31 Questions
How do protists obtain nutrients?
Ingesting packets of food
What process can help decrease atmospheric CO2 levels?
Photosynthesis
Which of the following is NOT a morphological innovation evolved in protists?
Cell wall
When did the origin of mitochondria through endosymbiosis occur?
2 billion years ago
How did the earliest eukaryotes likely move?
Swimming using flagella
What are the two growth forms of fungi?
Single-celled and multicellular
What are hyphae?
Long, narrow filaments of mycelium
What is the function of septa in fungal filaments?
To allow rapid movement of nutrients throughout the mycelium
What is a characteristic feature of coenocytic fungi?
Scattered nuclei throughout the mycelium
How are fungi related in terms of evolution to land plants and animals?
More closely related to animals than to land plants
Which lineage of fungi is responsible for rotting fruits and vegetables?
Zygomycetes
Which lineage of fungi comprises the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi?
Glomeromycota
Which lineage of fungi encompasses the 'club fungi'?
Basidiomycota
Which lineage of fungi is common in freshwater and many have enzymes for digesting cellulose?
Chytrids
Which lineage of fungi encompasses the 'sac fungi'?
Ascomycota
What makes fungal infections more difficult to treat than bacterial infections in humans?
Recent shared ancestry resulting in similar cellular and molecular structures
Which type of mycorrhizal fungi grows inside root cell walls?
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Which fungal reproductive structure is characteristic of zygomycetes?
Cells from yoked hyphae fusing to form spore-producing structure
Which type of fungi is known for producing spores through basidia?
Basidiomycetes
What is the main reason why fungi often participate in symbiotic relationships with plants?
To obtain nutrients from the plants
Why are AMF (Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) also called endomycorrhizal fungi?
Because they grow inside root cell walls
Which method of gene transfer involves viruses picking up DNA from one prokaryotic cell and transferring it to another cell?
Transduction
Which type of bacteria has a plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall with extensive peptidoglycan?
Gram-positive bacteria
What type of photosynthesis, performed by cyanobacteria, significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere?
Oxygenic photosynthesis
Which lineage of bacteria are common in the human gut and aid in digestive processes?
Firmicutes
Which domain of life is characterized by having a membrane-bounded nucleus and more organelles than bacteria and archaea?
Domain Eukarya
Which group of eukaryotic lineages include Opisthokonta and Amoebozoa forming a monophyletic group?
Unikonta
Which term refers to all eukaryotes except land plants, fungi, and animals?
Protista
What is the main difficulty in defining overall patterns in protist evolution?
No common set of synapomorphies
How do most protists obtain food according to the text?
By phagocytosis
What distinguishes Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria according to the text?
Cell wall composition with extensive peptidoglycan in Gram-positive bacteria
Explore the basic body structures of fungi including single-celled yeasts and multicellular mycelia. Learn about hyphae, septa, coenocytic fungi, and how nutrients move within a fungal mycelium.
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