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Questions and Answers
What is an antagonist in the context of hormones?
What is an antagonist in the context of hormones?
What is the main control point for hormone synthesis and release?
What is the main control point for hormone synthesis and release?
What is the function of tropic hormones?
What is the function of tropic hormones?
What is the function of JAKs in signal transduction?
What is the function of JAKs in signal transduction?
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What is the purpose of feedback control in hormone regulation?
What is the purpose of feedback control in hormone regulation?
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What is the term for the periodic occurrence of a biological event?
What is the term for the periodic occurrence of a biological event?
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Which type of receptors are involved in the transmission of messages from arterial natriuretic factor (ANF)?
Which type of receptors are involved in the transmission of messages from arterial natriuretic factor (ANF)?
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What is the term for the rhythm that occurs during 24 hours?
What is the term for the rhythm that occurs during 24 hours?
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How do thyroid, steroid, and retinoic acid hormone receptors enter the cell?
How do thyroid, steroid, and retinoic acid hormone receptors enter the cell?
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What controls the secretion of pituitary hormones?
What controls the secretion of pituitary hormones?
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What is the result of desensitization of receptors?
What is the result of desensitization of receptors?
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What is the effect of upregulation of receptors?
What is the effect of upregulation of receptors?
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What type of control can feedback control be?
What type of control can feedback control be?
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What is the function of an agonist in pharmacological interventions?
What is the function of an agonist in pharmacological interventions?
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Which of the following hormones is an example of a hormone that acts through intracellular receptors?
Which of the following hormones is an example of a hormone that acts through intracellular receptors?
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Where is oxytocin release triggered in response to suckling?
Where is oxytocin release triggered in response to suckling?
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What is the result of covalent modification of receptors by phosphorylation?
What is the result of covalent modification of receptors by phosphorylation?
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What can bypass the neurogenic pathway to trigger oxytocin secretion?
What can bypass the neurogenic pathway to trigger oxytocin secretion?
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What can inhibit oxytocin secretion?
What can inhibit oxytocin secretion?
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What is the half-life of oxytocin?
What is the half-life of oxytocin?
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Where is AVP (ADH) synthesized?
Where is AVP (ADH) synthesized?
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What stimulates the V2 receptors on principal epithelial cells in the kidney?
What stimulates the V2 receptors on principal epithelial cells in the kidney?
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What is the primary function of ADH?
What is the primary function of ADH?
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At what serum osmolality is ADH secretion maximally stimulated?
At what serum osmolality is ADH secretion maximally stimulated?
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What is characterized by a euvolemic hypoosmolar hyponatremia associated with hyperosmolar urine?
What is characterized by a euvolemic hypoosmolar hyponatremia associated with hyperosmolar urine?
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What is the function of dopamine produced by the hypothalamus?
What is the function of dopamine produced by the hypothalamus?
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What is the normal reference value for serum prolactin in women?
What is the normal reference value for serum prolactin in women?
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What is the typical manifestation of hyperprolactinemia in women?
What is the typical manifestation of hyperprolactinemia in women?
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What is a common cause of hyperprolactinemia?
What is a common cause of hyperprolactinemia?
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What is the effect of hyperprolactinemia on GnRH secretion?
What is the effect of hyperprolactinemia on GnRH secretion?
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What is the typical manifestation of hyperprolactinemia in men?
What is the typical manifestation of hyperprolactinemia in men?
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What can lead to disinhibition of prolactin secretion?
What can lead to disinhibition of prolactin secretion?
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What is the correlation between the height of elevation of serum PRL levels and the presence of a pituitary tumor?
What is the correlation between the height of elevation of serum PRL levels and the presence of a pituitary tumor?
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What is another important cause of hyperprolactinemia?
What is another important cause of hyperprolactinemia?
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What stimulates PRL secretion in addition to TSH secretion?
What stimulates PRL secretion in addition to TSH secretion?
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What is usually done to return PRL levels to normal in patients with hyperprolactinemia due to hypothyroidism?
What is usually done to return PRL levels to normal in patients with hyperprolactinemia due to hypothyroidism?
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What is measured in addition to PRL in patients with acromegaly?
What is measured in addition to PRL in patients with acromegaly?
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What is the consequence of complete PRL deficiency in women?
What is the consequence of complete PRL deficiency in women?
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What hormone is secreted by the somatotrophs of the pituitary gland?
What hormone is secreted by the somatotrophs of the pituitary gland?
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What inhibits GH synthesis and release?
What inhibits GH synthesis and release?
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Study Notes
Receptors and Hormone Signaling
- JAKs (Janus kinases) and STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) are involved in hormone signaling, with examples including growth hormone and prolactin.
- Guanylyl cyclase receptors transmit messages, with an example being arterial natriuretic factor (ANF).
Intracellular Receptors
- Thyroid, steroid, and retinoic acid hormone receptors exist in soluble form inside cells, with hormones passing through the cell membrane by simple diffusion.
- The receptor-hormone complex is transported into the nucleus, binding to specific hormone response elements and stimulating gene transcription.
Regulation of Receptor Activity
- Desensitization occurs through decreased responsiveness to increased hormone amounts, reduced receptor numbers or affinity, downregulation, and covalent modification by phosphorylation.
- Upregulation increases target cell sensitivity, with examples including prolactin and angiotensine II.
Hormone Regulation
- Hormone amounts in blood circulation are controlled by synthesis, release, breakdown, and removal processes.
- The hypothalamic-pituitary regulatory system integrates messages from internal and external sensory receptors to control hormone production.
- Feedback control involves hormones released from target glands regulating production by changing hypothalamic and pituitary hormone secretion.
Biological Rhythms
- Biological rhythms refer to periodic biological events, with examples including circadian rhythms in pituitary hormone secretion.
- Oxytocin has a circadian rhythm and is released in response to suckling, neurogenic stimuli, and psychological stimuli, with inhibition by stressful situations.
Oxytocin
- Oxytocin has a half-life of 3-5 minutes and is rapidly degraded by oxytocinase.
- Pathologic conditions associated with oxytocin excess or deficiency are rare.
Arginine Vasopressin/Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- ADH is synthesized in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus.
- ADH regulates water balance and osmotic homeostasis by stimulating V2 receptors in the kidney, increasing water permeability and reabsorption.
- ADH secretion is modulated by changes in serum osmolality and intravascular volume, with detection by osmoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of ADH (SIADH)
- SIADH is characterized by euvolemic hypoosmolar hyponatremia with hyperosmolar urine.
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
- The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland by secreting trophic hormones specific for each cell population.
- Prolactin (PRL) is produced by the lactotrophs of the pituitary gland, responsible for lactation initiation and maintenance.
Prolactin
- PRL secretion is normally kept low by dopamine produced by the hypothalamus.
- PRL is secreted in a circadian fashion, with highest levels during sleep and a nadir between 10 am and noon.
- Reference values for serum PRL are 1-25 ng/mL for women and 1-20 ng/mL for men.
- PRL levels are increased by physiologic and pathologic factors, as well as by medications.
Hyperprolactinemia
- Hyperprolactinemia leads to inhibition of GnRH secretion, manifesting as sexual dysfunction and infertility in both men and women.
- Pituitary adenomas are an important cause of hyperprolactinemia, with elevation of serum PRL levels correlating with the likelihood of a pituitary tumor.
- Hypothyroidism is another important cause of hyperprolactinemia, with thyroid hormone replacement therapy usually returning PRL levels to normal.
Hypoprolactinemia
- PRL deficiency can be seen with pituitary necrosis or infarction, and in some cases of pseudohypoparathyroidism.
- In women with complete PRL deficiency, menstrual disorders and infertility have been found.
Growth Hormone (GH)
- GH is a single-chain polypeptide synthesized, stored, and secreted by the somatotrophs of the pituitary gland in response to GHRH secretion by the hypothalamus.
- Somatostatin, also produced by the hypothalamus, inhibits GH synthesis and release.
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Description
This quiz covers different molecular signaling pathways, including JAK-STAT, guanylyl cyclase receptors, and intracellular receptors. Examples of signaling molecules include growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid hormone.