Moral Dilemmas and Culture

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of a moral dilemma?

  • The situation involves no ethical considerations.
  • A clear right answer is easily identifiable.
  • Moral principles are in complete agreement.
  • Conflicting moral principles create tension. (correct)

An ethical dilemma is always a legal dilemma.

False (B)

Name one of the steps involved in approaching a moral dilemma.

Identify the options

Moral acts are considered to require __________ for moral agency, accountability, and autonomy.

<p>freedom</p>
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Match the following types of ethical dilemmas with their descriptions:

<p>Harm = A situation involving potential physical or emotional damage. Professional = A situation arising in a work environment. Loyalty vs. Truth = A situation where honesty conflicts with allegiance. Beneficence vs. Autonomy = A situation where doing good conflicts with self-determination.</p>
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Which of the following best reflects what cultural relativism emphasizes?

<p>Respect for cultural diversity and moral flexibility. (D)</p>
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Cultural relativism is universally accepted as a flawless ethical framework.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is one element that ethical decision-making should balance?

<p>Cultural sensitivity</p>
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__________ is the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and to apply one's own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures.

<p>Ethnocentrism</p>
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Cultural Relativism = The principle that an individual person's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture Universalism = The ethical belief that some moral values apply to all people. Ethics = Moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the conducting of an activity. Morality = Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior.</p>
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Which Filipino value emphasizes community spirit and cooperation?

<p>Bayanihan (A)</p>
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Hiya primarily emphasizes individual achievement over social harmony.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the Filipino value of 'utang na loob' related to?

<p>Debt of gratitude</p>
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'Paggalang sa nakatatanda' refers to __________ in Filipino culture.

<p>respect for elders</p>
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Match the following Filipino values with their descriptions:

<p>Kapwa = Shared identity and humanity. Katapatan = Honesty and integrity. Pagtulong sa kapwa = Helping others. Hiya = Sense of shame and social accountability.</p>
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How do positive actions generally influence one's character?

<p>They contribute to good character. (B)</p>
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Actions have no effect on shaping an individual's character.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Name one influence on moral character as discussed.

<p>Family</p>
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__________ and consistency are essential in developing moral character.

<p>Discipline</p>
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Match the following elements with their impact on developing moral character:

<p>Making choices = Leads to the development of habits. Building virtues = Done through practice. Self-reflection = Promotes accountability. Facing moral dilemmas = Provides character-building experiences.</p>
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What does emotional intelligence involve in ethical decision-making?

<p>Emotional awareness, emotional regulation, and empathy. (D)</p>
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Feelings have no part to play in moral decision-making; only reason is important.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Name one component of emotional intelligence.

<p>Emotional awareness</p>
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Ethical decision-making requires both __________ and impartiality.

<p>reason</p>
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Match the following elements with their involvement in building Emotional Intelligence:

<p>Emotional Awareness = The ability to understand your emotions and those of others. Emotional Regulation = The ability to manage and control your emotions effectively. Empathy = The ability to understand and share the feelings of others. Ethics = Moral principles that govern a person's behaviour or the conducting of an activity.</p>
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Which of the following is an ethical challenge associated with globalization?

<p>Exploitation of labor in some regions. (B)</p>
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Globalization has no effect on environmental issues.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is one example of an ethical challenge presented by globalization, as discussed?

<p>Economic inequality</p>
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__________ is one of the challenges presented by globalization that can lead to the loss of unique cultural identities.

<p>Cultural homogenization</p>
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Match the following ethical challenges with their descriptions related to Globalization:

<p>Economic Inequality = The gap between the rich and poor becomes more pronounced globally. Exploitation of Labor = Workers in some countries face unfair treatment and low wages. Cultural Homogenization = Unique cultural identities become diluted due to the spread of dominant cultures. Environmental Impact = Increased pollution and resource depletion due to global production and consumption.</p>
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What is one key aspect of reason in ethics?

<p>Moral reasoning based on principles, facts, and logic. (D)</p>
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Will refers to cognitive processes used to evaluate ethical situations.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What does 'will' refer to in ethics?

<p>Decision-making</p>
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__________ directs the will, but there can be conflict between them in ethical decision-making.

<p>Reason</p>
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Match the following key points about the will in ethics, with their descriptions:

<p>Moral Agency = The capacity to make moral judgments based on some notion of right and wrong and to be held accountable for these actions. Intention and Motivation = The act of determining mentally upon some action or result. Kant's ethics of the will = Emphasizes that moral worth is determined by the will.</p>
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With regards to freedom in moral acts, what does moral agency entail?

<p>The capacity to make moral judgments, and be held accountable for these actions. (A)</p>
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Freedom and coercion play the same role in the context of moral acts.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Name one example of freedom in moral acts.

<p>Telling the truth</p>
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Moral acts require __________ and self-determination.

<p>autonomy</p>
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions in the context of freedom in moral acts:

<p>Moral Agency = Capacity to make moral judgments and be accountable for one's actions. Accountability and Responsibility = The willingness to accept the consequences of one's choices and actions. Autonomy and Self-Determination = The ability to make choices independently and according to one's own values. Moral Reflection = The process of critically evaluating one's own values, beliefs, and actions.</p>
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Flashcards

Ethical and Legal Dilemmas

Situations where ethical principles conflict with legal requirements.

Moral Dilemma

A situation with conflicting moral principles, no clear right answer, and moral tension.

Approach to a Moral Dilemma

Identifying options, evaluating consequences, reflecting on ethical principles, consulting others, and making a decision.

Freedom in Moral Acts

Freedom involving moral agency, accountability, autonomy, and moral reflection.

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Culture influences ethics

The idea that ethics are influenced by culture.

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Cultural Relativism

Emphasizes respect for diversity, avoids ethnocentrism, and allows for moral flexibility.

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Bayanihan

Community spirit.

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Utang na Loob

Debt of gratitude.

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Paggalang sa Nakatatanda

Respect for elders.

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Kapwa

Shared identity and humanity.

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Hiya

Sense of shame and social accountability.

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Pagtulong sa Kapwa

Helping others.

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Universal Values in Ethics

Key universal values including respect, justice, honesty, compassion, responsibility, freedom, non-violence, solidarity, trust, and respect for nature.

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Actions Shape Character

Positive actions contribute to good character, while negative actions can harm it.

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Influences on Moral Character

Family, culture, social environment, personal reflection, and role models.

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Developing Moral Character

Making choices, developing habits, self-reflection, and facing moral dilemmas.

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Discipline in Moral Character

Discipline and consistency are essential; habits play an important role.

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Emotional Intelligence

Emotional awareness, emotional regulation, and empathy.

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Ethical Challenges of Globalization

Economic inequality, exploitation of labor, cultural homogenization, environmental impact, human rights violations, migration, technological ethics, and global health issues.

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Reason in Ethics

Evaluate situations, determine right and wrong, and make judgments based on principles, facts, and logic.

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Aspects of Reason in Ethics

Moral reasoning, universal principles, and ethical theories.

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Will

The faculty of decision-making or choosing to act in a particular way.

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Key points about will in ethics

Moral agency, intention and motivation.

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Study Notes

Moral Dilemma

  • A moral dilemma involves conflicting moral principles, no clear right answer, and moral tension
  • Ethical and legal dilemmas are different types of moral dilemmas
  • Ethical dilemmas may involve harm, professional contexts, loyalty vs. truth, or beneficence vs. autonomy
  • The Trolley Problem and a doctor's dilemma are examples
  • To approach a moral dilemma: identify the options, evaluate consequences, reflect on ethical principles, consult others, and make a decision
  • Moral dilemmas exist at personal, interpersonal, and societal levels
  • Freedom is fundamental for moral acts, involving moral agency, accountability and responsibility, autonomy and self-determination, and moral reflection
  • Examples of freedom in moral acts include telling the truth and choosing to forgive
  • It's important to distinguish between freedom and coercion

Culture and Ethics

  • Culture influences ethics, as seen in practices like arranged marriages, eating habits, and capital punishment
  • Key concepts: cultural relativism and universalism
  • Cultural relativism emphasizes respect for diversity, avoids ethnocentrism, and allows for moral flexibility
  • Cultural relativism is criticized for potentially justifying harmful practices like female genital mutilation and child labor
  • Ethical decision-making requires balancing cultural sensitivity with universal ethical standards

Filipino Moral Identity

  • Filipino moral identity is characterized by:
    • Bayanihan (community spirit)
    • Utang na loob (debt of gratitude)
    • Respect for elders (paggalang sa nakatatanda)
    • Kapwa (shared identity and humanity)
    • Honesty and integrity (katapatan)
    • Hiya (sense of shame and social accountability)
    • Religious ethics (Catholic influence)
    • Pagtulong sa kapwa (helping others)
  • Universal values in ethics are also important:
    • Respect for human dignity
    • Justice and fairness
    • Honesty and integrity
    • Compassion and empathy
    • Responsibility and accountability
    • Freedom and autonomy
    • Non-violence and peace
    • Solidarity and cooperation
    • Trust and loyalty
    • Respect for nature and the environment

Individual Acts and Character

  • Individual acts significantly shape character
  • Positive actions contribute to good character, while negative actions can harm it
  • Actions reflect and shape character, as shown by the mirror analogy and character development over time
  • Moral character is developed through:
    • Family and early experiences
    • Cultural and societal norms
    • Social environment and peer influence
    • Personal reflection and experiences
    • Role models and mentors
  • Developing moral character involves:
    • Making choices and developing habits
    • Building virtues through practice
    • Self-reflection and accountability
    • Facing moral dilemmas
  • Discipline and consistency are essential, and habits play an important role

Reasons and Feelings

  • There are key differences between reason-based and feeling-based responses
  • Balancing reason and feelings is important
  • Emotional intelligence is critical in ethical decision-making, involving:
    • Emotional awareness
    • Emotional regulation
    • Empathy
  • Feelings play a role in moral decision-making, and emotional awareness contributes to moral growth
  • Ethical decision-making requires both reason and impartiality

Globalization

  • Globalization presents ethical challenges:
    • Economic inequality
    • Exploitation of labor
    • Cultural homogenization
    • Environmental impact
    • Human rights violations
    • Migration and refugees
    • Technological ethics
    • Global health issues
  • Addressing these challenges requires ethical considerations and global cooperation

Reason and Will

  • Reason in ethics involves cognitive processes to evaluate situations, determine right and wrong, and make judgments based on principles, facts, and logic
  • Key aspects of reason in ethics include moral reasoning, universal principles, and ethical theories
  • Will refers to the faculty of decision-making or choosing to act in a particular way
  • Key points about will in ethics:
    • Moral agency
    • Intention and motivation
    • Kant's ethics of the will
  • Reason directs the will, but conflict can arise, influencing moral development

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