Molecular Biology of the Cell Quizzes

Epigenetic level = Regulation occurs when DNA is uncoiled and loosened from nucleosomes to bind transcription factors Transcriptional level = Regulation occurs when the RNA is transcribed Post-transcriptional level = Regulation occurs when the RNA is processed and exported to the cytoplasm after it is transcribed Translational level = Regulation occurs when the RNA is translated into protein

Polypeptides = Proteins are made up of polypeptides; a peptide is a short chain of amino acids Unique sequence of amino acids = Each protein has a unique sequence of 20 amino acids Polar amino acid side chains = Polar amino acid side chains tend to lie on the outside of the protein, interacting with water Hydrophobic core = Nonpolar amino acid side chains are buried on the inside, forming a tightly packed hydrophobic core hidden from water

Amino acids = Proteins are made up of amino acids; each protein contains about 35 amino acids in this schematic drawing Inside vs outside = Polar amino acid side chains lie on the outside of the protein, while nonpolar side chains are buried inside forming a hydrophobic core

Proteins = Cellular machinery and structural support DNA = Genetic material carrying hereditary information Membrane structure = Regulates passage of molecules in and out of the cell Receptor = Recognizes and responds to specific molecules

The Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th edition) = Alberts, Lewis, Roberts The Molecular Biology of the Cell (8th edition) = Alberts, Lewis, Roberts A trip across a cell = Matthew N.O.Sadiku Nucleotides Building blocks of DNA and RNA = Alexander

Python = General-purpose programming JavaScript = Client-side scripting for web applications SQL = Database queries CSS = Styling web pages

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/S2405805X20300612 = Cell biology research https://www.nature.com/articles/s44222-023-00032-w = Molecular biology studies https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/19/7539 = Sensor technology advancements https://microbiologynote.com/cell-structure-and-functions/ = Microbiology concepts

Ribose = Ribonucleotide Deoxyribose = Deoxyribonucleotide Sucrose = Glucose =

Biosensors = Devices that detect biological molecules and convert them into measurable signals Electrochemical biosensors = Sensing devices that transduce biochemical events into electrical signals Transducing = Converting one form of energy into another Electricity = Set of physical phenomena associated with electric charges

Text over 3 lines =

Electrode = Solid support for immobilization of biomolecules Color tag = Common way to label molecules in biosensors Electric charges = Associated with the presence and flow of electricity Footnote text = Provides additional information in presentations

Electrotechnics basics = Introduction to fundamental concepts in electricity Client-side scripting = JavaScript's primary usage Database queries = SQL's main function Styling web pages = CSS's purpose in web development

Immobilization of biomolecules = Process of fixing biomolecules on a solid support Biochemical events transduction = Converting biochemical reactions into electrical signals Flow of electric charges = Movement of electrons in a circuit Web page styling = Enhancing the visual appearance of websites using CSS

Signal processor = Converts physicochemical signal to quantifiable signal Transducer = Links bioreceptor to signal processor Label biosensors = Detect molecules using a special tag Label-free biosensors = Detect molecules based on biophysical properties

Biosystems = Category based on mechanisms of interaction Bioaffinity biocomplexation = Category based on mechanisms of interaction Biocatalytic = Category based on mechanisms of interaction Natural products biosensors = Type of biosensor detecting molecules

Enzymes = Type of sensing element in biosensors Antibodies = Type of sensing element in biosensors Cells = Type of sensing element in biosensors Molecular weight = Property used in label-free biosensors

Receptor = Part detecting the compound Label = Special tag attached to molecules Physicochemical signal = Signal converted by signal processor Quantifiable signal = Interpretable signal in biosensors

Biosystems = Role in categorizing sensing elements Bioaffinity biocomplexation = Role in categorizing sensing elements Biocatalytic = Role in categorizing sensing elements Tagging molecules = Role of label biosensors

Detection of activity = Function of label-free biosensors Conversion of signals = Function of signal processor Linking detection to interpretation = Function of transducer Categorizing interaction mechanisms = Function of sensing element categories

Two sheets of charge = Form the two plates of the capacitor Dielectric layer = Affects the capacitance by its thickness Gate voltage = Determines the induced charge in the channel Capacitance = Inversely proportional to the distance between the plates

Double-layer capacitor = Formed at the electrolyte-channel interface Ionic charge sheet = Compensates the induced electronic charge in the channel Electronic charge sheet = Induced in the channel FET principles = Related to maximizing drain current through thin dielectric layers

Thin dielectric layers maximize induced charge = Resulting in higher drain current of the transistor Capacitance is inversely proportional to plate distance = Affecting the amount of induced charge Gate voltage affects induced charge = Directly influencing the amount of charge in the channel Two sheets of charge form plates = Foundation for storing electrical energy

Ionic charge in electrolyte = Compensates electronic charge in channel Capacitance of dielectric layer = Affects amount of induced charge Distance between electrolyte and channel = Affects double-layer capacitance Gate voltage magnitude = Determines amount of induced charge

Channel interface with electrolyte = Location of double-layer capacitor formation Sheet of ionic charge in electrolyte = Compensates for electronic charge in channel Induced electronic charge sheet in channel = Affected by gate voltage magnitude Capacitor plates = Consist of two sheets of charge

Maximizing induced charge = Increases drain current flow Thin dielectric layers = Enhance amount of induced charge Inversely proportional capacitance-distance relation = Impacts induced charge and drain current Gate voltage control = Directly influences amount of induced charge and thus drain current