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Molecules and Cells Overview
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Molecules and Cells Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are classified as macromolecules of life?

  • Amino acids and glucose
  • Water and salts
  • Proteins and nucleic acids (correct)
  • Vitamins and minerals

    • What is the fundamental unit of life?

  • Organism
  • Atom
  • Molecule
  • Cell (correct)

    • Which of the following represents prokaryotic cells?

  • E.coli and Anemones
  • E.coli and Phospholipids
  • Yeast and Drosophila
  • E.coli and Yeast (correct)

    • Which model organism is commonly used in molecular biology studies?

    <p>E.coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a macromolecule of life?

    <p>Ammonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes?

    <p>To degrade macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under which conditions do lysosomal enzymes function optimally?

    <p>Acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the enzymes and membranes of lysosomes synthesized?

    <p>In the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lysosomes obtain the materials they need to degrade?

    <p>By fusing with other vesicles carrying food molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of mitochondria in cellular processes?

    <p>To generate ATP from nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a phylogenetic tree depict?

    <p>Evolutionary relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental features are shared among all cells?

    <p>DNA and RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the macro-molecules of life?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do model organisms play in studying molecular biology?

    <p>They provide a simpler system for understanding biological processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is considered part of the 'molecules of life'?

    <p>Polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All living organisms descended from what type of cell?

    <p>Common ancestral cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option correctly states a characteristic of cells based on their common evolutionary origin?

    <p>They all utilize the same set of molecules of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organisms are typically referred to as model organisms?

    <p>Simple organisms such as bacteria or yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of both Bacteria and Archaea?

    <p>Circular DNA genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria?

    <p>Different cell membrane composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of environment do Archaea typically thrive?

    <p>Extreme environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Complex organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statement about the genetic material in prokaryotes is correct?

    <p>It mainly exists as a single circular DNA molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the cellular processes in prokaryotes compare to those in eukaryotes?

    <p>Many processes are conserved and similar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure that forms the cell membrane in all cells?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of proteins in cells?

    <p>Serving as carriers of genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using bacteria as model organisms in molecular biology?

    <p>They have a similar transcription and translation machinery to eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference in the transcription and translation machinery of Archaea compared to Bacteria?

    <p>Archaea are more similar to eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nuclear pores?

    <p>To allow exchange of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for lipid biosynthesis?

    <p>Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What composes chromatin in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>DNA wrapped around proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes rough ER from smooth ER?

    <p>Presence of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Modification and sorting of proteins and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytoplasmic component excludes the nucleus?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of ribosomes?

    <p>They are surrounded by a membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two components of the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Inner and outer membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the endoplasmic reticulum produce?

    <p>Membranes and transport vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the membrane-enclosed sacs of the Golgi apparatus called?

    <p>Cisternae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about eukaryotic cell compartments?

    <p>Compartments can be specialized for functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure transports materials into and out of the nucleus?

    <p>Nuclear pores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the fluid portion of the cytoplasm after removing organelles?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Molecules of Life

    • The molecules of life are proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids, and saccharides (sugars).
    • Proteins are chains of amino acids and are responsible for many functions in the cell.
    • Nucleic acids carry genetic information, they are made of nucleotides.
    • Phospholipids are amphipathic – both hydrophobic and hydrophilic – and form lipid bilayers, which make up cell membranes.

    Cellular Life

    • Cells are the fundamental units of life.
    • There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
    • Prokaryotic cells are simpler and do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
    • Eukaryotic cells are more complex and have a nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles.
    • The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material, DNA.
    • The DNA in eukaryotic cells is organized into linear pieces called chromosomes.
    • The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and has pores that allow the exchange of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
    • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane-enclosed sacs called cisternae.
    • The ER is involved in lipid biosynthesis and protein synthesis, and produces vesicles for transport.
    • Ribosomes are large molecular complexes that translate mRNA into proteins. They are found both bound to the ER and free in the cytosol.
    • The Golgi apparatus receives transport vesicles from the ER, modifies proteins and lipids, and sorts them into vesicles that are released to other parts of the cell.
    • Lysosomes are digestive organelles that contain enzymes that degrade macromolecules.
    • Mitochondria are responsible for generating energy from nutrient molecules in the form of ATP.

    Prokaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
    • Their genetic material is mainly a circular DNA molecule located in the nucleoid.
    • They also have small circular DNA molecules called plasmids.
    • Prokaryotes have a cell wall made of proteins and sugars.
    • Prokaryotes, specifically bacteria, are often used as model organisms in molecular biology.

    Model Organisms

    • Model organisms are simple organisms used to study complex biological processes.
    • Scientists use model organisms because they are easier to manipulate, grow and study than more complex organisms.
    • Examples of model organisms include: E. coli (bacteria), yeast, C. elegans (roundworm), Arabidopsis thaliana (plant), Drosophila (fly), zebrafish, and mouse.

    Evolutionary Relationships

    • All living organisms have a common ancestral cell.
    • Phylogenetic trees depict evolutionary relationships between different organisms.
    • Many fundamental features of cells are shared due to their common evolutionary origin.
    • The study of simple model organisms can be used to learn about molecular biology in more complex organisms.

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