Morphology and Structure of Bacteria

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Reproduction is the process of how organisms make more of ______.

themselves

Reproduction can happen by ______ reproduction, or asexual reproduction.

sexual

Bacteria reproduce by binary ______.

fission

When bacteria have ideal conditions, some bacteria can reproduce in as little as ______ minutes.

<p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

One bacterium can become ______ bacteria.

<p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria forming blue-green ______.

<p>algae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyanobacteria are primarily found in soil, fresh water, and ______ water.

<p>salty</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyanobacteria produce a major share of ______ present in the atmosphere.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some species of cyanobacteria co-exist with fungi to form an ecological system called ______.

<p>lichen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blue-green algae are the most primitive organisms in the plant ______.

<p>kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell wall in blue-green algae may have 2-3 ______.

<p>layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner layer of the cell wall of cyanobacteria lies between the outer layer and the ______.

<p>plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell wall is formed of polysaccharide and ______.

<p>mucopeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

The plasma membrane is composed of lympholipid and ______.

<p>lipoprotein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plasma membranes are selectively ______ membranes.

<p>permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a perfectly competitive market, the firm is a price taker and the ______ is a price maker.

<p>industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Axore bacteria fixes atmospheric ______ in the soil for fixing.

<p>nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactobacillus helps to ferment lactose (glucose) to ______.

<p>lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a perfectly competitive market, there is free entry and ______ of firms.

<p>exit</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria that cause disease are commonly called ______ bacteria.

<p>pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The industry is faced with a ______ demand curve.

<p>horizontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria that do not cause any form of disease when they are in the right site or location are considered ______.

<p>non pathogenic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Streptomyces is used to produce ______ used in the treatment of infectious diseases.

<p>streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vibrio cholerae is one of the bacteria that causes ______.

<p>cholera</p> Signup and view all the answers

This means that all buyers and sellers have access to all ______ information.

<p>relevant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Methanogenic bacteria is used in ______ treatment.

<p>sewage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria that helps in the production of antibiotics used to treat infectious diseases is called ______.

<p>Streptomyces</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes ______.

<p>tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The slope is ______, meaning it can sell any quantity for the same price.

<p>zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clostridium tetani causes ______.

<p>tetanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

This ensures that there is no room for ______ or monopolies.

<p>deception</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rod-shaped bacteria can be numerous (e.g. ______)

<p>Bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

______-shaped bacteria are referred to as Vibrio.

<p>Comma</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell wall of bacteria is made of complex ______.

<p>peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

All prokaryotic organisms have a ______ wall.

<p>cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

The plasma membrane is present below the cell ______.

<p>wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria are regarded as ______ organisms that have the capacity to survive on various environments or ecological habitats.

<p>microscopic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria are usually surrounded by two protective coverings: the outer cell wall and inner cell ______.

<p>membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

The majority of the bacteria are ______.

<p>unicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

They exhibit both autotrophic and ______ modes of nutrition.

<p>heterotrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Autotrophic bacteria are the ones that derive nutrition from the ______ substances, and they take in carbon and hydrogen.

<p>inorganic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mucilaginous layer gives protection against the injurious factors of the ______.

<p>environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lamellus contains pigments such as ______, carotenoids, and xanthophyll.

<p>chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

The mucilaginous layer is the ______ covering of the eukaryotic cell.

<p>outermost</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sunlight is an important factor for ______ cells.

<p>eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleolus is centrally located in the cytoplasm and stores a ______ structure.

<p>fibrillar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Characteristics of Bacteria

  • Bacteria are microscopic organisms that can survive in various environments or ecological habitats.
  • They are typically prokaryotes and can live in complex and stressful environments.
  • They have two protective coverings: the outer cell wall and inner cell membrane.
  • Most bacteria are unicellular and can exhibit both autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition.

Morphology of Bacteria

  • Bacteria can have different shapes, including:
    • Rod-shaped (e.g., Bacillus)
    • Comma-shaped (e.g., Vibrio)
    • Spiral

Structure of Bacteria Cell

  • The cell membrane is made of complex peptidoglycan and covers the cell membrane.
  • The cell wall is present in all prokaryotic organisms (bacteria) and:
    • Protects and gives shape to the cell
    • Is composed of peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides, and some proteins
  • The plasma membrane is present below the cell wall and is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Reproduction

  • Bacteria reproduce by binary fission.
  • Under ideal conditions, some bacteria can reproduce in as little as 20 minutes.
  • One bacterium can become two bacteria.

Beneficial and Harmful Aspects of Bacteria

  • Bacteria are divided into numerous groups, including:
    • Pathogenic bacteria (cause disease)
    • Non-pathogenic bacteria (do not cause disease)
  • Examples of diseases caused by bacteria include:
    • Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)
    • Salmonella typha
    • Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
    • Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Specific Types of Bacteria

  • Azore bacteria: fix atmospheric nitrogen in soil
  • Lactobacillus: ferment lactose to lactic acid
  • Streptomyces: produce streptomycin (antibiotics) for treatment of infectious diseases
  • Methanogenic bacteria: used in sewage treatment

Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)

  • These are photosynthetic bacteria that form blue-green algae.
  • They are found in soil, fresh water, and salty water.
  • They are unicellular and important in the food chain.
  • They produce a major share of oxygen in the atmosphere and serve as food for fish.

Structure of Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)

  • The cell wall has 2-3 layers and is composed of polysaccharide and mucopeptide.
  • The plasma membrane is selective and permeable.
  • The mucilaginous layer provides protection to the protoplasm cells against environmental factors.
  • The cytoplasm contains structures such as lamellae, which contain pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids, xanthophyll).
  • The nucleoplasm contains a nucleolus or maternal structure that stores a fibrillar structure.

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