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Monogenea Class Characteristics Quiz
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Monogenea Class Characteristics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about the life cycle of Myxozoa?

  • They have a three-host life cycle.
  • They have a direct life cycle, without any intermediate hosts.
  • They have a single host life cycle.
  • They have a two-host life cycle, with different spore forms produced. (correct)

    • What is the relationship between Myxozoa and the phylum Cnidaria?

  • Myxozoa are a class within the phylum Cnidaria.
  • Myxozoa and Cnidaria are both parasitic groups, but they are not closely related.
  • Myxozoa were previously classified as protozoans, but are now known to be parasitic jellyfish within Cnidaria. (correct)
  • Myxozoa are a separate phylum, unrelated to Cnidaria.

    • What is the primary function of the polar capsules in Myxozoa?

  • To help infect a new host by penetrating the host's tissues. (correct)
  • To produce spores for reproduction.
  • To inject toxins into the host.
  • To help the parasite attach to the host.

    • Which of the following is a key characteristic of the class Monogenea?

    <p>They are ectoparasites, living on the external surfaces of their hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known effect of Kudoa species on human health?

    <p>They can cause gastrointestinal problems when eaten in undercooked fish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum includes thorny-headed worms?

    <p>Phylum Acanthocephala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the class of ectoparasitic flatworms that are especially found on the skin, fins, and gills of fish?

    <p>Class Monogenea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Class Monogenea?

    <p>They can be quite large, around 2-3 cm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are thorny-headed worms most commonly found in their hosts?

    <p>In the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum includes free-living flatworms, some of which have parasitic forms?

    <p>Phylum Platyhelminthes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Monogenea based on the text?

    <p>Hermaphroditic nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Gyrodactylus?

    <p>It attaches using poorly developed suckers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets Monogenea apart from other flatworms according to the text?

    <p>Their direct life cycle and attachment via hooks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Monogenea as discussed in the text?

    <p>Feeding on blood cells of fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing characteristic of Phylum Acanthocephala?

    <p>Possession of a proboscis armed with hooks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class includes the tapeworms among the flatworms?

    <p>Class Cestoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Class Monogenea is known for parasitizing the skin of hosts, earning them the name __________

    <p>Skin Flukes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable fact about Myxozoa?

    <p>They are microscopic parasites infecting fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the life cycle of Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms) is correct?

    <p>They have a complex life cycle involving both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hosts can Acanthocephala infect?

    <p>Both invertebrates and vertebrates, including birds, amphibians, fish, and mammals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of the Acanthocephala life cycle was observed in the unusual cysts found in the skeletal muscle of mongooses and monkeys?

    <p>The cystacanth stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the presence of Acanthocephala typically diagnosed?

    <p>By observing the eggs in the host's feces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of the life cycle of the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis that causes whirling disease in salmonid fish?

    <p>It has an indirect life cycle, requiring an annelid worm host in addition to a fish host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'Polar capsule/filaments' mentioned in the text?

    <p>They are used for sporoplasm release during infection of the fish host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Myxozoa classified in relation to the phylum Cnidaria?

    <p>Myxozoa are a highly adapted parasitic form of Cnidaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic behavior exhibited by salmonid fish infected with Myxobolus cerebralis?

    <p>Erratic tail chasing and blackened caudal area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the spread of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, to new regions?

    <p>Intentional stocking of infected fish (live or frozen) to different countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of animals are known to be infected by myxospores from the hepatic biliary group of myxosporeans?

    <p>Reptiles, mammals, birds, and amphibians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about myxospores is true?

    <p>The presence of myxospores is not useful for species identification of myxosporean infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of fish is known to be infected by myxosporeans in the urinary system?

    <p>Elopomorpha (eels, tarpon, and ladyfish)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is true?

    <p>It is a myxozoan parasite that causes Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) in salmonid fish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributed to the collapse of the arctic char population in Iceland due to Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae infection?

    <p>Increased water temperatures of about 13°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of the class Monogenea?

    <p>They are ectoparasites with a direct life cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phyla is known for its members having cnidocytes (stinging cells)?

    <p>Phylum Cnidaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the phylum Myxozoa is true?

    <p>Myxozoans are obligate endoparasites of vertebrates, primarily fish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Helminths: Parasitic Worms

    • Helminths are large and multicellular, including several phyla that are unrelated but have superficial similarities.
    • They are vermiform or "worm-like" in form.

    Phyla and Classes

    • Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
    • Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
      • Class Cestoda (tapeworms)
      • Class Trematoda (flukes: endoparasites)
      • Class Monogenea (skin flukes: ectoparasites)
      • Class Turbellaria (free-living flatworms, some parasitic forms)
    • Phylum Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
    • Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) not parasitic (leeches)

    Acanthocephala: Thorny-Headed Worms

    • Acanthocephalans are highly adapted parasites that have lost many organs and structures through evolutionary processes.
    • They are vermiform or "worm-like" in form.
    • The earliest recognisable description of Acanthocephala was made by Italian author Francesco Redi in 1684.
    • Recent genomic data suggests that Acanthocephala are a sister group to rotifers: freshwater zooplankton.
    • Invertebrate intermediate host, adult stage almost always in the digestive tract, not usually pathogenic.
    • Acanthocephalans are sexually dioecious (an individual organism is either male or female).
    • All have complex life cycles, many are not host-specific, and they infect invertebrates, birds, amphibians, fish, and mammals.
    • Diagnosis is by observation of eggs in feces.

    Monogenea: Ectoparasitic Flatworms

    • Part of the Phylum Platyhelminthes
    • Ectoparasites: especially on the skin, fins, and gills of fish, also in exotics like frogs, reptiles, and hippos (in the eye)
    • No true body cavity or coelom
    • Can be quite large (2-3 cm) or microscopic (e.g., Gyrodactylus)
    • Simple digestive system: mouth, pharynx, and intestine, no anus (flame cells are specialized excretory cells found in the simplest freshwater invertebrates, including flatworms)
    • Poorly developed suckers, attachment is via hooks (classification)
    • Hermaphroditic, mostly producing eggs, some are viviparous
    • Ancestrally related to Turbellaria (free-living flatworms) and closest to modern cestodes

    Myxozoa: Parasitic Jellyfish (Cnidaria)

    • Obligate parasites with a two-host life cycle, producing two different spore forms.
    • All have polar capsules, which are used to help infect a new host, related to the stinging cells (nematocysts) in non-parasitic Cnidaria.
    • Some cause very serious diseases in commercial fish species, both farmed and wild.
    • Problematic species are typically histozoic, being found inside host tissues.
    • Coelozoic forms are generally not pathogenic, just interesting.
    • They also infect some birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
    • Some species of Kudoa are known to cause human gastrointestinal problems when eaten in undercooked fish.

    Myxosporea: Class of Myxozoa

    • Phylum Cnidaria
    • Myxosporea are highly adapted parasitic cnidarians.
    • Indirect life cycle: fish host, myxospore, actinospore, annelid host (oligochaete / polychaete).
    • Examples: Myxobolus cerebralis and whirling disease, Hepatic biliary group of myxosporeans.

    Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae: A Myxozoan Parasite

    • Causes Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD), one of the most serious parasitic diseases of salmonid populations in Europe and North America.
    • Collapse of arctic char population in Iceland due to this parasite, as water temperatures have risen about 1°C, and the parasite becomes pathogenic.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the characteristics of Monogenea class, ectoparasitic flatworms with a simple digestive system, poor suckers, and hermaphroditic reproductive system. Learn about their ancestral relationship with Turbellaria and modern cestodes.

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