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Questions and Answers
What is considered tachycardia in dogs?
What is considered tachycardia in dogs?
Which condition is most likely to lead to erratic blood pressure readings?
Which condition is most likely to lead to erratic blood pressure readings?
What is the minimally acceptable mean arterial pressure (MAP) in dogs and cats?
What is the minimally acceptable mean arterial pressure (MAP) in dogs and cats?
Which error would likely cause a falsely high reading in blood pressure measurements?
Which error would likely cause a falsely high reading in blood pressure measurements?
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What does the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) include?
What does the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) include?
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Which of the following is a common cause of anesthetic-related arrhythmias?
Which of the following is a common cause of anesthetic-related arrhythmias?
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What is the normal systolic blood pressure range for dogs and cats?
What is the normal systolic blood pressure range for dogs and cats?
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What can be done if a Doppler cuff is not functioning correctly?
What can be done if a Doppler cuff is not functioning correctly?
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What does a capillary refill time (CRT) longer than 2 seconds primarily indicate?
What does a capillary refill time (CRT) longer than 2 seconds primarily indicate?
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What is the normal range for SpO2 values?
What is the normal range for SpO2 values?
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Which condition is characterized by ETC02 levels greater than 45 mmHg?
Which condition is characterized by ETC02 levels greater than 45 mmHg?
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What is a potential effect of hypercapnia during anesthesia?
What is a potential effect of hypercapnia during anesthesia?
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Which of the following is a sign of septicemia as indicated by SpO2 levels?
Which of the following is a sign of septicemia as indicated by SpO2 levels?
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What should be assessed if low ETC02 is found?
What should be assessed if low ETC02 is found?
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A CRT less than 1 second typically suggests which of the following?
A CRT less than 1 second typically suggests which of the following?
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What factor is critical in interpreting SpO2 readings accurately?
What factor is critical in interpreting SpO2 readings accurately?
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What is indicated by a high INC02 level?
What is indicated by a high INC02 level?
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What is indicated by hypoxic conditions when breathing 100% O2?
What is indicated by hypoxic conditions when breathing 100% O2?
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What could indicate an exhausted or malfunctioning CO2 absorber during ventilation?
What could indicate an exhausted or malfunctioning CO2 absorber during ventilation?
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Which factor could lead to insufficient carbon dioxide removal during mechanical ventilation?
Which factor could lead to insufficient carbon dioxide removal during mechanical ventilation?
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What is a common sign of esophageal intubation during positive pressure ventilation?
What is a common sign of esophageal intubation during positive pressure ventilation?
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What is an important consideration when using an esophageal stethoscope?
What is an important consideration when using an esophageal stethoscope?
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What is the heart rate range for small dogs considered normal?
What is the heart rate range for small dogs considered normal?
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Why is the esophageal stethoscope considered useful during anesthesia?
Why is the esophageal stethoscope considered useful during anesthesia?
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What is the primary consequence of inadequate inspiratory flow during mechanical ventilation?
What is the primary consequence of inadequate inspiratory flow during mechanical ventilation?
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What could result from the insertion of the esophageal stethoscope into the stomach?
What could result from the insertion of the esophageal stethoscope into the stomach?
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Which condition would not typically lead to obstructed ventilation?
Which condition would not typically lead to obstructed ventilation?
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What defines bradycardia in cats during anesthesia monitoring?
What defines bradycardia in cats during anesthesia monitoring?
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Study Notes
Monitoring Review & Normals
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Circulation Indicators (CRT): Indicates peripheral tissue blood perfusion. Slow CRT may result from factors like epinephrine release, low blood sugar, hypothermia, cardiac failure, excessive anesthetic depth, blood loss, or pain. A CRT longer than 2 seconds suggests decreased perfusion, possibly due to hypovolemia or peripheral vasoconstriction. A CRT less than 1 second often accompanies bright red mucous membranes and indicates septicemia or hyperthermia.
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SpO2 % Saturation: Should be interpreted based on inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2). Normal SpO2 values are between 95-100%. Breathing room air (FiO2 = 0.21) results in SpO2 greater than 95%. Hypoxia occurs when SpO2 is less than 95%. Breathing 100% oxygen (FiO2 = 1) yields a SpO2 of 100%. Hypoxia occurs when SpO2 is less than 98%.
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Capnography:
- ETCO2 (End-tidal CO2): Normal range is 35-45mmHg. Lower values (hypocapnia) are less than 35mmHg, while higher values (hypercapnia) are greater than 45mmHg.
- INC02 (Inspired CO2): Should be between 0-2 mmHg.
- Hyperventilation: Occurs when ETCO2 is less than 35mmHg.
- Hypoventilation: Occurs when ETCO2 is greater than 45mmHg.
- Low ETCO2: Assess patient's condition, depth of anesthesia, oxygenation, and assess for rapid declines or values below 15 mmHg which may indicate impending cardiopulmonary arrest
- High ETCO2: Assess possible causes like IPPV (positive pressure ventilation) and monitor patients closely. Hypercapnia (45-55mmHg) may be tolerated during surgery because it has some benefits.
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Rebreathing/Malfunctioning CO2 Absorber: Exhausted or malfunctioning CO2 absorbers lead to rebreathing of CO2.
Esophageal Intubation
- Signs of confirmed patient intubation include: breathed or IPPV (positive pressure ventilation) once attached to Assisted Ventilation Devices (ADS). Absence of CO2 or very minimal amounts on the capnograph suggest successful esophageal intubation.
Esophageal Stethoscope
- Provides sound intensities from the esophagus.
- To prevent accidental entry into the stomach, measurements should be taken near the 4th-5th ribs.
- It can assist with HR detection in loud environments and aid in confirming intubation when other devices fail.
Heart Rate Normals
- Cat: 120-220 bpm. Bradycardia is less than 100 bpm. Tachycardia is greater than 260 bpm.
- Dog: 60-120 bpm. Bradycardia is less than 50 bpm. Tachycardia is greater than 150 bpm.
Common Technical Errors in Blood Pressure Measurements
- Cuff Size: Incorrect cuff size can lead to inaccurate readings (falsely low or high readings).
- Cuff Placement: Cuff placed over a joint, not snugly fitted, or not sufficiently tightened leads to inaccurate high readings.
- Cuff Integrity: A hole in the cuff or leaks in the cuff integrity can lead to inaccurate or unreliable readings.
- Cardiac Arrhythmias: Can cause erratic readings.
Blood Pressure Normals
- Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP): Average pressure throughout the cardiac cycle. Important for tissue perfusion. MAP calculation= Diastolic BP + 1/3 (Systolic BP-Diastolic BP).
- Dog and Cat Normal Mean: 60-90mmHg
- Dog and cat Normal Systolic: 110-160mmHg
ECG/Common Causes of Anesthetic - Related Arrhythmias
- ECG issues: Common factors including inadequate anesthesia or analgesia, bradycardia, tachycardia, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, hypotension, hypothermia, or hyperthermia, and electrolyte abnormalities (such as potassium and magnesium). Oculo-cardiac reflexes are also mentioned as possible causes.
- Hypotension: Low blood pressure. Must be kept above 60mmHg (minimally acceptable).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the monitoring parameters of vital signs, including circulation indicators, SpO2 saturation, and capnography. This quiz covers normal ranges, interpretations, and implications of abnormal values. Ideal for students in medical and health-related fields.
