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Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of the Poxviridae family?
What is a characteristic of the Poxviridae family?
Which poxvirus has been highlighted due to a recent outbreak and associated death?
Which poxvirus has been highlighted due to a recent outbreak and associated death?
What aspect of poxviruses is not covered in the review?
What aspect of poxviruses is not covered in the review?
What defines the genetic differences among Orthopoxviruses?
What defines the genetic differences among Orthopoxviruses?
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Which genera are significant in human disease within the Poxviridae family?
Which genera are significant in human disease within the Poxviridae family?
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What is the primary concern related to poxviruses as highlighted in the review?
What is the primary concern related to poxviruses as highlighted in the review?
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Which virus is mentioned as having the most conserved genome among the Orthopoxviruses?
Which virus is mentioned as having the most conserved genome among the Orthopoxviruses?
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What is the primary form of transmission commonly associated with zoonotic poxviruses?
What is the primary form of transmission commonly associated with zoonotic poxviruses?
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What is the estimated range of human deaths caused by VARV during the 20th century?
What is the estimated range of human deaths caused by VARV during the 20th century?
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Which of the following mortality rates is associated with Variola major?
Which of the following mortality rates is associated with Variola major?
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What method was crucial in eliminating the natural transmission of VARV worldwide since 1980?
What method was crucial in eliminating the natural transmission of VARV worldwide since 1980?
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Which virus belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus?
Which virus belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus?
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What is the typical shape and size of Parapoxviruses?
What is the typical shape and size of Parapoxviruses?
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How large is the genome of Parapoxviruses?
How large is the genome of Parapoxviruses?
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Which potential use of VARV raises concerns regarding its significance?
Which potential use of VARV raises concerns regarding its significance?
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What impact did VARV have on society during the 20th century?
What impact did VARV have on society during the 20th century?
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What factor contributed to the increase of monkeypox outbreaks according to the given studies?
What factor contributed to the increase of monkeypox outbreaks according to the given studies?
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Which virus is associated with an outbreak reported in a kibbutz?
Which virus is associated with an outbreak reported in a kibbutz?
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Which publication discusses the epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children?
Which publication discusses the epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children?
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What type of health issue does the article by Kassa review?
What type of health issue does the article by Kassa review?
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Which organization published the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories guidelines?
Which organization published the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories guidelines?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned in relation to the prevalence of impetigo, molluscum, and herpes infections?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in relation to the prevalence of impetigo, molluscum, and herpes infections?
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Who are the authors discussing smallpox vaccination's impact on monkeypox outbreaks?
Who are the authors discussing smallpox vaccination's impact on monkeypox outbreaks?
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Which virus is primarily studied by Babkin and others regarding molecular evolution?
Which virus is primarily studied by Babkin and others regarding molecular evolution?
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What is a primary concern associated with Milker's nodules?
What is a primary concern associated with Milker's nodules?
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Which method is used to detect monkeypox infection according to the content?
Which method is used to detect monkeypox infection according to the content?
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Which study established the duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination?
Which study established the duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination?
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What factor is primarily discussed in the study concerning Orf virus infection in humans?
What factor is primarily discussed in the study concerning Orf virus infection in humans?
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Which group is highlighted for its susceptibility to Milker's nodules?
Which group is highlighted for its susceptibility to Milker's nodules?
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What was a key finding about the smallpox vaccine's effectiveness over time?
What was a key finding about the smallpox vaccine's effectiveness over time?
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What condition can result from an infection related to a 'Milker’s nodule'?
What condition can result from an infection related to a 'Milker’s nodule'?
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Which of these viruses is primarily associated with the transmission through handling infected animals?
Which of these viruses is primarily associated with the transmission through handling infected animals?
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What percentage of Tana River valley residents had serologic evidence of infection by 1971?
What percentage of Tana River valley residents had serologic evidence of infection by 1971?
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What was the notable finding about the outbreak in the Congo River valley from 1979 to 1983?
What was the notable finding about the outbreak in the Congo River valley from 1979 to 1983?
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What is presumed to be the transmission route for TPV despite lack of experimental proof?
What is presumed to be the transmission route for TPV despite lack of experimental proof?
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Which diagnostic testing for poxviruses is restricted in the United States?
Which diagnostic testing for poxviruses is restricted in the United States?
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In which states was TANV detected outside the Tana and Congo river valleys?
In which states was TANV detected outside the Tana and Congo river valleys?
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Which factor is NOT useful for determining initial clinical suspicion of poxvirus infection?
Which factor is NOT useful for determining initial clinical suspicion of poxvirus infection?
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What is the primary agent in the smallpox vaccine ACAM2000?
What is the primary agent in the smallpox vaccine ACAM2000?
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Which factor is NOT considered an epidemiologic risk factor for poxvirus infection?
Which factor is NOT considered an epidemiologic risk factor for poxvirus infection?
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Study Notes
Poxviruses Overview
- Poxviridae are large, double-stranded enveloped DNA viruses comprised of significant genera impacting human health.
- Major historical significance is associated with Variola virus (VARV), responsible for up to 500 million deaths, showcasing high mortality rates (30% for Variola major).
Human Monkeypox and Outbreaks
- Recent monkeypox (mpox) outbreaks highlight the zoonotic potential of poxviruses.
- The Mpox epidemic spanned multiple countries, increasing awareness of poxvirus risks.
- Borealpox (formerly Alaskapox) has emerged, resulting in at least one reported death.
Epidemiology and Transmission
- Poxvirus transmission dynamics can be influenced by environmental factors such as floods, leading to outbreaks in isolated communities.
- Studies reveal substantial community transmission, with significant percentages of cases linked to close proximity within households.
Diagnostic Methods
- Clinical suspicion for poxvirus infection is based on symptom presentation and epidemiological risk factors.
- Laboratory diagnostics involve consultation with public health departments and may include testing for travel history or exposure to infected individuals or animals.
Variola Virus (VARV)
- Despite its historical prevalence, natural transmission of VARV has been eradicated worldwide since 1980 due to effective vaccination efforts and quarantine protocols.
- VARV is considered a potential bioweapon due to its capability for rapid spread.
Parapoxvirus Genus
- The Parapoxvirus genus includes viruses like Orf and pseudocowpox, which have been linked to human infections.
- Parapoxviruses possess a double-stranded DNA genome around 140 kb, housing over 100 genes.
Diagnostic Testing Limitations
- Diagnostic testing for poxviruses is primarily restricted to public health laboratories, with some tests available in select hospital and commercial labs.
- Viral isolation from clinical samples is not routinely performed in clinical settings, primarily to prevent exposure risks.
Clinical Implications
- Poxvirus infections can pose significant threats to immunocompromised individuals, necessitating diligent occupational safety measures.
- Continued vigilance and advancements in diagnostic methods are crucial for managing outbreaks and ensuring public health safety.
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Description
This quiz explores the infections caused by the Monkeypox virus and molluscum contagiosum. It covers historical outbreaks, clinical reviews, and implications for public health. Test your knowledge on these viral infections and their impact on human populations.
