Monkey Exchange Behavior and Social Rank

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Questions and Answers

Which method was used to assess the effect of various factors on the delta score?

Principal component analysis

Spearman’s rho-correlations

Landau’s linearity indices

Generalised linear mixed model (correct)

What behaviour did male ravens display in response to playbacks that violated dominance relations?

Aggressive vocalisation

Calm and submissive behaviour

No change in behaviour

Increased stress behaviour (correct)

What impact did simulated rank reversals in the subjects' own group have on the ravens?

Aggressive displays towards each other

Increased activity levels (correct)

No observable reactions

Decreased vocalisation

Which analysis method was employed to reduce the number of response variables?

Principal component analysis Signup and view all the answers

What was revealed about ravens when playback stimuli concerned simulated rank reversals in a neighbouring group?

They showed no signs of stress or increased activity Signup and view all the answers

What did the results suggest about ravens' understanding of their social hierarchy?

They have knowledge of rank relations based on observation Signup and view all the answers

What behaviour pattern did females exhibit in response to stress-inducing simulated rank reversals in their group?

Engagement in self-directed behaviours Signup and view all the answers

What correlation was used to measure inter-rater reliability concerning durational behaviours?

Spearman’s rho-correlations Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the capability of apes regarding false-belief understanding based on the evidence provided?

Apes may possess an implicit understanding of beliefs despite failing explicit tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the tasks may influence the differential performance observed between apes and humans?

Differences in task demands or context related to cognitive flexibility. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the experimental tasks, what strategy might apes apply when trying to predict an actor's search behavior?

Assuming the actor will search for the object where they last interacted with it. Signup and view all the answers

How do the findings regarding ape theory of mind (TOM) contribute to the understanding of its evolution?

They imply that TOM skills in great apes date back to the last common ancestor they share with humans. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of using an abstract behavior rule-based explanation for apes solving false-belief tasks?

It does not account for the variety of evidence supporting ape theory of mind. Signup and view all the answers

What defines zero intentionality in behavior?

Behavior is controlled solely by internal and external stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes first order intentionality?

The actor understands the effects their actions have on others. Signup and view all the answers

Why is Occam's razor considered risky in biological research?

It encourages ignoring complex biological interactions. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of goal achievement in woodlice, what is suggested about their behavior?

Woodlice are strictly responding to immediate stimuli without goals. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of cognition in behavior?

Cognition entails processing information to make decisions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of mind (ToM) enable individuals to do?

Recognize that others have separate thoughts and intentions. Signup and view all the answers

How did rats exhibit intention in the experiments mentioned?

By showing varied responses based on the presence of poison. Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the concept of second order intentionality?

Awareness of a knowledge relationship between oneself and others. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two categories of divided incomplete exchanges identified?

Failure to hand back the token and failure to accept the reward Signup and view all the answers

What action does NOT count as an exchange in the token experiment?

Tossing the token out of the test chamber Signup and view all the answers

What emotion do capuchin monkeys demonstrate when comparing rewards?

Negative response to previously acceptable rewards when a partner gets a better deal Signup and view all the answers

How long do monkeys have to place the token into the experimenter's hand?

60 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome measured to determine the rate of exchange failure?

The mean failure to exchange across test types Signup and view all the answers

What concept is proposed to guide nonhuman primates in their exchanges?

Species-typical expectations about treatment and resource division Signup and view all the answers

What statistical method was used to conduct pair-wise comparisons in the study?

Tukey’s multiple comparisons Signup and view all the answers

In the exchange interactions, how successful were the subjects in completing exchanges during baseline tests?

95% or more Signup and view all the answers

What behavior do fish exhibit when a colored tag is provided in a modified mark test?

They attempt to remove the mark. Signup and view all the answers

In the Sally-Anne test, where will Sally look for her ball after Anne has moved it?

In the basket. Signup and view all the answers

What was the result concerning the performance of children and great apes on false belief tasks?

Children's performance was correlated while apes did not succeed. Signup and view all the answers

What does gaze following indicate in monkeys, as evidenced by studies with actors?

Monkeys look more often when demonstrators show a fear face. Signup and view all the answers

What does the high-level explanation of perspective taking involve?

Understanding the interaction partner's different visual target. Signup and view all the answers

In experiments on visual perspective, what behavior did monkeys exhibit when watched by humans?

They were less active when unobserved. Signup and view all the answers

How do monkeys differentiate between body and face orientation of an observer?

They encode face orientation to observer's perceptual access. Signup and view all the answers

What did the experiment involving long-tailed macaques during a food competition reveal?

Macaques preferred the invisible item when the dominant was present. Signup and view all the answers

What type of deceptive behavior was observed in monkeys?

They groom another monkey while hiding behind a rock. Signup and view all the answers

What capacity do ravens exhibit according to their behavior regarding visual access?

They can infer when others may be watching and guard their caches accordingly. Signup and view all the answers

Which species of apes succeeded in high-level false belief tasks?

All great ape species tested. Signup and view all the answers

What was a common finding in gaze-following experiments with long-tailed macaques?

They respond to the emotional expressions of others. Signup and view all the answers

What behavior do great apes and long-tailed macaques share regarding gaze following?

They can follow the gaze even around barriers. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of behavior reading, what is one limitation noted about chimpanzees?

They have difficulty understanding tasks not designed for them. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Incomplete Exchanges in Monkeys

Incomplete exchanges in monkeys can be categorized into two types: failure to hand back the token (NT) and failure to accept the reward (RR).
Active rejection often occurs in both categories, such as throwing the token or reward away.
In exchange tasks, monkeys received a token and exchanged it for a food reward.
Successful exchange involved placing the token in the experimenter’s outstretched hand within 60 seconds.
Throwing the token did not count as an exchange.
Reward was given after successful exchange.
95% or more of monkeys successfully exchanged in baseline tests.
Monkeys had at least 2 years of experience with the exchange scheme.

Relative Reward in Monkeys

Capuchin monkeys show evidence of measuring reward in relative terms, comparing their own rewards with those of others.
Negative reactions occur when a partner receives a better deal than the monkey.

Ravens exhibit different behaviors after playbacks simulating a rank reversal in their group.
Playbacks were used to investigate the ravens' understanding of social hierarchy.
Simulation of a rank reversal caused stress and changes in activity levels.
Ravens were more reactive when the simulated reversal was about members of their own sex.
Ravens showed no signs of stress or activity when playbacks suggested rank reversals in a neighboring group.
Male ravens responded specifically to playbacks violating the dominance relations of their neighboring group.

Theory of Mind: Understanding Others' Minds

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand that others have a “mind” and thoughts, beliefs, and intentions different from our own.
ToM is often considered a hallmark of higher cognitive abilities.
False belief is an important aspect of ToM.
The Sally-Anne test is used to assess false belief understanding.
Great apes have shown some evidence of understanding false beliefs.
Gaze following is considered a potential indicator of ToM.
Long-tailed macaques have shown gaze following and sensitivity to facial expressions.
Perspective taking involves understanding the visual perspective of others.
Great apes can follow gaze around barriers, demonstrating perspective taking.
Deception is another behaviour related to ToM.
Monkeys have been observed engaging in deceptive behavior, for example, grooming another monkey behind a rock.
Occam’s razor is a principle that suggests the simplest explanation is often the best.
It is important to avoid oversimplification when studying animal behavior.
Woodlice exhibit a “goal-achieving system” even though their behavior is based on emergent distribution.

Intentionality and Goals

Intentionality refers to the ability to have a goal and act intentionally to achieve it.
Rats can demonstrate intentional behavior when rewarded with sugar.
Intentional states include the idea that a goal can be achieved through action and the will to reach the goal.
Plover's distraction behavior is an example of how behavior can be functional to achieve a specific goal.
First-order intentionality involves understanding the effect of one's behavior on others.
Second-order intentionality involves understanding what others think about one's behavior.

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Description

Explore the fascinating behavioral patterns of monkeys during exchange tasks, including their responses to incomplete exchanges and relative rewards. Learn how social rank influences their behavior and emotional reactions in competitive settings. This quiz will delve into the intricacies of monkey social interactions and reward assessment.