Mood Disorders (ps2008- week 5)

A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania.

A mood disorder marked only by periods of depression, without any manic episodes.

A major depressive episode that lasts at least 2 consecutive weeks and includes at least 5 core symptoms, such as depressed mood, loss of interest, weight changes, sleep disturbances, and thoughts of death.

A milder, chronic form of depression lasting at least 2 years, characterized by symptoms like low mood, changes in appetite, sleep problems, and low self-esteem.

The state where an individual returns to their normal baseline mood after experiencing a depressive episode.

The reappearance of depressive symptoms within 6-9 months of achieving remission.

A new episode of depression occurring after a period of remission longer than 6-9 months.

The tendency for depressive symptoms to return repeatedly, often triggered by life events and characterized by increased risk after each episode.

A predisposition or vulnerability to develop a disorder, often based on genetic inheritance.

A model explaining that a combination of vulnerability (diathesis) and environmental stress is needed to trigger a disorder.

The study of how genes influence traits and disorders. It estimates the proportion of variation in a trait due to genetic factors.

A type of study comparing identical (MZ) and fraternal (DZ) twins to assess the role of genetics in a trait.

A neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, sleep, and appetite. Low levels are linked to depression.

A class of antidepressants that block the reuptake of serotonin, increasing its levels in the brain.

A brain region involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.

A brain region responsible for cognitive processes like planning, decision-making, and working memory. It plays a role in regulating emotions.

A process where repeated negative social interactions with depressed individuals lead to a decrease in positive reinforcement, potentially exacerbating depressive symptoms.

Behaviours like avoidance coping, which are used to escape unpleasant situations or emotions, can reinforce depressive symptoms by reducing negative feelings in the short term.

Engaging in healthy behaviours, like going outside, can be punished by an increase in stress, leading to a reduction in these behaviours and potential worsening of depressive symptoms.

Dysfunctional belief patterns about the self, the world, and the future that contribute to negative thoughts and emotions.

Processing information in a way that confirms negative expectations and beliefs, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy of negativity.

The feeling of helplessness, lethargy, and depression that develops after experiencing an unavoidable negative life event.

A key symptom of learned helplessness where the individual believes they have no control over their situation, leading to passivity and lack of motivation.

The tendency for individuals to blame themselves for negative experiences, even in situations where they have little control.

A theory explaining how people interpret negative events, often linking them to internal, stable, and global factors, which can lead to reduced self-esteem and increased risk of depression.

A repetitive thinking pattern focused on examining the causes, meanings, and consequences of negative events.

Episodes of bipolar disorder marked by elevated or irritable mood, increased goal-oriented activity, racing thoughts, decreased sleep needs, and inflated self-esteem, lasting at least 1 week.

Similar to manic episodes but less severe, lasting at least 4 days, without requiring hospitalization or psychotic symptoms.

A state within bipolar disorder where symptoms of both mania and depression are present simultaneously.

A type of bipolar disorder characterized by at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode.

Individuals experiencing both manic and depressive symptoms within the same episode.

The onset of bipolar disorder typically occurs in the early 20s. Later onset might indicate substance abuse or another medical condition.

An individual's ability to function returns to normal between episodes of bipolar disorder.

Individuals with bipolar disorder experience mood instability even between episodes.

Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of bipolar disorder, with heritability estimates as high as 85%.

Twin studies show higher concordance rates for bipolar disorder in identical (MZ) twins compared to fraternal (DZ) twins.

Suicide attempts are more lethal in bipolar disorder compared to unipolar depression.

Although the exact gene causing bipolar disorder is unknown, research suggests a genetic vulnerability for suicide in some families with bipolar disorder.

A mental state marked by elevated mood, increased energy, and racing thoughts. Often accompanied by impulsive behavior and a lack of sleep.

A neurotransmitter associated with reward, motivation, and movement. It plays a role in the mood shifts experienced in Bipolar Disorder.

A brain imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. Used to observe brain regions involved in mood regulation.

The front part of the brain responsible for executive functions, planning, and decision-making. In Bipolar Disorder, it can be underactive during manic states, contributing to impulsivity.

Brain regions involved in emotions and memory. They are often overactive during manic states, leading to emotional intensity and reactivity.

Molecules that are part of the immune system and regulate inflammation. Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines are observed in Bipolar Disorder.

A condition characterized by a prolonged state of low-grade inflammation. It is associated with Bipolar Disorder and can affect brain function.

The collection of microorganisms living in the digestive system. It can influence cytokine production and potentially contribute to the inflammation observed in Bipolar Disorder.