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What was the primary motive behind Wilhelm II's visit to Tangier in 1905?
What was the primary motive behind Wilhelm II's visit to Tangier in 1905?
What was the outcome of the Algeciras conference in 1906?
What was the outcome of the Algeciras conference in 1906?
What was the result of the rebellion against Sultan Abdelhafid in 1911?
What was the result of the rebellion against Sultan Abdelhafid in 1911?
What did Germany receive as a consolation prize after the Agadir Crisis?
What did Germany receive as a consolation prize after the Agadir Crisis?
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What was the outcome of the Treaty of Fez in 1912?
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Fez in 1912?
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What was the result of the Italian war with the Ottomans in 1911-1912?
What was the result of the Italian war with the Ottomans in 1911-1912?
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What was the main event that occurred in 1754?
What was the main event that occurred in 1754?
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What was the occupation of Bechuanalan in 1890-1895?
What was the occupation of Bechuanalan in 1890-1895?
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What is the primary difference between 'exodus' and 'emigration'?
What is the primary difference between 'exodus' and 'emigration'?
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What is the key characteristic of a colony, according to Jurgen Osterhammel?
What is the key characteristic of a colony, according to Jurgen Osterhammel?
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What was the main benefit Lobengula received from the 1888 treaty with Rhodes?
What was the main benefit Lobengula received from the 1888 treaty with Rhodes?
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What is the primary goal of colonial rulers, according to Jurgen Osterhammel?
What is the primary goal of colonial rulers, according to Jurgen Osterhammel?
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What was the main consequence of the annexation of Rhodesia for the Transvaal?
What was the main consequence of the annexation of Rhodesia for the Transvaal?
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What was the result of the 1893 event mentioned in the text?
What was the result of the 1893 event mentioned in the text?
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What is the relationship between colonization and colony, according to the text?
What is the relationship between colonization and colony, according to the text?
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What was the main reason for the Second Boer War (1899-1902)?
What was the main reason for the Second Boer War (1899-1902)?
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What was the status of Australia, Canada, and India in 1822?
What was the status of Australia, Canada, and India in 1822?
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What is the primary characteristic of colonialism, according to Jurgen Osterhammel?
What is the primary characteristic of colonialism, according to Jurgen Osterhammel?
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What was the name of the region that became a British protectorate in 1890?
What was the name of the region that became a British protectorate in 1890?
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What was the outcome of the 1888 treaty between Lobengula and Rhodes?
What was the outcome of the 1888 treaty between Lobengula and Rhodes?
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What is the primary difference between 'border colonization' and European colonization?
What is the primary difference between 'border colonization' and European colonization?
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What was the main consequence of the loss of footholds in India and North America for France?
What was the main consequence of the loss of footholds in India and North America for France?
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What was the name of the region that became Zambia in 1964?
What was the name of the region that became Zambia in 1964?
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What was the significance of James Cook's first voyage?
What was the significance of James Cook's first voyage?
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What was the reason behind the establishment of a new penal colony in Australia?
What was the reason behind the establishment of a new penal colony in Australia?
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What percentage of Algeria's territory did Abd al-Qādir control in 1839?
What percentage of Algeria's territory did Abd al-Qādir control in 1839?
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What was the approximate number of convicts transported to Australia by 1777?
What was the approximate number of convicts transported to Australia by 1777?
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What was the basis for granting French citizenship in Algeria in 1865?
What was the basis for granting French citizenship in Algeria in 1865?
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What was the result of the convicts liberated after some years in Australia?
What was the result of the convicts liberated after some years in Australia?
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What was the impact of the white settlement on the Aboriginal population?
What was the impact of the white settlement on the Aboriginal population?
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What was the name given to the European settlers in Algeria?
What was the name given to the European settlers in Algeria?
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Which event led to France being awarded Tunisia in 1878?
Which event led to France being awarded Tunisia in 1878?
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What was the result of the territorial expansion of Australia?
What was the result of the territorial expansion of Australia?
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What was the main reason for Britain's opposition to the construction of the Suez Canal?
What was the main reason for Britain's opposition to the construction of the Suez Canal?
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What was the significance of the year 1901 in Australian history?
What was the significance of the year 1901 in Australian history?
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What was the significance of the introduction of cotton in Egypt in 1820?
What was the significance of the introduction of cotton in Egypt in 1820?
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What was the outcome of the 1876 bankruptcy of Egypt?
What was the outcome of the 1876 bankruptcy of Egypt?
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Who was the leader of the Islamitic insurrection in Egypt in 1881?
Who was the leader of the Islamitic insurrection in Egypt in 1881?
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What was the outcome of the 1882 British intervention in Egypt?
What was the outcome of the 1882 British intervention in Egypt?
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Who conquered Darfur and South Sudan in the 19th century?
Who conquered Darfur and South Sudan in the 19th century?
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Study Notes
Moroccan Crises
- 1905: Wilhelm II visits Tangier, posing a military threat to challenge the Entente Cordiale
- 1906: Algeciras conference, where Britain supports France, and French and Spanish officers are stationed in Morocco
- 1907: Triple Entente with Russia is formed
- 1911: Rebellion against Sultan Abdelhafid, prompting French intervention and Spanish conquest of Larache
- 1911: Germany intimidates with the gunboat Panther in Agadir
- 1912: Treaty of Fez, where Abdelhafid abdicates, and France establishes a protectorate over Morocco, with the UK accepting due to their alliance
- 1912: Germany receives Neukamerun (part of French Congo), which is seen as a defeat, but they receive something
- 1912: Spain receives territory in the south and north, and Italy receives Libya (after the war with the Ottomans in 1911-12)
History of European Colonization (1750-2000)
- 1550: Portugal and Spain are the main colonizers
- 1660: UK, France, and the Netherlands become active
- 1754: Russia conquers Siberia, leading to more colonialism
- 1822: South America becomes independent, and Australia, Canada, and India are colonized by the UK
- 1914: Africa is almost fully colonized
- 1938: Some countries start to gain independence, with decolonization first in Southeast Asia and North Africa
Tools of Empire
- Colonization is not the same as expansion, emigration, or Exodus
- Colonization involves naval networks, overseas settlement, and control by a remote "mother country"
- A colony is a new political organization created by invasion, conquest, and/or settlement, with alien rulers claiming exclusive rights of possession
- Colonialism is a relationship of domination, with the colonizers convinced of their own superiority and making decisions for the colonized people
James Cook's Voyages
- First voyage (1768-71): mapped New Zealand, landed at Botany Bay, and claimed land for Britain
- Second voyage (1772-75): crossed the Antarctic Circle and nearly encountered mainland Antarctica
- Third voyage (1776-79): visited Hawaii and the coastline of California-Alaska, but was killed by Hawaiian locals on his return
Australia
- Established as a penal colony in 1787, with the first ships transporting convicts to Sydney
- Australia's National Day is celebrated on January 26, 1788, marking the establishment of the penal colony
- Convicts were liberated after some years, and only 1 in 14 returned home, while the rest started new lives
- 1828: the transportation of convicts ended
- Australian society was characterized by a white colony, with the population of 350,000 Aboriginals declining due to disease, resettlement, and cultural disintegration
- The economy developed through land acquisitions from Aboriginals, urban development, and the growth of sheep and gold industries
- The territory expanded, eventually becoming six colonies, with unification in 1901, and growing autonomy
Algeria
- 1830: French conquest of Algeria
- 1839: Abdelkader establishes his own state and administration in 2/3 of the territory
- 1840: 1/3 of the French army is in Algeria to control the resistance
- After 1852 and 1870: military rule and the Régime du Sabre
- 1865: French citizenship is only granted to non-Muslims
- Colons or pieds-noirs, Europeans who migrated to Algeria, worked in agriculture on expropriated land
- 1960: 1 million pieds-noirs vs. 9 million indigenous people
Tunisia
- 1574: Tunisia is a periphery of the Ottoman Empire, with great autonomy from 1705
- 1878: awarded to France after the Russo-Turkish War
- 1881: French protectorate is established after German and British pressure
- Tunisia was characterized by internal divisions after the Mexican adventure and pro-Italian environment
Egypt
- Growing political independence from the Ottomans and economic dependence on Europeans
- Muhammad Ali fills the vacuum after the French campaign
- Successors: Pasha Said and Khedive Ismail
- 1820: introduction of cotton, leading to cash-crop monoculture and dependence on the global market
- 1854: concession to Ferdinand de Lesseps for the Suez Canal, which was completed in 1869
- Public works were financed with loans, leading to bankruptcy in 1876
- 1876: Caisse de la Dette Publique is established, with French-British condominium
- 1881: Islamic insurrection of Ahmed Arabi, who is defeated by Britain
- 1882: de facto (veiled) protectorate, with Britain claiming control over Egypt
Sudan
- Conquered by Egypt, with Muhammad Ali and Khedive Ismail expanding Egyptian territory
- 1874-77: Gordon is the governor-deputy-commissioner of Bechuanaland
- 1890-1895: prime minister of Cape Colony
- Conquistador: British South African Company, with a treaty with Lobengula of Matabeleland
- 1888: Lobengula receives £100 per month, a thousand rifles, and a steamboat on the Zambezi, while Rhodes receives mining rights
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Moroccan Crisis, a series of conflicts between European powers, including Germany, France, and Spain, over Morocco between 1905 and 1912. Learn about the key events, including Wilhelm II's visit to Tangier, the Algeciras conference, and the rebellion against Sultan Abdelhafid.
