Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a tenet of the cell theory?
Which of the following is NOT a tenet of the cell theory?
Which of the following structures is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following structures is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins?
Which organelle is responsible for modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins?
Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the primary function of lysosomes?
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
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Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy input?
Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy input?
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During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into how many molecules of pyruvate?
During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is broken down into how many molecules of pyruvate?
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Which process involves the expulsion of large molecules from the cell?
Which process involves the expulsion of large molecules from the cell?
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What is the primary role of Acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle?
What is the primary role of Acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle?
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During the light reactions of photosynthesis, what is directly responsible for the release of oxygen?
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, what is directly responsible for the release of oxygen?
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Which enzyme is primarily responsible for adding nucleotides during DNA replication?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for adding nucleotides during DNA replication?
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What is the function of tRNA in gene expression?
What is the function of tRNA in gene expression?
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Which of the following epigenetic modifications typically leads to decreased gene expression?
Which of the following epigenetic modifications typically leads to decreased gene expression?
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What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
What does the Law of Independent Assortment state?
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Which type of genetic mutation involves a change in a single nucleotide?
Which type of genetic mutation involves a change in a single nucleotide?
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Which of the following describes adaptive radiation?
Which of the following describes adaptive radiation?
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What is the primary difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
What is the primary difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
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Which of the following provides molecular evidence for evolution?
Which of the following provides molecular evidence for evolution?
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What percentage of energy is typically transferred between trophic levels in an ecosystem?
What percentage of energy is typically transferred between trophic levels in an ecosystem?
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Which biogeochemical cycle involves processes like nitrogen fixation and denitrification?
Which biogeochemical cycle involves processes like nitrogen fixation and denitrification?
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Which of the following macromolecules includes fats, phospholipids, and steroids?
Which of the following macromolecules includes fats, phospholipids, and steroids?
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What is the primary difference in ATP production between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
What is the primary difference in ATP production between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
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Which community interaction benefits one species while neither helping nor harming the other?
Which community interaction benefits one species while neither helping nor harming the other?
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Flashcards
Cell Theory
Cell Theory
All living organisms are composed of cells; the cell is the basic unit of life.
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Smaller, simpler cells that include bacteria and archaea without a nucleus.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Larger, more complex cells with a nucleus, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Fluid Mosaic Model
Fluid Mosaic Model
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Passive Transport
Passive Transport
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Active Transport
Active Transport
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Pyruvate Decarboxylation
Pyruvate Decarboxylation
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Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Light Reactions
Light Reactions
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Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle
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DNA Structure
DNA Structure
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DNA Replication
DNA Replication
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Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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Operon Model
Operon Model
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Law of Segregation
Law of Segregation
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Fitness
Fitness
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Allopatric Speciation
Allopatric Speciation
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Energy Pyramid
Energy Pyramid
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Point Mutations
Point Mutations
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Study Notes
Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells, the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells: Prokaryotes (bacteria, archaea) are smaller and simpler, while eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, protists) are larger and more complex.
- Prokaryotic Cell Structure:
- Plasma Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, controlling material exchange.
- Nucleoid Region: Region containing circular DNA, without a membrane.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis, smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes.
- Flagella: For locomotion, structurally different from eukaryotic flagella.
- Eukaryotic Cell Organelles:
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA) in chromosomes, surrounded by an envelope with pores.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER has ribosomes for protein synthesis; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, and sorts proteins from the ER, targeting them for various destinations (e.g., lysosomes, plasma membrane).
- Mitochondria: The "powerhouse" of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration. Contains its own DNA and ribosomes.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digesting macromolecules, old organelles, and foreign material.
- Peroxisomes: Break down hydrogen peroxide and fatty acids.
Membrane Structure and Transport
- Fluid Mosaic Model: The plasma membrane is a flexible, dynamic phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
- Passive Transport: Movement across membranes without energy input.
- Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Movement through protein channels or carriers (e.g., glucose transport).
- Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
- Active Transport: Movement across membranes requiring energy input.
- Sodium-Potassium Pump: Pumps Na⁺ out and K⁺ in against their concentration gradients.
- Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Bulk transport in vesicles (endocytosis: cell uptake; exocytosis: cell expulsion).
Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH in the cytoplasm.
- Pyruvate Decarboxylation: Converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA, a crucial entry point for the Krebs cycle.
- Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Oxidizes Acetyl-CoA to CO₂. Produces high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂).
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: Uses electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, with oxygen as the final electron acceptor, to generate ATP via ATP synthase.
Photosynthesis
- Light Reactions: Occur in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Capture light energy to generate ATP and NADPH. Water is split, releasing oxygen.
- Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions): Uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to convert CO₂ into glucose.
Genetics and Inheritance
- DNA Structure: Double helix composed of nucleotides (A, T, C, G). Each nucleotide has a phosphate, sugar, and base.
- DNA Replication: Semi-conservative process, using helicase, DNA polymerase, and ligase. Begins at origins of replication.
- Telomerase: Maintains telomere length during DNA replication in eukaryotes.
- Gene Expression:
- Transcription: RNA synthesis from a DNA template using RNA polymerase.
- mRNA: Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.
- tRNA: Brings specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
- Translation: Ribosome reads mRNA to synthesize proteins.
- Codons: Three-nucleotide sequences on mRNA specifying amino acids.
- Genetic Regulation:
- Operon Model: Gene regulation in prokaryotes (e.g., lac operon, trp operon).
- Epigenetics: Modifications to DNA or histones influencing gene expression without altering the DNA sequence (e.g., DNA methylation, histone acetylation).
- Mendelian Genetics:
- Punnett Squares: Predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
- Law of Segregation: Alleles segregate during gamete formation.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Genes on different chromosomes independently assort.
- Advanced Genetic Topics:
- Polygenic Traits: Controlled by multiple genes (e.g., skin color).
- X-linked Inheritance: Genes on the X chromosome, showing different inheritance patterns in males and females (e.g., color blindness).
- Mutations:
- Point Mutations: Changes in a single nucleotide (missense, silent, nonsense).
- Chromosomal Mutations: Changes in chromosome structure (deletions, duplications, inversions).
Evolutionary Biology
- Natural Selection: Organisms with higher fitness (ability to survive and reproduce) are more likely to pass on their genes.
- Adaptive Radiation: Rapid evolution of diverse species from a common ancestor due to available ecological niches.
- Speciation:
- Allopatric Speciation: Species form due to geographic isolation.
- Sympatric Speciation: Species form in the same geographic area (e.g., due to resource partitioning).
- Evidence for Evolution:
- Fossil Record: Shows past life forms and transitional species.
- Homologous Structures: Similar structures in different species from a common ancestor.
- Molecular Biology: DNA and protein comparisons showing evolutionary relationships.
Ecology
- Energy Flow and Ecosystems:
- Trophic Levels: Organisms classified by feeding relationships (producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers).
- Food Chains and Webs: Show energy flow between organisms.
- Energy Pyramid: Illustrates energy decrease across trophic levels (only 10% transferred).
- Biogeochemical Cycles:
- Carbon Cycle: Movement between atmosphere, organisms, and Earth through processes like photosynthesis and respiration.
- Nitrogen Cycle: Movement between atmosphere and organisms through processes like nitrogen fixation and denitrification.
- Water Cycle: Evaporation, condensation, and precipitation, cycling water between the atmosphere and Earth's surface.
AP Biology - Additional Deep Coverage
- Biochemistry: Key macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids) and enzyme activity.
- Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis:
- Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration: Aerobic respiration produces more ATP.
- Human Anatomy and Physiology:
- Muscle Tissue: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, focusing on contraction mechanisms.
- Immune System: Innate and adaptive immunity.
- Population and Community Ecology:
- Population Dynamics: Factors affecting population size (birth, death, immigration, emigration).
- Community Interactions: Competition, predation, symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism).
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell theory, the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the structures of each type of cell. This quiz covers essential concepts in molecular and cellular biology, including cell organelles and their functions.
