Mongol Empire History

Founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century
Largest contiguous empire in history, covering over 24 million square kilometers
Key achievements:
- Unified various Mongol tribes and expanded the empire through conquests
- Established a network of trade routes, including the Silk Road
- Developed a system of governance, including a code of laws and a postal system
Notable Mongol leaders:
- Genghis Khan (1206-1227)
- Ögedei Khan (1227-1241)
- Kublai Khan (1260-1294)

Major dynasties:
- Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE): unified China for the first time, standardized weights, measures, and currency
- Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE): expanded the empire, established Confucianism as the official philosophy
- Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE): golden age of Chinese poetry, art, and culture
Key achievements:
- Developed a centralized bureaucracy and administrative system
- Made significant contributions to science, technology, and engineering
- Established Confucianism as a dominant philosophy

Period: 1185-1868 CE
Key features:
- Decentralized system of governance, with power held by the samurai class
- Development of bushido, a code of conduct for samurai
- Establishment of the shogunate, a military dictatorship
Notable events:
- Mongol invasions (1274 and 1281 CE)
- Sengoku period (1467-1603 CE), a time of civil war and consolidation of power
- Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1868 CE), a period of relative peace and stability

Period: late 19th century to 1947 CE
Key figures:
- Mahatma Gandhi, leader of the non-violent resistance movement
- Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India
Notable events:
- Indian Rebellion of 1857, a failed uprising against British rule
- Salt March (1930), a non-violent protest against the salt tax
- Quit India Movement (1942), a call for immediate independence

Period: 16th century to mid-20th century
Key colonizers:
- Portuguese, who established trade posts and colonies in the region
- Dutch, who established the Dutch East India Company and colonized Indonesia
- French, who colonized Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia)
Notable events:
- Portuguese conquest of Malacca (1511 CE)
- Dutch colonization of Indonesia (1602 CE)
- French colonization of Indochina (1862 CE)

Early civilizations:
- Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BCE), in modern-day Pakistan and India
- Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE), in ancient China
- Ancient Korea, with the Gojoseon state (2333 BCE-108 BCE)
Key achievements:
- Development of writing systems, including the Indus script and Chinese characters
- Establishment of cities and states, with systems of governance and trade
- Contributions to philosophy, religion, and the arts

Founded by Genghis Khan in the early 13th century, covering an area of over 24 million square kilometers
Unified various Mongol tribes and expanded the empire through conquests, creating the largest contiguous empire in history
Established a network of trade routes, including the Silk Road, and developed a system of governance, including a code of laws and a postal system
Notable Mongol leaders include Genghis Khan, Ögedei Khan, and Kublai Khan

Major dynasties include the Qin, Han, and Tang, which unified China, expanded the empire, and established Confucianism as the official philosophy
The Qin Dynasty standardized weights, measures, and currency, and unified China for the first time
The Han Dynasty expanded the empire, established Confucianism as the official philosophy, and made significant contributions to science, technology, and engineering
The Tang Dynasty was a golden age of Chinese poetry, art, and culture

Lasted from 1185 to 1868 CE and was characterized by a decentralized system of governance, with power held by the samurai class
Development of bushido, a code of conduct for samurai, and establishment of the shogunate, a military dictatorship
Notable events include the Mongol invasions, the Sengoku period, and the Tokugawa shogunate

Lasted from the late 19th century to 1947 CE and was led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru
Notable events include the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Salt March, and the Quit India Movement
The movement was characterized by non-violent resistance and a call for immediate independence

Lasted from the 16th century to the mid-20th century and was characterized by colonization by the Portuguese, Dutch, and French
The Portuguese established trade posts and colonies in the region, while the Dutch colonized Indonesia and the French colonized Indochina
Notable events include the Portuguese conquest of Malacca, the Dutch colonization of Indonesia, and the French colonization of Indochina

Early civilizations include the Indus Valley Civilization, the Shang Dynasty, and ancient Korea
The Indus Valley Civilization developed a writing system, established cities, and made contributions to philosophy, religion, and the arts
The Shang Dynasty developed a writing system, established a system of governance, and made contributions to philosophy, religion, and the arts
Ancient Korea was characterized by the Gojoseon state and made contributions to philosophy, religion, and the arts