Monarchy in France and the Magna Carta

The Capetian dynasty was a royal family that ruled France from 987 to 1328. Their first king, Hugh Capet, initially had limited power but gradually expanded the monarchy's influence.

Philip II, also known as Phillip Augustus was King of France from 1180 to 1223. His reign was marked by territorial expansion, strengthening the French monarchy and laying the foundation for a powerful French state.

The Estates-General was France's first parliamentary body, established in 1302 by King Philip IV. Made up of representatives from the clergy, nobles, and commoners, it aimed to advise the king on matters of governance.

King John of England was known for his heavy taxation and unfair trials. He faced opposition from English nobles. By 1215, he was forced to sign the Magna Carta, which limited his power and protected fundamental rights.

The Magna Carta, or Great Charter, is a document signed by King John of England in 1215. It was crucial for the development of constitutional law and the limitation of royal power. It ensured basic rights for all citizens.

The Great Council was a group of high-ranking nobles and church leaders advising the English king. Its gradual evolution led to the establishment of the English Parliament, a more representative body with both upper and lower houses.

Parliament is a legislative body in England and other countries. It emerged from the Great Council, gaining more power over time. Representing different social classes, it made laws and checked the king's authority.

Common law is a system of law based on judicial precedent (past decisions). It developed in England, replacing patchwork laws. It helped unify the country by establishing a single legal framework.

Circuit judges were travelling officials appointed by Henry II of England. They traveled through the kingdom to settle disputes, conduct trials, and oversee administration of justice. Their presence helped standardize legal practices.

Juries were crucial for English law. They were citizen groups called upon to decide on guilt or innocence during trials. They ensured fair trials and represented the community's voice.