Moroccan Crisis 1905-1912

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary motive behind Wilhelm II's visit to Tangier in 1905?

To establish a German colony in Morocco

To challenge the Entente Cordiale through a military threat (correct)

To negotiate a trade agreement with the Sultan of Morocco

To express solidarity with the French in their colonial endeavors

What was the outcome of the Algeciras conference in 1906?

The Triple Entente was formed, including Britain, France, and Russia

Britain supported France, leading to French and Spanish officers being stationed in Morocco (correct)

Morocco gained independence from European powers

Germany gained control of Morocco

What was the result of the rebellion against Sultan Abdelhafid in 1911?

France established a protectorate over Morocco (correct)

Spain conquered Larache

Abdelhafid retained power with French and Spanish support

Germany gained control of Agadir

What did Germany receive as a consolation prize after the Agadir Crisis?

Neukamerun, a part of French Congo Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Fez in 1912?

France established a protectorate over Morocco Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Italian war with the Ottomans in 1911-1912?

Italy gained control of Libya Signup and view all the answers

What was the main event that occurred in 1754?

Russia concurred Siberia and expanded its colonialism Signup and view all the answers

What was the occupation of Bechuanalan in 1890-1895?

Prime Minister of Cape Colony Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 'exodus' and 'emigration'?

The presence of a controlling centre Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of a colony, according to Jurgen Osterhammel?

A new political organization created by invasion Signup and view all the answers

What was the main benefit Lobengula received from the 1888 treaty with Rhodes?

A thousand rifles with a hundred thousand cartridges and a steamboat on the Zambezi Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of colonial rulers, according to Jurgen Osterhammel?

To make fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonized people Signup and view all the answers

What was the main consequence of the annexation of Rhodesia for the Transvaal?

It was cut from the sea and German SW Africa Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the 1893 event mentioned in the text?

The defeat of Matabele and suicide of Lobengula Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between colonization and colony, according to the text?

There can be colonies without colonization Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the Second Boer War (1899-1902)?

The failure of diplomacy between the two white colonies Signup and view all the answers

What was the status of Australia, Canada, and India in 1822?

They were colonized by the UK Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of colonialism, according to Jurgen Osterhammel?

A relationship of domination between the colonizers and the colonized Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the region that became a British protectorate in 1890?

South of Zambezi Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the 1888 treaty between Lobengula and Rhodes?

Rhodes gained control over all metals and minerals in the kingdom Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 'border colonization' and European colonization?

The method of colonization, invasion or settlement Signup and view all the answers

What was the main consequence of the loss of footholds in India and North America for France?

France shifted its focus to the Pacific Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the region that became Zambia in 1964?

North Rhodesia Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of James Cook's first voyage?

It resulted in the mapping of New Zealand and the claim of land for Britain Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason behind the establishment of a new penal colony in Australia?

The need for a new site for the transportation of convicts from Britain Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Algeria's territory did Abd al-Qādir control in 1839?

Two-thirds Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate number of convicts transported to Australia by 1777?

40,000 Signup and view all the answers

What was the basis for granting French citizenship in Algeria in 1865?

Religion Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the convicts liberated after some years in Australia?

Only 1 in 14 of them returned home, while the rest started a new life Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the white settlement on the Aboriginal population?

The Aboriginal population declined steeply due to disease, resettlement, and cultural disintegration Signup and view all the answers

What was the name given to the European settlers in Algeria?

Pieds-noirs Signup and view all the answers

Which event led to France being awarded Tunisia in 1878?

Russo-Turkish War Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the territorial expansion of Australia?

The establishment of six separate colonies Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for Britain's opposition to the construction of the Suez Canal?

Concerns about the canal's impact on British India Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the year 1901 in Australian history?

It was the year when the Commonwealth of Australia was formed Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the introduction of cotton in Egypt in 1820?

It marked the beginning of Egypt's economic dependence on Europe Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the 1876 bankruptcy of Egypt?

The Caisse de la Dette Publique was established Signup and view all the answers

Who was the leader of the Islamitic insurrection in Egypt in 1881?

Ahmed Arabi Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the 1882 British intervention in Egypt?

The British established a veiled protectorate over Egypt Signup and view all the answers

Who conquered Darfur and South Sudan in the 19th century?

Khedive Ismail Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Moroccan Crises

1905: Wilhelm II visits Tangier, posing a military threat to challenge the Entente Cordiale
1906: Algeciras conference, where Britain supports France, and French and Spanish officers are stationed in Morocco
1907: Triple Entente with Russia is formed
1911: Rebellion against Sultan Abdelhafid, prompting French intervention and Spanish conquest of Larache
1911: Germany intimidates with the gunboat Panther in Agadir
1912: Treaty of Fez, where Abdelhafid abdicates, and France establishes a protectorate over Morocco, with the UK accepting due to their alliance
1912: Germany receives Neukamerun (part of French Congo), which is seen as a defeat, but they receive something
1912: Spain receives territory in the south and north, and Italy receives Libya (after the war with the Ottomans in 1911-12)

History of European Colonization (1750-2000)

1550: Portugal and Spain are the main colonizers
1660: UK, France, and the Netherlands become active
1754: Russia conquers Siberia, leading to more colonialism
1822: South America becomes independent, and Australia, Canada, and India are colonized by the UK
1914: Africa is almost fully colonized
1938: Some countries start to gain independence, with decolonization first in Southeast Asia and North Africa

Tools of Empire

Colonization is not the same as expansion, emigration, or Exodus
Colonization involves naval networks, overseas settlement, and control by a remote "mother country"
A colony is a new political organization created by invasion, conquest, and/or settlement, with alien rulers claiming exclusive rights of possession
Colonialism is a relationship of domination, with the colonizers convinced of their own superiority and making decisions for the colonized people

James Cook's Voyages

First voyage (1768-71): mapped New Zealand, landed at Botany Bay, and claimed land for Britain
Second voyage (1772-75): crossed the Antarctic Circle and nearly encountered mainland Antarctica
Third voyage (1776-79): visited Hawaii and the coastline of California-Alaska, but was killed by Hawaiian locals on his return

Australia

Established as a penal colony in 1787, with the first ships transporting convicts to Sydney
Australia's National Day is celebrated on January 26, 1788, marking the establishment of the penal colony
Convicts were liberated after some years, and only 1 in 14 returned home, while the rest started new lives
1828: the transportation of convicts ended
Australian society was characterized by a white colony, with the population of 350,000 Aboriginals declining due to disease, resettlement, and cultural disintegration
The economy developed through land acquisitions from Aboriginals, urban development, and the growth of sheep and gold industries
The territory expanded, eventually becoming six colonies, with unification in 1901, and growing autonomy

Algeria

1830: French conquest of Algeria
1839: Abdelkader establishes his own state and administration in 2/3 of the territory
1840: 1/3 of the French army is in Algeria to control the resistance
After 1852 and 1870: military rule and the Régime du Sabre
1865: French citizenship is only granted to non-Muslims
Colons or pieds-noirs, Europeans who migrated to Algeria, worked in agriculture on expropriated land
1960: 1 million pieds-noirs vs. 9 million indigenous people

Tunisia

1574: Tunisia is a periphery of the Ottoman Empire, with great autonomy from 1705
1878: awarded to France after the Russo-Turkish War
1881: French protectorate is established after German and British pressure
Tunisia was characterized by internal divisions after the Mexican adventure and pro-Italian environment

Egypt

Growing political independence from the Ottomans and economic dependence on Europeans
Muhammad Ali fills the vacuum after the French campaign
Successors: Pasha Said and Khedive Ismail
1820: introduction of cotton, leading to cash-crop monoculture and dependence on the global market
1854: concession to Ferdinand de Lesseps for the Suez Canal, which was completed in 1869
Public works were financed with loans, leading to bankruptcy in 1876
1876: Caisse de la Dette Publique is established, with French-British condominium
1881: Islamic insurrection of Ahmed Arabi, who is defeated by Britain
1882: de facto (veiled) protectorate, with Britain claiming control over Egypt

Sudan

Conquered by Egypt, with Muhammad Ali and Khedive Ismail expanding Egyptian territory
1874-77: Gordon is the governor-deputy-commissioner of Bechuanaland
1890-1895: prime minister of Cape Colony
Conquistador: British South African Company, with a treaty with Lobengula of Matabeleland
1888: Lobengula receives £100 per month, a thousand rifles, and a steamboat on the Zambezi, while Rhodes receives mining rights

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Test your knowledge on the Moroccan Crisis, a series of conflicts between European powers, including Germany, France, and Spain, over Morocco between 1905 and 1912. Learn about the key events, including Wilhelm II's visit to Tangier, the Algeciras conference, and the rebellion against Sultan Abdelhafid.