22 Questions
What type of compounds are inorganic compounds that take the form of discrete molecules?
Molecular compounds
In ionic compounds, what happens to metal atoms in relation to their electrons?
They lose electrons
What type of bonding occurs when atoms of a molecule share their electrons?
Covalent bonding
How many bonds exist in a carbon dioxide molecule?
$2$
What is the main force that holds the atoms of a molecule together?
Electrostatic attraction
What distinguishes molecular compounds from ionic compounds?
Formation of ions
What distinguishes molecular compounds from ionic compounds?
Molecular compounds form discrete molecules, whereas ionic compounds form ions.
What type of bonding occurs in molecular compounds?
Covalent bonding
What is the main force that holds the atoms of a molecule together in molecular compounds?
Covalent bonding
What happens to metal atoms in ionic compounds?
They lose electrons to nonmetals
How do atoms of a molecule share their electrons in a molecular compound?
By sharing electrons between them
In a carbon dioxide molecule, how many bonds exist between the carbon atom and the oxygen atoms?
$2$ bonds
What is another name for sulfuric acid that was commonly used by medieval European alchemists?
Vitriol of Amun
Which substance, commonly used in North Africa, was noticed by ancient Romans as a crystalline deposit forming on temple walls?
Sal ammoniac
What was the original meaning of the Arabic term 'al-khwl' or 'al-ghawl', which eventually evolved into the term 'alcohol'?
Metallic powder for eyelids
Who discovered that heating sal ammoniac produced a gas with a pungent odor?
Joseph Priestley
What was the original meaning of the term 'alcohol' when it entered the English language in the 17th century?
Sublimated substance
What is the systematic name for the specific substance denoted by [latex]CH_3CH_2OH[/latex]?
Ethanol
Which ancient people first noticed a crystalline deposit forming from the smoke of burning camel dung?
Romans
Who named the substance produced by heating sal ammoniac 'ammonia'?
T. Bergman
What was the staple fuel of North Africa that resulted in the formation of a crystalline deposit on temple walls?
Camel dung
What term was given to the material formed from burning camel dung because it was discovered on the walls and ceiling of a temple in Thebes?
Sal Ammoniac
Study Notes
Molecular Compounds
- Molecular compounds are inorganic compounds that take the form of discrete molecules.
- Examples include water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
- These compounds are different from ionic compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl).
- In molecular compounds, atoms share their electrons to form bonds between pairs of atoms.
Ionic Compounds
- Ionic compounds are formed when metal atoms lose one or more electrons to nonmetal atoms.
- The resulting cations and anions are electrostatically attracted to each other.
- Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points, and tend to be hard and brittle.
- Ions can be single atoms or polyatomic groups, but must carry a positive or negative charge.
- In an ionic bond, one "bonder" must have a positive charge and the other a negative one.
Naming Ionic Compounds
- Ionic compounds are named first by their cation and then by their anion.
- The cation has the same name as its element, and the anion is named by taking the elemental name, removing the ending, and adding "-ide".
- For example, K+ is called the potassium ion, and F- is called fluoride.
- To name a compound, the cation name and anion name are added together, such as NaF being called sodium fluoride.
Stock Method of Naming
- The Stock method of naming ionic compounds involves naming the cation and anion separately.
- The cation's oxidation number is indicated in parentheses, such as copper (II) chloride.
Naming Molecular Compounds
- Molecular compounds are named using a systematic approach of prefixes to indicate the number of each element present in the compound.
- Generally, the more electropositive atom is written first, followed by the more electronegative atom with an appropriate suffix.
- For example, H2O can be called dihydrogen monoxide.
Chemical Nomenclature
- The primary function of chemical nomenclature is to ensure that a spoken or written chemical name leaves no ambiguity concerning to what chemical compound the name refers.
- The most widely accepted format for nomenclature has been established by IUPAC.
- Chemical names should refer to a single substance, and common names are often used in informal communication.
Familiar Inorganic Compounds
- Many chemicals are known by their common, or "trivial", names.
- Examples include ammonia (NH3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4), which have fascinating stories behind their names.
Test your knowledge on molecular compounds, which are inorganic compounds that exist as discrete molecules. Learn about examples like water ( H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and how they differ from ionic compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl).
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