Modulo IV: Sangue-Presione Regulo

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Questions and Answers

Which factor most directly influences the volume of blood ejected per heartbeat?

  • Pulmonary diffusion capacity
  • Hepatic metabolism
  • Renal filtration rate
  • Preload, afterload, and heart contractility (correct)

Hydralazine's mechanism of action primarily involves:

  • Blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
  • Direct vasodilation of smooth muscle (correct)
  • Inhibiting beta-adrenergic receptors
  • Enhancing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

Why must patients taking sodium nitroprusside for extended periods (> 24 hours) be closely monitored?

  • Increased risk of thrombotic events
  • Potential for cyanide poisoning (correct)
  • Risk of hyperkalemia
  • Development of hyperglycemia

Amlodipine requires monitoring for which potential adverse effect?

<p>Peripheral edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcium channel blockers influence blood pressure by acting on:

<p>Heart and blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potentially life-threatening condition necessitates vigilance during ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy?

<p>Angioedema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arterial baroreceptors play a crucial role in blood pressure regulation by:

<p>Sensing changes in blood pressure and triggering sympathetic responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a potential long-term complication of uncontrolled hypertension?

<p>Target organ damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A medication that reduces sympathetic output by activating alpha-2 presynaptic receptors in the brain is:

<p>Clonidine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common reason for discontinuing ACE inhibitor therapy?

<p>Persistent cough (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism of action is characteristic of ACE inhibitors in managing hypertension?

<p>Inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diuretics, as a class, primarily reduce blood pressure by:

<p>Reducing the reabsorption of sodium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A medication that lowers blood pressure by blocking sympathetic alpha-1 receptors directly causes:

<p>Vasodilation in the blood vessels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major concern associated with spironolactone when used to manage hypertension?

<p>Hyperkalemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A transient reflex tachycardia may result from antihypertensive medications that primarily cause:

<p>Vasodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A potential adverse effect common to many antihypertensive medications is:

<p>Erectile dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A medication that selectively inhibits beta-1 receptors in the SA node of the heart will primarily cause:

<p>Decreased heart rate and contractility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which patient history should HCTZ be avoided or used with extreme caution?

<p>Gout (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rapid intravenous administration of furosemide carries an increased risk of:

<p>Ototoxicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Beta-blockers are effective in managing hypertension because they:

<p>Decrease heart rate and contractility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Singla pulso-volumine

La volumine de sango ejectat per singla pulso. Determinat da pre-charjo, pos-charjo, e kontakto di kordio

Hidralazino

Produktas direta dilato di glata muskulo.

Tuso

Mona la malajo di ACE-inhibitori esas tuso.

ACE-inhibitori

Inhibas l'enzimo konvertanta angiotensino, qua produktas dilato di vazi e diminutas l'aqu-reteno.

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Edemo

Mona patienti prenanta amlodipino por l'evoluciono di edemo.

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Natro

Omna diuretiki reduktas la riabsorbo di natro.

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Cianido-veneno

Mona patienti prenanta nitroprusido di natro dum > 24 hori por cianido veneno.

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Alfa-blokeri

Blokas alfa-1 receptori simpata en la vazi.

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Hiper-kalemio

Mona maxim-multa pro spironolaktono esas hiper-kalemio.

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Kalcio-blokeri

Blokas kanali di kalcio en la kordio e sangovazi.

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Reflexo kompenzala

Omna medikamenti antihipertensiva produktas reflexo kompenzala.

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Angioedemo

Vita-minacanta kondicioni qua esas angioedemo.

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Hipotesniono

Adversa efekto di antihipertensiva esas hipotensiono.

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Baroreceptor

Situita en la parieto arteriala. Sensas diminuti en sangopreso.

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Beta-blokeri

Selektive inhibas beta-1 receptori sur la nodo SA dil kordio.

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Final-organo damajo

Komplikajo di non-kuracata hipertensioni esas final-organo damajo.

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HCTZ

Evitesez en patienti kun historio di gutto.

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Alfa-2 Agonisti

Aktivigas alfa-2 presinaptala receptori en la cerebro por diminutar sim patika outputo.

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Otoplastio

Injektez lente proke otoplastio.

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Study Notes

Blood Pressure Regulation: Module IV

  • Cough is the most common reason for discontinuing ACE inhibitors.
  • Lisinopril inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme, causing vasodilation and decreasing water retention.
  • All diuretics reduce sodium reabsorption.
  • Doxazosin blocks sympathetic alpha-1 receptors in blood vessels.
  • Hyperkalemia is the largest concern with spironolactone use.
  • Tachycardia is a transient reflex caused by all antihypertensive medications.
  • Dizziness is a potential adverse effect of all antihypertensive medications.
  • Metoprolol works by selectively inhibiting beta-1 receptors on the SA node of the heart.
  • Patients with a history of gout should avoid HCTZ.
  • Furosemide must be injected slowly to avoid ototoxicity.
  • Stroke volume is used to describe the volume of blood ejected per heart beat, and is determined by preload, afterload, and heart contractility.
  • Hydralazine causes direct vasodilation of smooth muscle.
  • For the development of edema, patients taking amlodipine should be monitored.
  • Patients taking sodium nitroprusside for over 24 hours must be monitored for cyanide poisoning.
  • Verapamil is a medication that works by blocking calcium channels in the heart and blood vessels.
  • Angioedema is a life-threatening condition that can occur during ACE inhibitors and ARB treatment.
  • Baroreceptors are located in the arterial wall, sense decreases in blood pressure, and cause sympathetic stimulation.
  • End-stage renal disease can be a potential long term complication of untreated hypertension.
  • Clonidine works by activating alpha-2 presynaptic receptors in the brain to decrease sympathetic output.

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