodes (regions between nodes).
    • Organ Origin: Produces dissimilar organs (leaves and flowers) and similar organs (branches) exogenously from the outer tissue.
    • Photosynthesis: The young stem is green and capable of performing photosynthesis.

    Functions of Stems

    • Primary: Produce lateral appendages, conduct water and minerals, transport food.
    • Secondary (Modifications): Store food and water, propagation/proliferation, support for climbing, photosynthesis.

    Types of Modified Stems

    • Underground: Rhizome, tuber, corm, bulb.
    • Sub-aerial: Runner, stolon, offset, sucker.
    • Aerial: Tendril, thorn, phylloclade, cladode, bulbil.

    Morphology of Leaves

    • Structure: A lateral appendage of the stem, flattened and green.
    • Origin: Exogenous in origin
    • Site of Attachment: Located at the node, and axillary bud may be present in its axil.
    • Function: Specialized to perform photosynthesis, possessing limited growth.
    • Parts of Leaf:
      • Leaf base: The part attached to the stem/branch.
      • Petiole: Connects the leaf blade to the stem/branch.
      • Lamina (Leaf blade): the flattened, green part. Vital for photosynthesis, gaseous exchange, and transpiration.
      • Venation: Arrangement of veins and veinlets within the lamina.
        • Reticulate: Network of veins in dicots
        • Parallel: Veins run parallel to each other in monocots.
    • Types:
      • Simple Leaf: A single leaf blade.
      • Compound Leaf: Leaf blade divided into leaflets or pinnae.
        • Pinnately Compound: Leaflets attached on each side of the rachis.
        • Palmately Compound: Leaflets attached at a common point, like fingers of a palm.

    Arrangement of Leaves on Stem

    • Alternate: One leaf per node
    • Opposite: Two leaves per node, across from each other.
    • Whorled: More than two leaves per node, in a circular pattern.

    Modifications of Leaves

    • Leaf spines: Structures used for reduced transpiration in xerophytic plants (e.g., Opuntia).

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