Podcast
Questions and Answers
What role does the hypothalamus play in thermoregulation for mammals?
What role does the hypothalamus play in thermoregulation for mammals?
Ectotherms can produce antifreeze proteins to survive subzero temperatures.
Ectotherms can produce antifreeze proteins to survive subzero temperatures.
True
What physiological mechanism do birds and mammals use for acclimatization during seasonal temperature changes?
What physiological mechanism do birds and mammals use for acclimatization during seasonal temperature changes?
Adjusting insulation.
Animals use __________ energy for growth, repair, activity, and reproduction.
Animals use __________ energy for growth, repair, activity, and reproduction.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors is NOT related to an animal's energy requirements?
Which of the following factors is NOT related to an animal's energy requirements?
Signup and view all the answers
Energy allocation in animals is independent of their activity level.
Energy allocation in animals is independent of their activity level.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main source of chemical energy for heterotrophs like animals?
What is the main source of chemical energy for heterotrophs like animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used for the minimum metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm at rest?
What is the term used for the minimum metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm at rest?
Signup and view all the answers
An ectotherm's metabolic rate is generally independent of environmental temperature.
An ectotherm's metabolic rate is generally independent of environmental temperature.
Signup and view all the answers
What fraction of an animal's total energy is typically used for reproduction?
What fraction of an animal's total energy is typically used for reproduction?
Signup and view all the answers
The energy content of carbohydrates is approximately ___ kcal/gm.
The energy content of carbohydrates is approximately ___ kcal/gm.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the average basal metabolic rate (BMR) for adult males?
What is the average basal metabolic rate (BMR) for adult males?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the animal characteristic with its corresponding influence on metabolic rate:
Match the animal characteristic with its corresponding influence on metabolic rate:
Signup and view all the answers
Chemical energy lost in waste products affects an animal’s total metabolic rate.
Chemical energy lost in waste products affects an animal’s total metabolic rate.
Signup and view all the answers
The basic unit of energy measurement is the ___ and a larger unit is the kilocalorie.
The basic unit of energy measurement is the ___ and a larger unit is the kilocalorie.
Signup and view all the answers
What is torpor?
What is torpor?
Signup and view all the answers
Hibernation is a form of long-term torpor that occurs primarily during hot weather.
Hibernation is a form of long-term torpor that occurs primarily during hot weather.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one major impact of human activities on animal behavior.
Name one major impact of human activities on animal behavior.
Signup and view all the answers
During periods of extreme cold, the Arctic ground squirrel can enter a state of __________ to save energy.
During periods of extreme cold, the Arctic ground squirrel can enter a state of __________ to save energy.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following animal adaptations with their descriptions:
Match the following animal adaptations with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What physical effect can climate change have on animals?
What physical effect can climate change have on animals?
Signup and view all the answers
Overharvesting of species leads to a stable ecosystem.
Overharvesting of species leads to a stable ecosystem.
Signup and view all the answers
Animals communicate about habitat quality through __________ that can be undermined by human-altered conditions.
Animals communicate about habitat quality through __________ that can be undermined by human-altered conditions.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Module 3: Animal Physiology
- Module is about animal physiology
- Chandrashekhar Azad Vishwakarma, PhD is the Assistant Professor
- The module is in the Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, TERI School of Advanced Studies
Contents
- Animal form and function
- Evolution of animal size and shape
- Exchange with the environment
- Hierarchical organization of body plans
- Coordination and control
- Feedback control maintains the internal environment in many animals
- Regulating and conforming
- Homeostatis
- Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior
- Endothermy and ectothermy
- Variation in body temperature
- Balancing heat loss and gain
- Acclimatization and Thermoregulation
- Physiological thermostats and fever
- Energy requirements related to animal size, activity, and environment
- Energy allocation and use
- Quantifying energy use
- Minimum metabolic rate and thermoregulation
- Influence on metabolic rate
- Torpor and Energy conservation
Physiology
- Helps understand:
- Fundamental biology of all animals
- Human health and disease
- Health and disease of nonhuman animals of importance in human affairs
Figure
- Pacific salmon migrating upriver to their spawning grounds
The study of physiology
- Integrates knowledge at all levels of organization
Evolution
- Today's animals are products of evolution and are still evolving
- Strong correlation between genetic difference between populations and physical separation
Physiology Organization
- Depends on all levels of organization
- Cell physiology
- Systems physiology
Morphology, Biochemistry, and Biomechanics
- Morphology and biochemistry are related to physiology
- Enzymes in muscle cells catalyze reactions that provide energy for contraction
Ecology
- Physiology acts within an ecological context
The mechanism of light production by fireflies (Photinus)
- Light-emitting chemical reactions
- In the dark state, mitochondria intercept O2, and the light-emitting reactions cannot go to completion.
- In the flashing state, nitric oxides produced under nervous control, prevent mitochondria from intercepting O2, and creating pulses of light.
Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
-
Form (anatomy):
- Insulating layer of fat (blubber) reduces heat loss from most of a penguin's body.
-
Function (physiology):
- Rapid cycles of muscle contraction and relaxation during shivering produce heat at a cellular level.
-
Behavior:
- Packing together in groups of up to several thousand greatly reduces Emperor penguin's exposure to wind and cold.
Animal Form and Function
- All animals obtain nutrients and oxygen, fight off infection, and survive to produce offspring.
- Animal form is due to evolution and adaptation, reflected in their anatomy (biological structure) and form and function.
- Anatomy provides clues to physiology (biological function)
- Body plan or design is a result of development patterns programmed by the genome and millions of years of evolution.
- Major factors in biological structure and function:
- Evolution of animal size and shape
- Exchange with the environment
- Hierarchical organization of body plans
- Coordination and control
Life on Earth
- The evolutionary timeline displayed from the origin of life to the development of modern human ancestors.
Evolution of animal size and shape
- Various body plans have arisen during the course of evolution.
- Physical laws govern strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange, limiting the range of animal forms.
- Any bump on the aquatic animal's bodily surface determines whether it will be a runner or a flyer.
Exchange with the environment
- Animals exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases with their environment.
- This exchange imposes additional limitations on body plans.
- This occurs as dissolved substances in aqueous solution move across the plasma membrane of each cell.
- The rate of exchange is proportional to the membrane surface area, and the amount of material is proportional to the total body volume.
Hierarchical organization of body plans
- Cells form a working animal body through emergent properties arising from successive levels of structure and functional organization.
- Many organs have more than one physiological role.
Organ Systems in Mammals
- Lists organ systems, their major components, and primary functions in mammals.
Coordination and control
- Organ systems must act in concert to function effectively.
- Animals have two major systems for coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli:
- The endocrine system (signaling molecules released into bloodstream)
- The nervous system (neurons transmitting signals along dedicated routes connecting specific locations)
Feedback control
- Maintains internal environment in many animals.
- Many organ systems manage an animal's internal environment by regulating or conforming to external fluctuations.
Regulating and conforming
- An animal is a regulator if it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in response to external fluctuations.
- An animal is a conformer if its internal conditions change based on changes to the environment.
Homeostasis
- Maintains internal balance (steady state) despite environment changes.
- Includes steady body temperature and stable solute concentration.
Variation in body temperature
- Poikilotherm (cold-blooded): body temperature varies with the environment.
- Homeotherm (warm-blooded): body temperature is relatively constant
Balancing heat loss and gain
- Animals exchange heat with their environment by radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction.
Acclimation
-
Acclimatization helps regulate body temperature in many species, like birds and mammals adjusting insulation (e.g., growing thicker fur).
-
Some ectotherms (e.g., Arctic fish) survive below-freezing temperatures using "antifreeze" proteins to prevent ice formation.
Physiological thermostats and fever
- The hypothalamus regulates temperature in mammals.
- Hypothalamic nerve cells act as thermostats to regulate heat loss and gain.
Energy requirements
- Related to animal size, activity, and environment.
Quantifying energy use
- Includes how much energy an animal uses to survive, walk, run, swim or fly and the fraction used for reproduction.
- Metabolic rate is the sum of all energy use over a period.
Minimum metabolic rate and thermoregulation
- Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimum rate of a non-growing endotherm at rest, with an empty stomach, and not experiencing stress.
- Standard metabolic rate (SMR) is the minimum metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature.
Torpor and energy conservation
- Adaptation to difficult conditions (e.g., extreme temperatures, food scarcity).
- Torpor is a physiologically induced state of reduced activity and metabolism.
- Includes daily torpor, hibernation (a prolonged form of torpor), and super-cooling.
Animal response to environmental changes
- Humans impact the natural world through climate change, habitat destruction, overharvesting, and introducing invasive species.
- These impacts can negatively affect animal habitat choice, reproduction, sensory systems, and physiology.
Mechanisms for Human-Induced Animal Behavior Change
- Describes the links between human impacts, animal behaviors, and ecological implications.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fascinating realm of animal physiology in this quiz. Delve into topics such as animal form and function, homeostasis, thermoregulation, and energy requirements in various animals. Test your knowledge on how animals interact with their environment and maintain internal balance.
