Module 14: Transport Layer
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Questions and Answers

Which range of port numbers is considered registered ports?

  • 1024 to 49151 (correct)
  • 49152 to 65535
  • 10000 to 20000
  • 1 to 1023

What protocol does port 21 use?

  • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
  • Secure Shell (SSH)
  • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - Control (correct)
  • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

What is the purpose of dynamic ports?

  • To only handle file transfers
  • To identify client applications during communication (correct)
  • To serve as well-known services
  • To establish static connections with a service

Which of the following port numbers is used for Secure Shell (SSH)?

<p>22 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential security threat can unexplained TCP connections pose?

<p>Unauthorized access or attacks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which service uses port 53?

<p>Domain Name Service (DNS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which port number corresponds to the Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)?

<p>443 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the port range assigned for dynamic or private ports?

<p>49152 to 65535 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the transport layer in data communication?

<p>To establish logical communication between applications on different hosts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the transport layer?

<p>Adding encryption to data packets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transport layer protocol is connection-oriented and provides reliability?

<p>Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does UDP primarily provide in data transmission?

<p>Low-latency delivery of datagrams with minimal overhead (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the TCP's acknowledgment process?

<p>It allows the sender to confirm receipt of data segments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the transport layer facilitate multiple conversations over the network?

<p>By interleaving segments using multiplexing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a data segment is unacknowledged in TCP?

<p>It is retransmitted after a specified time period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of communication does the transport layer manage?

<p>Both unicast and multicast communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes UDP as a transport layer protocol?

<p>It is a best-effort delivery protocol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is TCP preferred over UDP?

<p>When data must be processed in proper sequence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do TCP and UDP utilize port numbers?

<p>To manage multiple simultaneous communications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a socket in networking?

<p>To facilitate communication between multiple applications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of well-known port numbers?

<p>0 to 1023 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What identifies the destination application on a remote host?

<p>Destination port number (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding data transportation is accurate?

<p>UDP is suitable for real-time applications with minimal data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'socket pair' refer to?

<p>A combination of source and destination IP addresses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Transport Layer

The layer in the TCP/IP model that manages communication between applications on different hosts, ensuring reliable data delivery and flow control.

Transport Layer Responsibilities

The transport layer is responsible for tracking conversations, segmenting data, adding headers, identifying conversations, and enabling multiple conversations to share the same network.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

A reliable and connection-oriented transport layer protocol that provides flow control and error checking, ensuring data is delivered in order and without loss.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

A connectionless transport layer protocol that provides fast and efficient data transfer, but without guarantees of delivery or order.

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TCP Segmentation and Reassembly

TCP divides data into segments, adding headers with sequence numbers and checksums for error detection. The receiver reassembles the segments in the correct order.

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TCP Flow Control

TCP ensures that data is sent at a rate that the receiver can handle, preventing the receiver's buffer from overflowing.

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TCP Connection Establishment

Before data transfer, TCP establishes a connection using a three-way handshake, ensuring both ends are ready to communicate.

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UDP Datagram

A unit of data sent over UDP, containing the data payload and minimal header information.

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What are registered ports?

Ports between 1,024 and 49,151 specifically assigned by IANA to individual applications a user chooses to install.

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What are well-known ports?

Pre-assigned ports numbers below 1,024 used by common applications, like web servers or email services.

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What is an ephemeral port?

A temporary port number dynamically assigned by the client's operating system for each new connection.

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What is the purpose of port numbers?

To uniquely identify a specific application or service on a computer network.

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What is TCP?

Transmission Control Protocol: Provides reliable and ordered delivery of data over the internet.

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What is UDP?

User Datagram Protocol: Provides fast but unreliable data delivery over a network.

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What is the purpose of the netstat command?

A command-line tool used to display network connections, routing tables, and other network statistics.

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Why are unexplained TCP connections a security threat?

They can indicate unauthorized access or malware attempting to communicate with other systems.

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UDP best-effort delivery

UDP doesn't guarantee data delivery. It's considered 'best-effort' because it doesn't confirm if the data reached its destination.

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UDP for quick replies

UDP works well when data is small and quick retransmissions are possible. It's used for applications demanding fast responses.

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TCP for reliable data

TCP ensures data arrives in order and complete. It's the right choice if you need everything to arrive without errors.

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Port numbers for communication

Port numbers allow multiple applications to talk simultaneously. Each connection uses unique source and destination ports.

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Source port

Identifies the application that initiated the communication on the sending device.

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Destination port

Points to the specific application on the receiving device that the data is intended for.

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Socket

A combination of IP address and port number, uniquely identifying the application involved in a communication.

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Well-known ports

Ports 0 to 1023 are reserved for common services like web browsing and email. They make communication easier for clients.

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Study Notes

Module 14: Transport Layer

  • This module covers the transport layer in network communications.
  • The transport layer facilitates logical communication between applications running on different hosts.
  • It acts as a bridge between the application layer and lower layers, handling network transmission.

14.1 Transportation of Data

  • The transport layer is responsible for the movement of data between applications.

Role of the Transport Layer

  • The transport layer manages logical communications between applications on various hosts.
  • It connects the application layer to lower layers for network transmission.

Transport Layer Responsibilities

  • Tracks individual conversations and segments data.
  • Reassembles data segments.
  • Adds header information.
  • Identifies, separates, and manages multiple conversations.
  • Uses segmentation and multiplexing to interleave communications on the same network.

Transport Layer Protocols

  • IP does not dictate packet delivery; transport layer protocols manage message transfers between hosts.
  • These protocols ensure reliability in conversations.
  • TCP and UDP protocols are part of the transport layer.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

  • TCP provides reliability and flow control.
  • It numbers and tracks data segments.
  • It acknowledges received data and retransmits unacknowledged data if needed.
  • TCP sequences data, handles potential errors, and optimizes data transmission speed.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

  • UDP provides basic datagram delivery between applications.
  • It has reduced overhead compared to TCP.
  • It is connectionless and does not acknowledge data reception.

The Right Transport Layer Protocol for the Right Application

  • UDP is suitable for request-reply applications with little data and quick retransmissions.
  • TCP is preferable for applications demanding data reliability and proper sequencing, like web browsing.

14.4 Port Numbers

  • Port numbers manage multiple, simultaneous conversations.
  • Source port numbers identify the originating application, while destination port numbers identify the target application.

Socket Pairs

  • Source and destination ports are part of segments for identification.
  • Segments are encapsulated in IP packets.
  • Socket pairs (source IP and port, destination IP and port) distinguish processes and connections.

Port Number Groups

  • Well-known ports (0–1023) are reserved for standard services.
  • Registered ports (1024–49151) are assigned for specific applications.
  • Dynamic/private ports (49152–65535) are dynamically assigned for connections.

Netstat Command

  • Netstat is a command-line tool used for monitoring network connections for security and troubleshooting purposes.
  • It lists active TCP connections, providing source and destination addresses and ports.

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Related Documents

ITN Module 14: Transport Layer PDF

Description

Explore the vital role of the transport layer in network communications. This module covers how it manages logical communication between applications across different hosts, as well as its responsibilities such as data movement, tracking conversations, and ensuring proper data segmentation. Test your understanding of the transport layer protocols and functions.

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