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Questions and Answers
What name did Griffith give to the process in which type R bacteria were transformed into type S bacteria?
What name did Griffith give to the process in which type R bacteria were transformed into type S bacteria?
In the experiments by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty, which macromolecule was found to be responsible for the transformation of R bacteria to S bacteria?
In the experiments by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty, which macromolecule was found to be responsible for the transformation of R bacteria to S bacteria?
What was the outcome when DNA extract was treated with DNase?
What was the outcome when DNA extract was treated with DNase?
Which macromolecules were known constituents of living cells at the time of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiments?
Which macromolecules were known constituents of living cells at the time of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiments?
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What was the primary goal of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiments?
What was the primary goal of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiments?
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What does Chargaff's rule state about the composition of DNA bases?
What does Chargaff's rule state about the composition of DNA bases?
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Which species provides the highest average percentage of a specific measurement in the provided data?
Which species provides the highest average percentage of a specific measurement in the provided data?
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What impact did Chargaff's observations have on the field of genetics?
What impact did Chargaff's observations have on the field of genetics?
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What was one of the key findings from the measurements taken from different tissues?
What was one of the key findings from the measurements taken from different tissues?
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Which of the following organisms exhibits the lowest measured percentage in the provided data?
Which of the following organisms exhibits the lowest measured percentage in the provided data?
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What is the primary structural unit of both DNA and RNA?
What is the primary structural unit of both DNA and RNA?
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Which component differentiates RNA nucleotides from DNA nucleotides?
Which component differentiates RNA nucleotides from DNA nucleotides?
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What type of bond links nucleotides within a DNA strand?
What type of bond links nucleotides within a DNA strand?
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What is the term for the connection between the 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the 3' carbon of another?
What is the term for the connection between the 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the 3' carbon of another?
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In what direction does a DNA strand run?
In what direction does a DNA strand run?
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What forms the backbone of a DNA strand?
What forms the backbone of a DNA strand?
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What is included in the structure of a nucleotide?
What is included in the structure of a nucleotide?
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Which type of sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?
Which type of sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?
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Which of the following properties is NOT required for the genetic material?
Which of the following properties is NOT required for the genetic material?
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In Griffith's experiments, what did the type S strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae produce?
In Griffith's experiments, what did the type S strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae produce?
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What was a key question to ask when learning about new molecules?
What was a key question to ask when learning about new molecules?
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What type of colonies does the type R strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae produce?
What type of colonies does the type R strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae produce?
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Which option is an essential role of genetic material?
Which option is an essential role of genetic material?
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What is a critical characteristic of genetic material regarding variation?
What is a critical characteristic of genetic material regarding variation?
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What was a major finding of Griffith's studies on S.pneumoniae?
What was a major finding of Griffith's studies on S.pneumoniae?
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Which distinguishes the smooth colonies of type S from the rough colonies of type R?
Which distinguishes the smooth colonies of type S from the rough colonies of type R?
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How many nucleotides are approximately present in each strand per complete 360° turn of the DNA helix?
How many nucleotides are approximately present in each strand per complete 360° turn of the DNA helix?
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What type of bonding occurs between adenine and thymine in the DNA structure?
What type of bonding occurs between adenine and thymine in the DNA structure?
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Which of the following correctly describes the primary structure of RNA?
Which of the following correctly describes the primary structure of RNA?
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What stabilizes the DNA double helix structure?
What stabilizes the DNA double helix structure?
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In which groove of the DNA double helix might proteins interact with specific base sequences?
In which groove of the DNA double helix might proteins interact with specific base sequences?
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During RNA synthesis, how many strands of DNA are used as a template?
During RNA synthesis, how many strands of DNA are used as a template?
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Which nucleotide is used in RNA instead of Thymine?
Which nucleotide is used in RNA instead of Thymine?
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What type of strength does base stacking provide to the DNA structure?
What type of strength does base stacking provide to the DNA structure?
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Study Notes
Molecular Biology
- The Central Dogma of Biology: DNA -> RNA -> Protein
- Life is possible due to the proper interactions and functions of molecules
- The role of the genetic material:
- Information: It must contain the information necessary to make an entire organism
- Transmission: It must be passed from parent to offspring
- Replication: It must be copied in order to be passed from parent to offspring
- Variation: It must be capable of changes to account for the known phenotypic variation in each species
Frederick Griffith and Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Studied a bacterium (pneumococci) now known as Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Two strains of S. pneumoniae
- Type S Smooth: Secrete a polysaccharide capsule that protects the bacterium from the immune system of animals and produces smooth colonies on solid media
- Type R Rough: Unable to secrete a capsule and produces colonies with a rough appearance
Griffith’s Experiments on Genetic Transformation
- Griffith’s experiments were conducted using two strains of S.pneumoniae: type S and type R
- Griffith concluded that substance from dead type S bacteria was transforming type R bacteria into type S
- This process was called transformation
- The substance that allowed this to happen was termed the transforming principle.
The Experiments of Avery, MacLeod and McCarty
- These experiments sought to identify the genetic material
- Cell extracts from type S cells were purified and only DNA was able to convert type R bacteria into type S
- Treatment with RNase or protease did not eliminate transformation; treatment with DNase did
DNA Structure
- DNA contains two polynucleotide chains oriented antiparallel to each other
- The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
- There are two asymmetrical grooves on the outside of the helix: Major groove and Minor groove
- Certain proteins can bind within these grooves and thus interact with a particular sequence of bases
RNA Structure
- RNA uses Uracil as a base, instead of Thymine
- RNA uses Ribose with 2’ OH, instead of Deoxyribose
- RNA strands are typically several hundred to several thousand nucleotides in length
- Only one of the two strands of DNA is used as a template in RNA synthesis
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in molecular biology, focusing on the Central Dogma, which outlines the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. It also covers Frederick Griffith's experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae, highlighting the differences between its two strains and the implications for genetic transformation. Test your understanding of these fundamental topics in biology.
