Molecular Biology: DNA Function and Replication

<p>Amino acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Missing an oxygen at carbon 2′ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleic acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiamine (vit B) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Missing an oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semiconservative replication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To unwind the DNA double helix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leading strand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To generate RNA primers for DNA synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA primers are removed and replaced with DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth in a nitrogen isotope medium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They consist of multiple RNA primers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide structural stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a simple structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histone proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23 pairs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By the size and number of chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histone proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nucleotide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The free hydroxyl group and free phosphate group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From the 5′ end to the 3′ end (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3′,5′-phosphodiester linkages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1- charge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequence of bases present (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5′-monophosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Free phosphate group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphoester bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nucleotide chain base sequence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nucleotide includes a phosphate, but a nucleoside does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotides are formed from the reaction of a sugar and a base followed by a reaction with a phosphate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A β-N-glycosidic bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-idine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A molecule of water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C5′ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of the prefix deoxy- (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condensation reaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment through N9 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleosides are more soluble because of the pentose’s -OH groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nucleoside is a combination of a pentose sugar and a nitrogen-containing base.

A nucleotide consists of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

A β-N-glycosidic bond connects the pentose sugar and the nitrogenous base in a nucleoside.

Purine bases attach to the pentose sugar at the N9 position, while pyrimidine bases attach at the N1 position.

The formation of a nucleoside releases a water molecule. This is called a condensation reaction.

Nucleosides are named using suffixes. Pyrimidines end in '-idine' (e.g., cytidine) and purines end in '-osine' (e.g., adenosine).

A phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon of the pentose sugar in a nucleotide.

The bond between the phosphate and the sugar in a nucleotide is called a phosphoester linkage.

The formation of a nucleotide also involves a condensation reaction, releasing a water molecule.

Nucleotides are the building blocks for nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid found primarily in the nucleus of cells, responsible for storing and transferring genetic information. It's passed to new cells during cell division.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a nucleic acid found in all parts of a cell, primarily involved in protein synthesis. It helps translate genetic instructions from DNA into functional proteins.

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide consists of three parts: a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

The pentose sugar in a nucleotide is either ribose (for RNA) or deoxyribose (for DNA). The only difference is at the 2' carbon: ribose has an -OH group, while deoxyribose has an -H atom.

Nitrogenous bases are the heterocyclic, nitrogen-containing molecules that bind to the pentose sugar in a nucleotide. There are two main types: purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil).

Phosphate, derived from phosphoric acid, is the third component of a nucleotide. In cellular conditions, it exists as a hydrogen phosphate ion (HPO42−).

Nucleosides are formed when a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) combines with a purine or pyrimidine base.

Nucleic acids are unbranched polymers that consist of nucleotide monomers linked together. They are essential for storing and transferring genetic information, as well as protein synthesis.

A nucleotide is formed when a sugar molecule, a base, and a phosphate group combine, releasing two water molecules.

Nucleotides are named based on the nucleoside they are derived from, with "5'-monophosphate" added to the end.

The primary structure of a nucleic acid is determined by the sequence of bases along its sugar-phosphate backbone.

The sugar-phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid is consistent, meaning the differences in nucleic acids are solely due to their base sequences.

Each phosphate group in the backbone connects to two sugar molecules through a 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.

A nucleic acid chain has directionality, with a 5' end (free phosphate) and a 3' end (free hydroxyl group).

The sequence of bases is read from the 5' end to the 3' end of a nucleic acid chain.

Each phosphate group in the backbone of a nucleic acid carries a negative charge.

The repetitive sugar-phosphate backbone gives nucleic acids a rigid, negatively charged structure.

Understanding the primary structure of nucleic acids is essential for studying genetic information and its transmission.

DNA replication is the process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated, creating two identical DNA molecules.

Semiconservative replication is a model of DNA replication where each new DNA molecule consists of one original strand (parent strand) and one newly synthesized strand (daughter strand).

The replication fork is the point where the DNA double helix unwinds during replication. The unwinding process requires the action of DNA helicase.

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that adds new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand, forming a new strand complementary to the template strand.

A piece of DNA carrying genetic instructions, or genes, of an organism.

The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.

Okazaki fragments are small fragments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication. These fragments are later joined by DNA ligase.

A single-celled organism lacking a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

A multi-celled organism with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

RNA primers are short RNA sequences that initiate DNA synthesis. They are later removed and replaced with DNA nucleotides.

The complete set of genetic information in all the chromosomes of an organism.

The first level of chromosome structure, consisting of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

Proteins providing structural support for chromosomes, helping to compact and organize DNA.

A coiled structure formed by nucleosomes, contributing to the compact structure of chromosomes.

The complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes.

The number and size of chromosomes vary among species, with humans having 23 pairs and adder's tongue fern having 631 pairs.

The structural arrangement of a DNA molecule, including its coiling and association with proteins.