PSY1PAC: Week 9

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Questions and Answers

What is one challenge of ethnocentrism in examining cultural differences in moral reasoning?

It fosters a deeper understanding of universal laws of morality.

It highlights the effects of financial incentives on moral decisions.

It requires extensive legal analysis of morality across cultures.

It assumes all cultures will reach the same level of moral development. (correct)

In Kohlberg’s model, which level of morality is characterized by adherence to external standards and a concern for social order?

Conventional (correct)

Transitional

Postconventional

Preconventional

How does Kohlberg’s model contrast with Shweder’s codes of ethics?

Kohlberg’s model is based on legal principles while Shweder focuses on religious ethics.

Kohlberg emphasizes justice and rights, while Shweder emphasizes community and duties. (correct)

Kohlberg's model is static while Shweder's is dynamic and evolving.

Both models equally prioritize individual rights above societal considerations.

What represents a conflict between orthodox and progressive cultural groups regarding moral reasoning?

Orthodox groups prioritize traditional customs while progressive groups advocate for change. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following moral intuitions is most closely associated with conservative political orientation?

Loyalty Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern of Western cultures regarding moral ethics?

Ethic of Autonomy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of moral obligation refers to actions that should lead to punishment if violated?

Legitimately regulated obligations Signup and view all the answers

How do Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning and Shweder’s ethics relate?

Kohlberg’s model includes the Ethic of Autonomy, while Shweder’s includes community and divinity ethics. Signup and view all the answers

Which question aligns with the Ethic of Community?

Did someone betray their group? Signup and view all the answers

What are objective obligations?

Actions deemed essential even without formal rules. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a challenge in exploring cultural differences in moral reasoning?

Ethnocentrism leading to biased moral judgments. Signup and view all the answers

In conflicts between orthodox and progressive cultural groups, which ethic may be prioritized by orthodox groups?

Ethic of Divinity Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge of ethnocentrism in studying cultural differences in moral reasoning?

The belief that one culture's values are universally applicable Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a level in Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning?

Transcendent Signup and view all the answers

How does Kohlberg’s model relate to Shweder’s codes of ethics?

Kohlberg's model emphasizes reasoning while Shweder highlights cultural contexts Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main conflicts between orthodox and progressive cultural groups?

Disagreement on moral values interpretation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the five moral intuitions?

They influence political orientation and decision-making Signup and view all the answers

What does Max Weber’s thesis primarily address?

The connection between Protestant ethics and capitalism Signup and view all the answers

How can the socialization of moral values across cultures impact moral judgments?

It creates diversities in moral reasoning and evaluations Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the idea of moralization in thoughts and behaviors?

It links emotional responses to the judgment of right and wrong Signup and view all the answers

What role do Indigenous knowledge systems play in the context of morality and culture?

They challenge conventional moral reasoning frameworks Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is emphasized in the concept of moral reasoning within different cultures?

The interplay of culture and moral interpretation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Moral Ethics Overview

Cultures face distinct challenges, leading to the development of varied moral systems.
Shweder identifies three primary moral ethics present across cultures.

Big 3 Moral Ethics

Ethic of Autonomy: Emphasizes justice and individual rights; questions include:
- Was someone harmed?
- Were rights denied?
- Was there any unfairness?
Ethic of Community: Centers on social roles and group obligations; key questions include:
- Was there a lack of loyalty?
- Did someone betray their group?
- Were duties fulfilled?
Ethic of Divinity: Focuses on sanctity and natural order; critical questions include:
- Was there a violation of purity standards?
- Were desires uncontrolled?
- Were divine laws breached?

Cultural Concerns

Western cultures prioritize the Ethic of Autonomy, whereas many other cultures emphasize Community and Divinity.

Moral Obligations

Objective Obligations: Actions people should undertake even without formal rules.
Legitimately Regulated Actions: Behaviors people should avoid due to potential punishment.
Social obligations are viewed as conventions or personal choices rather than moral imperatives.

Moral Reasoning Models

Kohlberg proposed a universal model of moral reasoning structured across three levels:
- Level 1: Preconventional - Driven by physical or hedonistic consequences.
- Level 2: Conventional - Defined by external standards and social order.
- Level 3: Postconventional - Based on internalized principles regarding justice and rights.

Heinz Dilemma

A case study illustrating moral reasoning involving a desperate husband's decision to potentially steal a drug for his dying wife.

Cross-Cultural Evidence

Meta-analysis covering 45 studies across 27 cultures indicates:
- All adults reached Level 2 or 3 moral reasoning.
- A higher proportion of children were observed at Level 1 compared to adults.
- Urban cultures showed some adults at Level 3, particularly in Western societies.
- No adults from tribal cultures achieved Level 3.

Cultural Variation Interpretations

Two interpretations exist regarding cross-cultural differences in moral reasoning:
- Western educational systems may facilitate reaching advanced moral levels, risking ethnocentric bias.
- Cultural development stages might indicate a different understanding of morality rather than a hierarchy of moral reasoning.

Learning Outcomes

Understand challenges of ethnocentrism in moral reasoning.
Outline Kohlberg’s model and its connection to Shweder’s ethical codes.
Recognize conflicts between orthodox and progressive cultural groups.
Identify five moral intuitions and their relation to political orientation.
Explain Max Weber’s thesis about the link between Protestant Reformation, work ethic, and capitalism.
Acknowledge cultural differences in moral thoughts and behaviors.

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Description

Explore the intersection of cultural challenges and moral systems in this quiz. Delve into Shweder’s 'Big 3' moral ethics and how they contrast with Kohlberg's model, focusing on justice and individual rights. Understand the complexities of moral values in diverse cultural environments.