Money and Credit in Indian Economy
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Questions and Answers

What was one of the earliest forms of money used in India?

  • Metallic coins
  • Bank deposits
  • Grains and cattle (correct)
  • Paper notes

Which of the following is a characteristic of modern currency?

  • Physical weight is significant
  • Made of precious metals
  • Not made of precious metals (correct)
  • Used in daily transactions

What is a unique feature of the rupee in India?

  • It can be refused as payment
  • It is universally accepted (correct)
  • It has no defined value
  • It must be backed by gold

What do people typically do with excess cash they have at the beginning of the month?

<p>Deposit it in a bank (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a form of modern currency?

<p>Cattle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do banks play regarding deposits?

<p>They pay interest on deposits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who primarily makes decisions regarding savings and loan activities in a Self-Help Group (SHG)?

<p>Members (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these coins is associated with the Gupta period?

<p>Punch-marked coin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be concluded about modern currency compared to earlier forms?

<p>It serves only as a medium of exchange. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option is NOT considered a formal source of credit?

<p>Employers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an asset that the borrower owns and can use as a guarantee until the loan is repaid called?

<p>Collateral (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to increasing the debt burden on borrowers?

<p>High costs of borrowing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is most likely to meet their credit needs from informal sources?

<p>Small farmers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of loan does Salim obtain to fulfill his order for shoes?

<p>A cash loan from the large trader as advance payment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary use of credit for Salim in the production of shoes?

<p>To meet the working capital needs of production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unfortunate event affects Swapna's crop production?

<p>Pests damaging the crops (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of Swapna's inability to repay her loan?

<p>She has to sell a part of her land to pay off the debt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does credit impact Salim's earnings?

<p>It plays a vital and positive role in increasing his earnings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason Swapna's crop production requires credit?

<p>To cover the costs of cultivation inputs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Swapna's debt situation after her normal crop yield?

<p>Her earnings are still insufficient to cover the old loan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context is credit most demanded in rural areas, as highlighted in the content?

<p>For crop production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes formal credit sources from informal ones?

<p>Formal credit requires collateral. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are poorer households more reliant on informal credit sources?

<p>Formal credit requires collateral that they do not possess. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason why formal credit should be available to all households?

<p>To ensure fair distribution of lending opportunities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge for regulatory bodies overseeing informal lenders?

<p>Gaining insight into local lending practices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do informal lenders generally approach lending compared to banks?

<p>They are more likely to know the borrower personally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does dependence on informal credit sources have on poorer households?

<p>It leads to reliance on higher interest rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What interest rate does the trader intend to charge for the loan provided to farmers?

<p>3 percent per month (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one main purpose of promoting transactions through digital means such as the internet and mobile phones?

<p>To reduce the requirement of cash for transactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition must farmers meet in exchange for the trader's credit supplies?

<p>Sell their crop to the trader (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might formal credit be more beneficial for poor households than informal credit?

<p>Formal loans typically have lower interest rates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization provides data on self-help groups in India?

<p>National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit for the trader when farmers sell their crops at low prices after harvest?

<p>They can later sell the crop at higher prices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a social impact of increasing formal credit access for poorer households?

<p>It may lead to a decrease in the informal lending sector. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Rama primarily meet her daily expenses during times of no work?

<p>By taking loans from the landowner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for the 'double coincidence of wants' to occur?

<p>Each party must want what the other offers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if a shoe manufacturer had to directly exchange shoes for wheat?

<p>It would complicate the process of transactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What interest rate does the landowner charge Rama for credit?

<p>5 percent per month (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason the trader uses a cold storage facility?

<p>To preserve potatoes for later sale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of transactions, what role does money primarily play?

<p>It serves as a medium of exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge does Rama face when there is no work available?

<p>Lack of credit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of transaction is mentioned as a way to control cash-related corruption?

<p>Digital Transactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a promise to pay money later signify in certain transactions?

<p>Future financial commitment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the bank offering credit against the cold storage receipt?

<p>To secure repayment of the crop loan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best captures the concept of money in everyday life?

<p>Money facilitates many transactions every day. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Money as a Medium of Exchange

Money facilitates transactions by acting as an intermediary in buying and selling goods and services, eliminating the need for direct barter.

Barter System

The direct exchange of goods or services for other goods or services without the use of money.

Double Coincidence of Wants

The concept that both parties in a potential exchange transaction must want what the other party has to offer. This is a significant drawback of bartering systems.

Bank Related Statistics

Data about banks, including transactions and financial conditions.

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Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

The central bank of India, responsible for regulating the Indian financial system.

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Point of Sale (POS)

A system used in stores to process payments for goods or services.

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Demonetisation

The act of stripping a currency of its legal tender status.

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Transaction

The process of exchanging goods or services for money or something else of value.

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Early Money

Before coins, people used things like grains and cattle as money. It was a time when people traded goods directly for other goods.

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Metal Coins

Later, people started using metal coins made of gold, silver, and copper as money. This system lasted for many years.

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Modern Currency

Today, we use paper notes and coins as money. This money is not made of precious metals and has no use of its own.

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Rupee: Legal Tender

The rupee is the official currency of India. No one can legally refuse payment in rupees.

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Deposits with Banks

People can save their extra money by depositing it into banks. Banks pay interest for holding these deposits.

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Why is currency accepted?

Modern currency is accepted as money because it is backed by the government, widely used for transactions, and offers convenience.

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Gold Mohar:

A type of gold coin used as currency in ancient India, particularly during the Mughal Empire.

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Tughlaq Coin

Coins from the Tughlaq dynasty in India, known for their unique designs and inscriptions.

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Working Capital Needs

The money a business needs to cover its day-to-day operating expenses, such as buying raw materials, paying wages, and covering other short-term costs.

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Credit for Production

When a business borrows money to finance its production process, using the future earnings from the goods produced to repay the debt.

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Advance Payment for Goods

A buyer paying money upfront for goods that will be delivered later, ensuring the seller has funds to complete production.

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Crop Production Loan

A loan taken out by farmers to cover the costs of growing and harvesting crops, including seeds, fertilizers, and labor.

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Loan Repayment Failure

When a borrower is unable to repay a loan, often due to unexpected events like crop failure or business setbacks.

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Debt Cycle

A situation where borrowers continuously take out new loans to repay old ones, often leading to increasing debt burden and financial hardship.

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Impact of Crop Failure

When crops fail due to pests, weather, or other factors, it can significantly impact a farmer's income, making loan repayment difficult.

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Selling Assets to Repay Debt

When borrowers are unable to repay their loans, they may be forced to sell some of their assets, such as land or property, to cover the debt.

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Crop Loan

A loan given to farmers to cover the cost of farm inputs like seeds and fertilizers, with repayment expected after the harvest.

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Trader's Profit

The trader earns a profit by buying the crop at a low price after the harvest and selling it later when the price has risen.

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Cold Storage Loan

Farmers can borrow from the bank using a cold storage receipt as collateral to store their produce and get a loan against the produce.

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Interest Rate

The cost of borrowing money, expressed as a percentage of the amount borrowed per period.

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Credit Dependence?

Rama, an agricultural laborer, relies on her employer for loans to meet expenses when she has no work.

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Why does the trader ensure repayment?

The trader requires the farmer to sell him the crop to ensure the money is repaid promptly.

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What is the benefit of the trader's system?

The trader can buy the crop at a low price after harvest and sell it at a higher price later.

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Why does the bank offer the loan?

The bank provides the loan to farmers who have already taken a crop loan from them, creating a cycle of dependence.

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Unfavorable Credit Terms

Credit terms that disproportionately benefit the lender, often leading to increased debt and hardship for borrowers.

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Informal Credit Sources

Sources of credit outside the formal banking system, such as moneylenders or relatives. These sources often have high interest rates and lack regulation.

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High Borrowing Costs

Expenses associated with obtaining credit, including interest rates, fees, and other charges. Higher costs increase the debt burden.

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Cheap Credit

Credit with low interest rates and fewer fees, making it more affordable for borrowers to manage their finances.

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Collateral

An asset that a borrower pledges as a guarantee to a lender. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender can seize the collateral.

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Formal Credit

Loans provided by institutions like banks and cooperatives, often with interest rates and regulations.

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Informal Credit

Loans from sources like moneylenders, friends, or family, often with less regulation and higher interest rates.

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Why do poor households rely on informal credit?

Poor households often lack access to formal credit due to factors like lack of documentation, collateral, or knowledge of bank procedures.

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Why is it important for credit to be available to all?

Access to affordable credit allows individuals and businesses to invest, grow, and improve their financial well-being.

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Why is it difficult to supervise informal lenders?

Informal credit is often unregulated, making it difficult to monitor interest rates, loan practices, and potential exploitation.

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Why do richer households get more formal credit?

Richer households tend to have better access to documentation, collateral, and a proven track record for repaying loans.

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What is a self-help group?

A group of people who come together to pool their resources and support each other, often including access to micro-loans.

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Study Notes

Money and Credit

  • Money is a crucial element in economic life, with a history of various forms.
  • Modern money systems are linked to banking.
  • The current Indian scenario involves the increasing use of digital transactions.
  • Demonetization alters reliance on cash, promoting digital transactions.
  • Credit plays a vital role, impacting individuals and economic growth.
  • Availability of credit, especially for the poor, is essential for development.
  • Credit arrangements and their impact on people vary greatly.
  • Innovative interventions like Grameen Bank can address credit access challenges.

Money as a Medium of Exchange

  • Money facilitates the exchange of goods, services, and payments.
  • Money eliminates the need for a double coincidence of wants, unlike barter systems.
  • Money simplifies transactions, particularly for large volumes.
  • In a system using money like the current economic situation, the shoemaker exchanges shoes for money and uses the cash to buy wheat.
  • This eliminates the need to find someone who wants shoes and also wants wheat.

Modern Forms of Money

  • Modern money includes currency (paper notes and coins).
  • Modern currency is not precious metal.
  • Modern currency is authorized by the government.
  • The Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes in India.
  • Deposits with banks are another crucial form (demand deposits).
  • Checks are a convenient payment method.

Cheque Payments

  • Checks allow for cashless transactions between accounts.
  • The payer instructs the bank to transfer funds to the payee.
  • The payee deposits the check in their account, resulting in a transfer of funds.
  • The transaction reduces the need for physical cash.

Loan Activities of Banks

  • Banks accept deposits then use a portion to extend loans.
  • Banks act as intermediaries between depositors and borrowers.
  • Banks charge higher interest on loans compared to deposited interest.
  • Banks need a contingency amount in cash, so they don't run out.
  • People use loans for investment, consumption, and economic activities.
  • A variety of situations can lead to higher demands of loan, such as festivals.

Two Different Credit Situations

  • Credit is essential for many transactions in daily life.
  • Examples illustrate how credit affects different situations and people.
  • Salim's festival season loan illustrates credit for production needs.
  • Swapna's problem with crop failure highlights the risks and potential debt traps.

Loans from Cooperatives

  • This section explores cooperatives as a source of credit for rural areas.
  • Cooperatives offer loans for agricultural needs.
  • They collect deposits, borrow from banks and give loans to members.
  • Cooperative credit is an alternative for those needing loans but unable to proceed with traditional financing (banks).

Formal Sector Credit in India

  • Formal and informal sector credits are essential sources for loans in India.
  • Formal sector loans are largely handled by banks and cooperatives.
  • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) regulates formal sector loans and credit.

Self-Help Groups for the Poor

  • Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are a way to provide access to credit for disadvantaged members.
  • SHGs pool savings, grant loans, and have transparent methods.
  • The SHGs can provide access to credit for people unable to obtain it with traditional methods.

Grameen Bank of Bangladesh

  • Grameen Bank is a notable example that successfully provides credit to poor women.
  • Grameen Bank demonstrates success in providing sustainable financial support to individuals.

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Chapter 3: Money and Credit PDF

Description

Explore the role of money and credit in the Indian economy, highlighting its history, modern banking systems, and the shift towards digital transactions. Understand how credit accessibility impacts economic growth, especially for underprivileged communities, and the significance of innovative solutions like Grameen Bank.

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