Moliya Asoslari

Personal Finance:
- Budgeting, saving, investing for individual needs.
- Involves loans, mortgages, and retirement planning.
Corporate Finance:
- Financial activities related to running a corporation.
- Focuses on capital structure, funding, and investment decisions.
Public Finance:
- Management of a country’s revenue, expenditures, and debt.
- Analyzes how governments fund services and infrastructure.

Stock Market:
- Platform for buying and selling shares of companies.
- Influenced by economic conditions, investor sentiment, and company performance.
Bond Market:
- Market for issuing and trading debt securities.
- Bonds represent loans made by investors to borrowers.
Money Market:
- Deals with short-term borrowing and lending.
- Instruments include Treasury bills, commercial paper, and certificates of deposit.

Asset Classes:
- Equities (stocks), fixed income (bonds), cash equivalents, real estate, and alternatives.
Risk and Return:
- Higher potential returns usually come with higher risks.
- Diversification helps manage risk.

Balance Sheet:
- Snapshot of a company's assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific time.
Income Statement:
- Shows a company’s revenues and expenses over a period.
- Indicates profitability.
Cash Flow Statement:
- Tracks cash in and out of the business.
- Essential for assessing liquidity and cash management.

Concept that money available today is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its earning potential.
Key calculations include Present Value and Future Value.

Tools for analyzing financial performance:
- Liquidity Ratios: Measure ability to cover short-term obligations (e.g., current ratio).
- Profitability Ratios: Assess overall profitability (e.g., net profit margin).
- Leverage Ratios: Measure the level of debt versus equity (e.g., debt-to-equity ratio).

Financial markets are regulated to ensure transparency, fairness, and protect investors.
Major regulatory bodies include the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).

Rise of fintech and digital banking.
Increased focus on sustainable and ethical investing (ESG).
Growing importance of data analytics and artificial intelligence in financial decision-making.

Moliyaviy ta'rif: Pul, investitsiyalar va aktivlarni boshqarish bilan shug'ullanuvchi soha.
Moliyaviy jarayonlar: Pulning vaqt qiymati, risiko boshqaruvi va moliyaviy bozorlar muhim elementlardir.

Shaxsiy moliya:
- Individual ehtiyojlar uchun byudjet tayyorlash, saqlash va investitsiyalar.
- Kreditlar, ipoteka va nafaqaga tayyorgarlikni o'z ichiga oladi.
Korporativ moliya:
- Korporatsiyani boshqarish bilan bog'liq moliyaviy faoliyatlar.
- Kapital tuzilishi, moliyalashtirish va investitsiya qarorlari muhim ahamiyatga ega.
Davlat moliyasi:
- Mamlakatning daromad, xarajat va qarzlarini boshqarish.
- Hukumatar xizmatlarini va infratuzilmasini qanday moliyalashtirishni tahlil qiladi.

Aktsion bozor:
- Kompaniyaning aksiyalarini sotish va sotib olish maydoni.
- Iqtisodiy sharoitlar, investor hissiyati va kompaniya faoliyati ta'sir qiladi.
Qarz bozor:
- Qarzga asoslangan xavfsizliklarni chiqarish va savdo qilish bozoridir.
- Obligatsiyalar investorlar tomonidan qarz oluvchilarga berilgan kreditlarni ifodalaydi.
Pul bozori:
- Qisqa muddatli qarz berish va olishni o'z ichiga oladi.
- Asosiy vositalar: davlat obligatsiyalari, tijorat qog'ozlari, va depozit sertifikatlari.

Aktiv klasslari:
- Aksiyalar, qat’iy daromadlar (qarzlar), naqd pul ekvivalentlari, ko'chmas mulk va alternativlar.
Risk va daromad:
- Yuqori daromad imkoniyati, odatda, yuqori risklar bilan bog'liq.
- Diversifikatsiya riskni boshqarishga yordam beradi.

Balans varaqasi:
- Ma'lum bir vaqtdagi kompaniya aktivlari, majburiyatlari va kapitalining holatini ko'rsatadi.
Daromad varaqasi:
- Kompaniyaning ma'lum bir davrdagi daromad va xarajatlarini ko'rsatadi.
- Daromadlilikni ko'rsatadi.
Naqd pul oqimi varaqasi:
- Biznesdagi naqd pul kirish va chiqishini kuzatadi.
- Likvidlik va naqd pul boshqaruvini baholash uchun muhimdir.

Bugungi kunda mavjud pul kelajakda bir xil miqdordagi pulga qaraganda ko'proq qadrlidir.
Asosiy hisob-kitoblar: Hozirgi qiymat va kelajak qiymati.

Moliyaviy faoliyatni tahlil qilish vositalari:
- Likvidlik nisbatlari: Qisqa muddatli majburiyatlarni qoplash imkoniyatini o'lchaydi (masalan, hozirgi nisbat).
- Daromadlilik nisbatlari: Umumiy daromadlilikni baholaydi (masalan, sof foyda marja).
- Burchak nisbati: Qarzning kapitalga nisbati darajasini o'lchaydi (masalan, qarzdan kapital nisbati).

Moliyaviy bozorlar shaffoflik, adolat va investorlarni himoya qilish maqsadida tartibga solinadi.
Asosiy tartibga soluvchi organlar: Qimmatli qog'ozlar bo'yicha komissiya (SEC) va Moliyaviy sanoat tartibga solish organi (FINRA).

Fintech va raqamli bankingning o'sishi.
Barqaror va axloqiy investitsiyalarga e'tiborning ortishi (ESG).
Ma'lumotlar analitikasining va sun'iy intellektning moliyaviy qaror qabul qilishdagi o'sib borayotgan ahamiyati.