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Questions and Answers
What are the three main neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder?
What are the three main neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder?
Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a Manic Episode?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a Manic Episode?
What is the primary difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorder?
What is the primary difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II Disorder?
Bipolar I Disorder involves manic episodes, while Bipolar II Disorder involves hypomanic episodes.
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about Postpartum Depression?
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about Postpartum Depression?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
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Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with an increase in the likelihood of developing Anxiety Disorders?
Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with an increase in the likelihood of developing Anxiety Disorders?
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What is NOT a characteristic symptom of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
What is NOT a characteristic symptom of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with Dissociative Identity Disorder?
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Which of the following is a common compensatory behavior employed in Bulimia Nervosa?
Which of the following is a common compensatory behavior employed in Bulimia Nervosa?
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Pica, a disorder involving the consumption of non-food items, occurs primarily in children.
Pica, a disorder involving the consumption of non-food items, occurs primarily in children.
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Which of the following disorders is NOT typically characterized by a fear of social situations?
Which of the following disorders is NOT typically characterized by a fear of social situations?
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Panic Disorder is a serious condition that should always be treated with medication.
Panic Disorder is a serious condition that should always be treated with medication.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
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Which of the following is a TRUE statement about Dissociative Disorders?
Which of the following is a TRUE statement about Dissociative Disorders?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
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Dementia is a normal part of the aging process.
Dementia is a normal part of the aging process.
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Schizophrenia?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Schizophrenia?
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Substance Abuse Disorders are always caused by a genetic predisposition.
Substance Abuse Disorders are always caused by a genetic predisposition.
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Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of Somatic Symptom Disorder?
Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of Somatic Symptom Disorder?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Delirium?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Delirium?
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Alzheimer's Disease is the most common type of dementia.
Alzheimer's Disease is the most common type of dementia.
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Parkinson's Disease is a rare neurological disorder that primarily affects older individuals.
Parkinson's Disease is a rare neurological disorder that primarily affects older individuals.
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Which of the following statements about Huntington's Disease is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about Huntington's Disease is TRUE?
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Which of the following statements about Multiple Sclerosis is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about Multiple Sclerosis is TRUE?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Akathisia?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Akathisia?
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Dystonia is a chronic condition that cannot be treated or managed.
Dystonia is a chronic condition that cannot be treated or managed.
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of Aphasia?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Aphasia?
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Agraphia, a writing disorder, is always caused by a stroke.
Agraphia, a writing disorder, is always caused by a stroke.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Apraxia?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Apraxia?
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Which of the following statements about Hallucinations is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about Hallucinations is TRUE?
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Neologisms, made-up words, are a common symptom of Dementia.
Neologisms, made-up words, are a common symptom of Dementia.
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Word Salad refers to a type of speech where words or phrases are mixed together in a meaningless way.
Word Salad refers to a type of speech where words or phrases are mixed together in a meaningless way.
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Study Notes
Mood Disorders
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): A persistent mood disorder characterized by sadness and loss of interest. Etiology includes genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Pathophysiology involves neurotransmitter dysregulation (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine). Signs include persistent sadness, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death or suicide. More common in females. Onset typically late teens to mid-20s. Higher prevalence in low socioeconomic status.
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Bipolar Disorder: A mood disorder featuring alternating periods of depression and mania. Etiology includes genetic predisposition and environmental triggers, and has abnormalities in brain structure and function, neurotransmitter imbalance. Signs include manic episodes (elevated mood, increased energy, risky behavior) and depressive episodes. Prevalence is equal in men and women. Onset typically late teens to early 20s.
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Dysthymia (Persistent Depressive Disorder): A chronic form of depression with less severe but longer-lasting symptoms than MDD. Etiology involves genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Signs include chronic, low-level depression and less severe symptoms of loss of interest and fatigue. Common in females. Ranges in onset from childhood to early adulthood. Typically higher in prevalence in low socioeconomic groups.
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Cyclothymic Disorder: A mood disorder marked by chronic fluctuating mood disturbances. Etiology includes genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Signs feature fluctuating hypomanic and depressive symptoms, less severe than both MDD and bipolar. Onset typically adolescence to early adulthood. High prevalence is presented in low socioeconomic groups.
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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): A type of depression linked to reduced sunlight exposure, often occurring during winter months. Often associated with serotonin and melatonin imbalances.
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Postpartum Depression: A mood disorder that occurs following childbirth. Etiology involves hormonal changes, stress, and lack of support. Symptoms include depressed mood, fatigue, changes in sleep and appetite, anxiety, irritability, and difficulty bonding with the baby. Prevalence often higher in females, more common in young adulthood.
Anxiety Disorders
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Chronic, excessive worry about various aspects of life. Signs include fatigue, muscle tension, sleeping disturbances, and irritability.
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Panic Disorder: Recurring unexpected panic attacks, characterized by sudden onset of intense fear and physical symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain. Often co-occurs with depression and other anxiety disorders.
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Social Anxiety Disorder: Intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance behavior and anxiety symptoms like blushing, sweating, and trembling.
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Specific Phobias: Intense fear of specific objects, animals, or situations (e.g., spiders, heights, flying).
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) such as cleaning, checking, and counting. Common obsessions include contamination or perfectionism.
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Preoccupation with perceived physical flaws, often leading to repetitive behaviors like mirror checking and excessive grooming. Often co-occurs with other anxiety and mood disorders.
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Response to a traumatic event, characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, and hypervigilance. Often co-occurs with depression.
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Acute Stress Disorder: Short-term response to a traumatic event, similar to PTSD but with a shorter duration.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Presence of two or more distinct identities. Signs may include memory gaps, identity confusion, and depersonalization/derealization. Associated with trauma, depression, and or anxiety.
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Dissociative Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: Characterized by detachment from oneself or surroundings. Symptoms manifest as feeling unreal, out-of-body, or as if the surroundings are dreamlike.
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Eating Disorders:
- Anorexia Nervosa: Severe restriction of energy intake, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.
- Bulimia Nervosa: Recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (self-induced vomiting, laxative use).
- Pica: Consumption of non-food items. Often associated with nutritional deficiencies.
Other Disorders
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders:
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Features social and communication challenges; repetitive behaviors.
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity
- Neurocognitive Disorders: General term for cognitive decline, affecting memory, thinking, social abilities. This is a broad category of disorders that include conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Psychological disturbances that include:
- Schizophrenia: Chronic mental disorder with psychosis, characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. High risk of comorbid substance use.
- Schizoaffective Disorder: Features both schizophrenia and mood disorders.
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Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: Include alcohol and opioid use problems, characterized by craving, loss of control, withdrawal symptoms, and tolerance.
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Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: Including Somatic Symptom Disorder a preoccupation with physical symptoms, often perceived as serious. Also including Illness Anxiety Disorder (formerly hypochondriasis).
Cluster A, B, C Personality Disorders
- Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric): Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal personality disorders. Distrust of others, detachment from relationships, odd beliefs.
- Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic): Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders. Disregard for others, instability in relationships, excessive emotionality, attention-seeking behaviors, and lack of empathy.
- Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful): Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorders. Social inhibition, hypersensitivity to rejection, excessive need to be taken care of, and rigidity, control, and perfectionism.
Other Considerations
- Socioeconomic Factors: Low socioeconomic status is often correlated with higher prevalence rates for certain mental health conditions, and also potentially correlated with lack of access to or delay in seeking treatment.
- Sex Distribution: Some disorders are more prevalent in females than males or vice-versa.
- Age of Onset: The age at which symptoms typically first appear can be a diagnostic consideration.
- Diagnostics & Treatment: Clinical interviews, and specific questionnaires (like GAD-7, Panic Disorder Severity Scale) are important tools in diagnosis. Treatment often involves therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes.
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Description
Explore the various types of mood disorders, including Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder. Learn about their etiology, signs, prevalence, and onset age. This quiz covers essential concepts related to mood regulation and mental health.
