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Monism vs Dualism: Philosophical Perspectives
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Monism vs Dualism: Philosophical Perspectives

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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'psychology' derive from?

  • Sanskrit words for emotion and analysis
  • Greek words meaning spirit and to study (correct)
  • Old English words for behavior and reasoning
  • Latin words meaning mind and study

    • The scientific study of psychology only focuses on observable behaviors.

    False

    What are the three ways of framing explanations in psychology?

    Psychological, Biological, Environmental

    The _______ problem in psychology refers to the difficulty in studying the mind since it is unobservable.

    <p>Mind Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following philosophical concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Empiricism = Knowledge comes from sensory experience Nativism = Knowledge is innate and pre-existing Dualism = Mind and body are separate entities Monism = Mind and body are one and the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is associated with the concept of operant conditioning?

    <p>B.F. Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gestalt psychology focuses solely on observable behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?

    <p>Internal mental processes such as thought, reasoning, memory, and perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behavior that can be observed and measured is referred to as ______.

    <p>overt behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the psychologists to their primary contributions:

    <p>John Watson = Observable behavior and stimulus-response Jean Piaget = Developmental psychology and children's mistakes Max Wertheimer = Visual perception and Gestalt principles B.F. Skinner = Operant conditioning principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept suggests that our mental abilities change as we grow older?

    <p>Developmental psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuroscience is primarily concerned with social behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does evolutionary psychology study?

    <p>How natural selection has shaped the human mind and its abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior.

    <p>Operant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective emphasizes the role of subconscious processes in influencing behavior?

    <p>Psychodynamic perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is associated with the concept of Dualism?

    <p>René Descartes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monism asserts that the mind and body are separate entities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Wilhelm Wundt contribute to psychology?

    <p>He is considered the 'Father of Modern Psychology' and founded the school of Structuralism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the philosophical perspective of ________, knowledge is gained entirely through experience.

    <p>Empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the philosophers to their respective theories:

    <p>Immanuel Kant = Philosophical Idealism Jean-Martin Charcot = Psychodynamic Perspective Thomas Hobbes = Philosophical Materialism William James = Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Functionalism focus on in psychology?

    <p>Understanding the purpose of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nativism suggests that knowledge is present from birth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for his work on Classical Conditioning?

    <p>Ivan Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The idea that the unconscious influences thoughts and feelings is a key concept of ________.

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective suggests that our perception of the world is shaped by our sensory experiences?

    <p>Philosophical Realism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychology as defined in the content?

    <p>Scientific study of the mind and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biological explanations in psychology focus on thoughts and emotions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components psychologists hope to achieve in their study?

    <p>Measure and describe behavior, explain and predict behavior, modify behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'psychology' is derived from the Greek words _______ and _______.

    <p>psyche, logos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of explanations in psychology with their descriptions:

    <p>Psychological = Thoughts, emotions, and internal motivations Biological = Genes, hormones, and physiological processes Environmental = External, physical, and social surroundings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Dualism propose about the mind and body?

    <p>They are different and separate entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monism suggests that the mind and body are separate entities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the 'Father of Modern Psychology'?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to philosophical ________, knowledge is innate and present from birth.

    <p>nativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the philosophers to their respective contributions:

    <p>Rene Descartes = Dualism of mind and body Thomas Hobbes = Monism, rejecting separate mind John Locke = Philosophical Realism Immanuel Kant = Philosophical Idealism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach focuses on the adaptive significance of mental processes?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Behaviorism focuses exclusively on unobservable mental processes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological approach did Sigmund Freud develop?

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ivan Pavlov is best known for his work in ______ conditioning.

    <p>classical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist is associated with the use of introspection as a method for understanding consciousness?

    <p>Edward Titchener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must occur for a recessive gene to be expressed?

    <p>It must be paired with another recessive gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epigenetics involves changes to the DNA sequence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is natural selection?

    <p>The process where genes that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degree of genetic contribution to a trait's variation in a population is known as ______.

    <p>heritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of relatives with their genetic relatedness:

    <p>Identical twins = 100% Fraternal twins = 50% Siblings = 50% Grandparents and grandchildren = 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetic mutations, which of the following describes a beneficial mutation?

    <p>A change that increases an organism's adaptability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural selection only acts on traits that are environmental rather than genetic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define polygenic transmission.

    <p>The combined effect of multiple gene pairs on a single phenotypic trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of ______ results in changes in the DNA sequence that can be harmful, neutral, or advantageous.

    <p>mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of study to its description:

    <p>Family Studies = Investigate trait prevalence in families versus the general population Adoption Studies = Compare traits between biological and adoptive relatives Twin Studies = Analyze genetic and environmental influences Adaptation Studies = Examine shared genes and environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuron carries commands from the brain to muscles and organs?

    <p>Motor Neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium ions are positively charged ions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the difference in charge between the inside and outside of a neuron?

    <p>Polarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ is a fatty insulating layer that speeds up the transmission of signals in neurons.

    <p>myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the neurotransmitter with its effect:

    <p>Acetylcholine = Increases likelihood of action potential Gamma-aminobutyric acid = Decreases likelihood of action potential Glutamate = Excitatory effects Dopamine = Inhibitory effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes a situation where a neuron cannot fire another action potential?

    <p>Absolute Refractory Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The action potential is a graded response that varies in magnitude.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>To connect one neuron to another within the brain or spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A change in electrical potential that allows a neuron to communicate is known as an _____ ______.

    <p>action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the ion with its charge type:

    <p>Sodium (Na+) = Positive Chloride (Cl-) = Negative Potassium (K+) = Positive Amino acids (A-) = Negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the tendency of ions to move through the membrane to the less concentrated side?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glial cells do not play a role in supporting neurons in the nervous system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define hyperpolarization in relation to neuron membrane potential.

    <p>An increase in electrical charge across a membrane, making it more negative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ ________ law states that an action potential either occurs at full strength or not at all.

    <p>all-or-none</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug decreases activity at a receptor?

    <p>Antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) leads to depolarization of the dendrites and cell body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs that bind at the same site as neurotransmitters are referred to as __________.

    <p>direct agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Neuron = Single neural cell Nerve = A bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system Tract = A bundle of axons in the central nervous system Synaptic Vesicles = Storage for neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of neurotransmitter deactivation primarily achieved by?

    <p>Reuptake or breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spatial summation combines potentials arriving at different times from the same neuron.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define 'temporal summation'.

    <p>Combining potentials arriving a short time apart, from the same or separate units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>central</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of presynaptic potential?

    <p>It changes the probability of the postsynaptic neuron firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Monism vs Dualism

    • Rene Descartes proposed dualism, separating mind and body into distinct entities.
    • The mind is characterized as intangible and non-physical, while the body is a physical, separate entity.
    • Philosophical Dualism emphasizes the difference between mind and body; Materialistic Dualism specifically views the body as physical.
    • Thomas Hobbes argued against dualism, asserting that the mind results from the brain's physical processes.
    • Monism posits that mind and body are the same, rejecting the idea of separate entities.
    • Philosophical Materialism highlights that mental events arise from physical occurrences.

    Realism vs Idealism

    • John Locke advocated for philosophical realism, focusing on human perception shaped by sensory information.
    • Immanuel Kant introduced philosophical idealism, suggesting innate knowledge influences perception, shaped further by experience.

    Empiricism vs Nativism

    • Philosophical Empiricism states knowledge comes solely from experience, exemplified by learning through personal encounters.
    • Philosophical Nativism argues that knowledge is innate from birth, where instinctive reactions are present without prior experience.

    Structuralism and Functionalism

    • Wilhelm Wundt, known as the "Father of Modern Psychology," emphasized using scientific methods to study the mind's elements.
    • Edward Titchener, a student of Wundt, utilized introspection to analyze subjective experiences and basic elements of consciousness.
    • Functionalism, led by William James, focused on the purpose of consciousness and mental processes, influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution.

    Modern Perspectives

    The Psychodynamic Perspective

    • Jean-Martin Charcot and Pierre Janet treated hysteria, examining symptoms without apparent physical causes.
    • Sigmund Freud emphasized the unconscious mind's influence on behavior, founding psychoanalysis as a therapeutic approach for insight into mental processes.

    Behaviourism

    • Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning illustrates how stimuli can provoke physical responses through learning.
    • B.F. Skinner expanded behaviorism, focusing on observable behavior and its modification based on consequences.

    Gestalt Psychology

    • Max Wertheimer explored visual perception and how the mind organizes sensory information into holistic experiences.
    • Sir Frederic Bartlett studied memory, revealing that recall is susceptible to distortions and not merely a recording device.

    Developmental Psychology

    • Jean Piaget investigated cognitive development in children, observing how their mistakes reveal understanding and mental abilities.

    Social Psychology

    • Kurt Lewin highlighted individual perception over environmental determinism in social behavior.
    • Solomon Asch and Gordon Allport studied inference-making and its impact on behavior in social contexts.

    Cognitive Psychology

    • Cognitive psychology emerged in the 1960s, focusing on internal processes such as thought and memory, viewing humans as information processors.

    Cognitive Behaviorism

    • Cognitive behaviorism combines behavioral and cognitive theories, proposing that learning and environment shape behavior by providing necessary information.

    Evolutionary Psychology

    • This field examines how natural selection has influenced human mental processes and capabilities.

    Neuroscience

    • Neuroscience investigates brain function and its relationship to both mind and behavior.
    • Cognitive neuroscience focuses on interactions between cognitive processes and brain activities.
    • Behavioral neuroscience studies how brain function affects observable actions.

    Cultural Psychology

    • Cultural psychology studies the influence of shared experiences, values, and beliefs on behavior, considering factors like race and national background.

    The Biological Component

    Neurons

    • Neurons facilitate communication in the body through both electrical and chemical signal transmission.

    The Nervous System

    • Comprised of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, crucial for bodily functions and responses.

    Endocrine System

    • Regulates processes through hormone secretion, impacting various physiological functions.

    Hemispheric Lateralization

    • Highlights the specialization of brain hemispheres in processing information and directing behavior.

    Terminology and Considerations

    • Psychology is influenced by biases from gender norms, social conventions, sexism, and racism.
    • Etymologically, "psychology" comes from Greek: psyche (spirit/soul) + logos (study).

    Defining Psychology

    • Psychology studies mind (internal behaviors) and behavior (external actions).
    • Goals include measuring, describing, explaining, predicting, and modifying behaviors.

    Explanatory Frameworks

    • Psychological Explanations focus on thoughts and emotions.
    • Biological Explanations involve genetics and physiological processes.
    • Environmental Explanations consider physical and social surroundings.

    Philosophical Roots

    • Ancient Greek philosophers examined morality and human nature.
    • Early physiologists explored brain function relating to behavior, exemplified by Ali ibn al-’Abbas al-majusi.

    Mind-Body Problem

    • Questions the study of the mind's unobservable nature and its relationship with the body.
    • Philosophical Dualism suggests the mind and body are separate; Materialistic Dualism claims the mind arises from physical actions.
    • Monism posits that mind and body are the same entity.

    Realism vs Idealism

    • John Locke advocated for understanding human perception through sensory information (Realism).
    • Immanuel Kant believed in inherent knowledge and perception shaped by experience (Idealism).

    Empiricism vs Nativism

    • Empiricism asserts knowledge is gained through experience (e.g., learning from encounters).
    • Nativism holds that some knowledge is innate at birth (e.g., instinctive reactions).

    Structuralism and Functionalism

    • Structuralism, led by Wilhelm Wundt, analyzed the mind's components through introspection.
    • Functionalism, championed by William James, focused on the purpose of mental processes, inspired by Darwin's evolution theory.

    The Psychodynamic Perspective

    • Charcot and Janet treated hysteria through early psychological methods.
    • Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis emphasized the influence of the unconscious on behavior.

    Behaviorism

    • Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning demonstrated learned responses via environmental stimuli.
    • John B. Watson expanded behaviorism's focus on observable behavior and environmental influences.

    Neurons and Neurotransmission

    • Types of neurons: Motor (to muscles), Sensory (from stimuli), Interneurons (within the CNS).
    • Action potential occurs when membrane depolarization enables neuronal communication.
    • Neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine, serotonin) facilitate communication between neurons, either exciting or inhibiting activity.

    Nervous System Organization

    • Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves outside CNS; includes somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) systems.
    • Central Nervous System: Comprises the brain and spinal cord, relaying signals via afferent (toward CNS) and efferent (away from CNS) pathways.

    Genetic Influences and Evolution

    • Heritability refers to the proportion of trait variation attributable to genetic variation.
    • Natural selection processes favor traits that enhance survival and reproduction.
    • Evolution results from gradual genetic change within populations.

    Research Methodologies

    • Family studies analyze trait prevalence within families versus broader populations.
    • Adoption and twin studies gauge genetic versus environmental contributions to behaviors and traits.
    • Higher concordance rates in identical twins suggest a genetic influence on traits.

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    Explore the intriguing debate between Monism and Dualism, featuring insights from key philosophers like Rene Descartes and Thomas Hobbes. Discover how Descartes' Dualism differentiates the mind and body while Hobbes challenges this view with a materialistic perspective. This quiz will deepen your understanding of these two fundamental theories in philosophy.

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