Molecular Genetics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What was the significance of Griffith's experiment in understanding transformation?

Griffith's experiment demonstrated that genetic material could be transferred between bacteria, providing evidence for the process of transformation.

Explain the difference between generalized and specialized transduction.

Generalized transduction involves the transfer of any bacterial gene, while specialized transduction transfers specific genes linked to the prophage.

Describe the role of the F-factor in bacterial conjugation.

The F-factor is a plasmid that facilitates the formation of a sex pilus, enabling the transfer of genetic material during bacterial conjugation.

What are R plasmids and why are they important in microbiology?

<p>R plasmids carry genes that confer antibiotic resistance, making them critical in studying the spread of antibiotic resistance among bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the main types of mutations and provide one example for each.

<p>The main types of mutations are point mutations (e.g., missense mutations), insertions (e.g., frameshift mutations), and deletions (e.g., gene loss).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Ames test and what does it measure?

<p>The Ames test evaluates the mutagenic potential of a compound by observing its ability to induce mutations in specific strains of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between insertion sequences and composite transposons.

<p>Insertion sequences are simple transposable elements that contain only the genes necessary for transposition, while composite transposons contain additional genes flanked by insertion sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of replicative transposition in prokaryotic transposable elements?

<p>Replicative transposition involves the duplication of the transposable element and its insertion into a new site, while the original element remains at its initial location.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the regulation of copy number in plasmids impact bacterial genetics?

<p>Regulating plasmid copy number ensures balanced replication and stability of plasmids in progeny, affecting gene expression and antibiotic resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transformation

The process by which a bacterial cell acquires new genetic material (DNA) from its environment.

Bacterial Competence

A state of competence refers to the ability of a bacterial cell to efficiently take up exogenous DNA, providing it with the necessary genetic machinery for transformation.

Transduction

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through a virus (bacteriophage).

Generalized Transduction

A type of transduction where any part of the bacterial genome can be transferred to another bacterium by the phage.

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Specialized Transduction

A type of transduction where only specific genes are transferred to another bacterium by the phage. This occurs when the phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome.

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Conjugation

Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material (DNA) from one bacterium to another through direct contact, mediated by a specialized structure called a pilus.

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Plasmids

A small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria that can replicate independently of the main bacterial chromosome. They can carry genes that give bacteria special abilities.

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Mutations

Permanent changes in the DNA sequence. Mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

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Transposable Elements

Mobile DNA elements that can move from one location to another in the genome. They play a vital role in genome evolution and can alter gene expression.

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Study Notes

Transformation

  • Zero lecture, Discovery of transformation, Griffith's experiment, Mechanism of transformation
  • Factors affecting transformation process
  • Competence, Development of competence in S. pneumoniae
  • Transduction discovery, Lederberg and Tatum's experiment, Mechanism and types of transduction, Generalized transduction, Specialized transduction, Sexduction, Abortive transduction

Conjugation

  • Discovery, Experimental evidence, F-factor, F+ & Hfr
  • Mechanism of conjugation, Cross between Hfr, F+ & F-
  • Conjugants and its application, Features of T4 genetics, Genetic basis of lytic versus lysogenic switch of phage lambda

Plasmids

  • Types of plasmids, F plasmid, R Plasmids, colicinogenic plasmids, Ti plasmids
  • Linear plasmids, Yeast micron plasmid, Plasmid replication and partitioning
  • Host range, plasmid- incompatibility, Plasmid amplification, Regulation of copy number, Curing of plasmids

Mutations

  • Definition and types of Mutations, Physical and chemical mutagens
  • Uses of mutations, Reversion and suppression, True revertants, Intra- and inter-genic suppression, Ames test, Mutator genes

Transposable Elements

  • Prokaryotic transposable elements, Insertion Sequences, Composite transposons, Non-composite transposons, Replicative transposition, Non replicative transposition
  • Eukaryotic transposable elements, Yeast (Ty retrotransposon), Drosophila (P elements), Uses of transposons, Uses of transposition, Revision

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