Monkeypox and Molluscum Contagiosum Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of the Poxviridae family?

They are single-stranded RNA viruses.

They contain the most conserved genome among all viral families.

They primarily affect avian species.

They are large, double-stranded, enveloped DNA viruses. (correct)

Which poxvirus has been highlighted due to a recent outbreak and associated death?

Cowpox virus

Alaskapox virus

Cattlepox virus

Mpox virus (correct)

What aspect of poxviruses is not covered in the review?

Diagnostic methods

Treatment (correct)

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

What defines the genetic differences among Orthopoxviruses?

Point mutations and deletions Signup and view all the answers

Which genera are significant in human disease within the Poxviridae family?

Ten significant genera Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern related to poxviruses as highlighted in the review?

The zoonotic potential and re-emergence of diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is mentioned as having the most conserved genome among the Orthopoxviruses?

Cowpox virus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary form of transmission commonly associated with zoonotic poxviruses?

Direct contact with infected animals Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated range of human deaths caused by VARV during the 20th century?

300–500 million Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mortality rates is associated with Variola major?

30% Signup and view all the answers

What method was crucial in eliminating the natural transmission of VARV worldwide since 1980?

Vaccine deployment and quarantine Signup and view all the answers

Which virus belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus?

Grey sealpox Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical shape and size of Parapoxviruses?

Ovoid, 240–300 nm by 140–190 nm Signup and view all the answers

How large is the genome of Parapoxviruses?

140 kb Signup and view all the answers

Which potential use of VARV raises concerns regarding its significance?

Use as a bioweapon Signup and view all the answers

What impact did VARV have on society during the 20th century?

Economic decline and societal evolution Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to the increase of monkeypox outbreaks according to the given studies?

Cessation of smallpox vaccination Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with an outbreak reported in a kibbutz?

Molluscum contagiosum virus Signup and view all the answers

Which publication discusses the epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children?

Family Practice Signup and view all the answers

What type of health issue does the article by Kassa review?

Viral zoonosis Signup and view all the answers

Which organization published the Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories guidelines?

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in relation to the prevalence of impetigo, molluscum, and herpes infections?

Lack of immunizations Signup and view all the answers

Who are the authors discussing smallpox vaccination's impact on monkeypox outbreaks?

Reynolds and Damon Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is primarily studied by Babkin and others regarding molecular evolution?

Orthopoxvirus Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern associated with Milker's nodules?

It is an occupational infection for those handling animals. Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to detect monkeypox infection according to the content?

Immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Signup and view all the answers

Which study established the duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination?

A longitudinal study conducted in Illinois. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is primarily discussed in the study concerning Orf virus infection in humans?

Adverse reactions related to vaccination. Signup and view all the answers

Which group is highlighted for its susceptibility to Milker's nodules?

Immunocompromised individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key finding about the smallpox vaccine's effectiveness over time?

Immunity can persist for decades. Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from an infection related to a 'Milker’s nodule'?

Erythema multiforme. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these viruses is primarily associated with the transmission through handling infected animals?

Orf virus. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Tana River valley residents had serologic evidence of infection by 1971?

16.3% Signup and view all the answers

What was the notable finding about the outbreak in the Congo River valley from 1979 to 1983?

357 TPV cases were reported, predominantly within a short time frame. Signup and view all the answers

What is presumed to be the transmission route for TPV despite lack of experimental proof?

Mosquito-borne transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic testing for poxviruses is restricted in the United States?

Public health laboratories Signup and view all the answers

In which states was TANV detected outside the Tana and Congo river valleys?

California and Oregon Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT useful for determining initial clinical suspicion of poxvirus infection?

Dietary habits Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary agent in the smallpox vaccine ACAM2000?

Replication competent vaccinia virus Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered an epidemiologic risk factor for poxvirus infection?

Living in a densely populated area Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Poxviruses Overview

Poxviridae are large, double-stranded enveloped DNA viruses comprised of significant genera impacting human health.
Major historical significance is associated with Variola virus (VARV), responsible for up to 500 million deaths, showcasing high mortality rates (30% for Variola major).

Human Monkeypox and Outbreaks

Recent monkeypox (mpox) outbreaks highlight the zoonotic potential of poxviruses.
The Mpox epidemic spanned multiple countries, increasing awareness of poxvirus risks.
Borealpox (formerly Alaskapox) has emerged, resulting in at least one reported death.

Epidemiology and Transmission

Poxvirus transmission dynamics can be influenced by environmental factors such as floods, leading to outbreaks in isolated communities.
Studies reveal substantial community transmission, with significant percentages of cases linked to close proximity within households.

Diagnostic Methods

Clinical suspicion for poxvirus infection is based on symptom presentation and epidemiological risk factors.
Laboratory diagnostics involve consultation with public health departments and may include testing for travel history or exposure to infected individuals or animals.

Variola Virus (VARV)

Despite its historical prevalence, natural transmission of VARV has been eradicated worldwide since 1980 due to effective vaccination efforts and quarantine protocols.
VARV is considered a potential bioweapon due to its capability for rapid spread.

Parapoxvirus Genus

The Parapoxvirus genus includes viruses like Orf and pseudocowpox, which have been linked to human infections.
Parapoxviruses possess a double-stranded DNA genome around 140 kb, housing over 100 genes.

Diagnostic Testing Limitations

Diagnostic testing for poxviruses is primarily restricted to public health laboratories, with some tests available in select hospital and commercial labs.
Viral isolation from clinical samples is not routinely performed in clinical settings, primarily to prevent exposure risks.

Clinical Implications

Poxvirus infections can pose significant threats to immunocompromised individuals, necessitating diligent occupational safety measures.
Continued vigilance and advancements in diagnostic methods are crucial for managing outbreaks and ensuring public health safety.

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Description

This quiz explores the infections caused by the Monkeypox virus and molluscum contagiosum. It covers historical outbreaks, clinical reviews, and implications for public health. Test your knowledge on these viral infections and their impact on human populations.