Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the book that Marcelo H. Del Pilar wrote which the text refers to?

La Soberenia Monacal en Filipinas

What other name was Marcelo H. del Pilar known by?

Plaridel

When was the book La Soberenia Monacal en Filipinas first published?

1889

What was the name of the Filipino revolutionary who wrote about the abuses committed by the Dominican friars against the tenants of Hacienda de Calamba?

<p>José Rizal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the highest rank held by Emilio Terrero y Perinat?

<p>Governor-General of the Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text states that the friars controlled the status quo in the Philippines.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why the friars maintained control over the Philippine government?

<p>They used their influence to promote popular education. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the friars play in the Philippines with regards to the people and the government?

<p>The friars acted as both a political organ and popular patrons, wielding significant control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the friars maintain control over the parish priests?

<p>Their power was maintained through their ability to influence their thinking, preaching, confessing and actions, resulting in a consistent way of acting with the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The friars were considered to be self-sufficient in society as their power relied on the consent of the people.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the friars exploited the people and the government in the Philippines.

<p>They would control both the government and the people by appealing to their fear, resulting in them being able to rule at the expense of everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the friars work to suppress the rebellion of the Filipinos?

<p>They would work to suppress the rebellion by appealing to the government's fears of a destabilizing force, offering their support and acting as a counter to the rebellious people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The friars were known to portray the government as being tyrannical and oppressive.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of monastic wealth?

<p>The lack of unity between the people and the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the friars perpetuate the lack of unity and control the people?

<p>They encouraged the people to resent the government, while simultaneously promoting the government to be oppressive towards the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text states that the friars did not believe in the value of diversity to maintain their power.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the friars actively discourage popular education?

<p>They actively discouraged the education of the Filipinos which would allow for unity and a potential challenge to their authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The friars believed that the people and the government should be united and understanding of each other.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the friars worked to keep the people and the government antagonized?

<p>To maintain a state of perpetual antagonism and division, preventing a united challenge to their authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the friars ignore the claims of blood relations?

<p>They ignored these claims in order to promote their own wealth by obtaining the most valuable lands and estates, further contributing to the wealth disparity between the friars and the native Filipinos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the author say is the most conspicuous aspect of the Philippines?

<p>The ignorance and fanaticism encouraged by the monastic institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text states that the friars were responsible for the poor quality education of the Filipinos.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why the friars' large funds could not be alienated?

<p>Their large funds were protected by the rule that they could not be alienated, ensuring the financial power of the friars remained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the government's response to the complaints of poverty made against the friars?

<p>The government did not take action against the friars despite the complaints, highlighting the dominance of the friars and their financial influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most prominent source of Filipino resentment in Spanish colonial rule?

<p>The agrarian dispute at the Hacienda de Calamba.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the people most affected by the agrarian dispute at the Hacienda de Calamba?

<p>Rizal's family</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the Calamba agrarian dispute get worse?

<p>The Dominican Hacienda continually raised the land rents to the point that Rizal's father refused to pay their rent, which led to other tenants following his lead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tax of the religious festivals according to the text?

<p>Tax of the religious festivals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main aim of the papal decree of May 2nd, 1867?

<p>To relieve the Filipino Catholics of the burden of numerous feast days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the decree of May 2nd, 1867 meant to do?

<p>Each diocese would have only one patron saint who would be nominated by the Holy See.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The author states that the will of the Pope is ineffective and impotent so far as the regular curates in the Philippine Archipelago are concerned.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the patron saint of each parish church besides the patron of one or more confraternities?

<p>Tutelary patron</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the additional ways that the Filipinos had to pay besides the official taxes during Spanish rule?

<p>Direct taxes, indirect taxes, and additional charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text states that the friars considered the bishop as a useless institution.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the friars threaten the bishop to withdraw to their convents and abandon the parishes if he insisted on inspecting them?

<p>They resisted his inspection of their convents, viewing it as a threat to their authority and control over their institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text states that supreme orders were carried out as long as the curate pleased.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text states that if the superior authority tries to demand an energetic enforcement of their orders, the curate informs the prelate of their convent, as this would result in dismissing the public official.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the argument the friars use in defending themselves against a public official?

<p>They claim that the public official would be causing danger to the national integrity, which would threaten their authority and control over the institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the example used by the author to illustrate the friars' influence and control over the institutions?

<p>The friars oppose bringing the corpses to the church because it would threaten the national integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unanimous cry of the Filipinos?

<p>The immediate expulsion of the friars</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text states that the friars controlled public opinion so they would never be in danger of losing national integrity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The author agrees with the idea of leaving the country's integrity in the hands of the friars.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the economic aspect of the friars' power?

<p>The friars build lavish convents while the government struggles to collect taxes from the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The author believes that monastic life is productive and beneficial for the Philippines.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the abundance found in the convents laughable?

<p>The abundance in the convents highlights the lack of resources for the government to invest in public works, causing a disparity between the wealth of the institutions and the needs of the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text states that the friars created new forms of devotion to benefit the Filipino people.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the economic phenomenon being discussed in the text?

<p>The disparity between the poverty of the government and the abundance found in the convents, a reflection of the friars' control over the economy and their exploitative practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the amortization of lands is fatal to agriculture?

<p>The economic resources and capital are not properly allocated to agriculture due to the control of the friars over the land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The author states that capital was channeled properly to greater and better production in those countries where intelligent measures to address the problem of land amortization were made.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of income for the monastic order?

<p>The trade in religious objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason why the price of religious objects increases?

<p>A priestly blessing is believed to add value and increase the price.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The priest's blessing does not increase the value of a religious object.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the order that the Augustinian Recollects stem from?

<p>The Augustinian hermit friars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the Recollects arrive in the Philippines?

<p>On May 12, 1606 at the island of Cebu.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the Recollects different from the Augustinians?

<p>They are lay people who share in the mission of Saint Augustine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What denomination were the Recollects apart of?

<p>They were a French reform branch of the Friars Minor, a Franciscan order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Recollects known for?

<p>Their gray habits and pointed hoods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines

The significant influence of religious orders, particularly friars, on the Philippine government and society during Spanish colonial rule.

Political Aspect of Friars' Influence

Friars controlled the status quo, using their influence over parishes to exert power and control over the locals.

Religious Amortization

The acquisition of land by religious institutions through means like land taxes and other means, impacting local families.

Calamba Agrarian Dispute

A significant land dispute stemming from the Dominican friars' hacienda and the unjust treatment of tenants in the Philippines.

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Cause of Calamba Dispute Worsening

The Dominican Hacienda continually raised land rents, leading to tenant objections and defiance during the Spanish colonial era.

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Direct Taxes

Taxes like cedula, urban tax, industrial subsidies, and municipal taxes levied directly on Filipino individuals.

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Indirect Taxes

Taxes levied on various goods and activities, like markets, transport, and cattle slaughter during the Spanish colonial period.

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Religious Festivals Tax

A significant tax paid by Filipinos to support the numerous religious celebrations.

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Religious Festivals

Costly celebrations supported by large sums collected from the Filipino populace through activities like novenas and masses, a common practice during the Spanish colonial era.

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Monastic Land Holdings

Vast tracts of land owned by religious orders, cultivated without owner involvement or motivation, and usually leased at increased rental rates.

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Religious Object Sales

A major source of revenue for religious orders, where prices of blessed items rose significantly compared to non-blessed items.

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Marcelo H. Del Pilar

A key Filipino propagandist and writer who exposed the friars' abuses through writings like "La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas".

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Friar influence on government officials

Friars had substantial power and influence on local government officials in colonial Philippines, even causing their dismissal.

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Augustinians

First Catholic missionaries to arrive in the Philippines, known for early missionary efforts.

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Franciscans

Another early religious order involved in the Filipino conversion to Catholicism, establishing hospitals and infrastructure.

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Jesuits

A Catholic religious order that proselytized in the Visayas Islands, particularly Bohol, Samar, and Leyte, and involved in various forms of ministry.

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Dominican Order

A Catholic religious order that played a key role in the Spanish Inquisition, but also involved in proselytization and establishment of institutions.

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Friar Orders

Five groups of religious orders established in the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule.

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Monastic Wealth

Friar's ability and influence to maintain wealth through land ownership and various forms of revenue.

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Agrarian Reform

Efforts to address land ownership issues and promote fairer distribution of lands between local Filipinos and foreign orders.

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Study Notes

Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines

  • A historical analysis of the influence of monastic orders (especially friars) in the Philippine government during Spanish colonial rule.
  • The study notes are based on excerpts from Marcelo H. del Pilar's "La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas", translated in 1957 by Encarnacion Alzona.

Key Figures and Dates

  • Emilio Terrero y Perinat (1827-1890): A former Governor-General of the Philippines (1885-1888), he was known for his campaign against the Moros in Mindanao.
  • Benigno Quiroga: Former Director-General of the Civil Administration in the Philippines.
  • Miguel Morayta:
  • Ferdinand Blumentritt:
  • Jose Rizal: The most cultured reformist, who highly valued del Pilar's work.
  • Spanish Liberals in Spain:
  • Former Spanish Administrators: Officials in Spain that governed the Philippines

Political Aspect

  • Friars deeply ingrained in the Philippine government to maintain controlling their status quo, defying national institutions.
  • Their parochial mission acted as both a political organ and popular patronage, giving them substantial power locally.
  • Curates' power was linked to monastic authority, and they acted uniformly under prelates.

Political Aspects: Friars and the Government

  • Convents and friars maintained opposition to harmony of national institutions.
  • Friars used the government to curb rebelliousness.
  • Government supported the friars, and portrayed the rulers as despots.

Monastic Wealth and Power

  • Monastic wealth arose from a lack of union between people and government, fostering resentment and despotism.
  • Friars exploited language and educational divides to prevent people uniting.
  • They wanted to maintain their power and control over the people.

Religious Amortization

  • Religious land and income were a significant source of wealth for religious institutions.
  • There's a notable contrast between the poverty of the Spanish government and the opulence of religious institutions.

Economic Aspect

  • Laws governing church establishment believed monastic life was unproductive, and these contributed to supply.
  • The government's limited resources led to the exploitation of the people's poverty.
  • The huge holdings of monastic lands played central role in generating income for the religious orders, regardless of the hardship inflicted on the people.
  • The trade of religious objects boosted income of monasteries.

Taxes and Public Health

  • Filipinos faced direct and indirect taxes, including the personal cedula, urban and municipal taxes, industrial subsidy, and provincial taxes. Additional taxes (personal loan, markets, etc) also burdened the population.
  • Public health issues arose from the presence of corpses and the lack of respect for religious practices.

Religious Festivals

  • Festivals, feasts, and masses were costly and burdened the population.
  • Religious objects (belts, scapulars, etc.) were expensive and prices rose dramatically through priestly blessings and indulgences.
  • Religious taxes were frequently ignored by the Spanish government, while the church maintained control.

The Order of the Franciscans (OFM)

  • The first fifteen Franciscans arrived in Manila on July 2, 1578
  • They were housed in the Augustinian convent.
  • Moved to independence in August 1578.
  • Evangelized across the Filipino archipelago
  • Built churches, and engaged in community work (hospitals)

The Order of the Jesuits

  • First Jesuits arrived from Mexico in 1581.
  • Founded mission stations in Balayan, Batangas, in Taytay, etc.
  • Settled in Visayas, in Tibauan, Panay.

The Dominican Order

  • Founded by St. Dominic in 1215.
  • A prominent religious order.
  • Provided services to God and the King.
  • Controlled lands in order to support their ministries.
  • Played a significant role in Spanish Inquisition.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

  • A prolific writer, lawyer, journalist, and Freemason.
  • Known as a leader of the Reform Movement.
  • Born and raised in Bulacan.
  • Founded Diariong Tagalog, exposing abuses of Spanish friars.
  • Advocated for Filipino equality, liberty, and justice. A strong propagandist.

Social Ideas of del Pilar

  • Equality of all people (regardless of race/class).
  • Equality of footing, a concept of equivalence between Filipinos and others under the law.
  • Advocated for individual liberties.

The Order of Augustinian Recollects (OAR)

  • A mendicant Catholic religious order.
  • Arrived in the Philippines in 1606.
  • Refers to lay people in the Order, and are not priests.
  • A reformed branch of Augustinian friars
  • Followed St. Augustine's rules.

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