Module 1: Nationalist Historiography & Southeast Asia

Module 1

• Alan Chong contributed to the development of an indigenous model of International Relations.
• Chong analyzed Sejarah Melayu, focusing on the sultanate of Malacca.
• Nationalist historiography presents a country's history in a positive light to strengthen national pride.
• A pitfall of nationalist historiography exists.
• Greg Hontiveros wrote 'Butuan of a Thousand Years'.
• Hontiveros viewed Butuan's pre-colonial past as a source of tremendous pride.
• According to Hontiveros, local history should extend far back.
• Jaime Zobel de Ayala is the Chair of the Ayala Foundation.
• Ayala Foundation appropriated ancient gold craft.
• O.W. Wolter's Mandala Polity provides a framework that contextualizes local experience.
• O.W. Wolter, although British, was a prominent historian of Southeast Asia.
• Evidence of writing in Butuan came from 2 gold strips, probably an amulet.
• This evidence comes from an outsider's perspective.
• The term "Mandala" is a Sanskrit term for 'circle of kings' originating from Arthasastra.
• Arthasastra is an ancient Indian treatise on politics and statecraft attributed to Kautilya.
• A Mandala refers to a political unit where a king or overlord claimed authority and hegemony.
• Mandalas were non-territorial and personal.
• They were multi-centric with other less powerful centers.
• Mandalas expanded and contracted like a concertina.
• These were hierarchic but anarchic.
• Mandalas demonstrated virtue through ritual investiture, sacral objects, or monumental constructions.
• An overlord is a paramount chief who acts as a mediator.
• Humans were the most valuable resource in Southeast Asia.
• Two key skills in governance were gathering updated information and diplomacy.
• A Big-Man leader is a powerful person who leads using wealth and influence.
• Songshi detailed tribute missions sent by Butuan rajas to the celestial court in the 11th century.
• These missions were conducted by the Song Dynasty.
• Butuan succeeded in monopolizing trade.
• The Pinyin term for Butuan is Puduan.
• Champa is modern-day Vietnam.
• Ritual obeisance was not an acknowledgement of Chinese supremacy, but merely a formality.
• Butuan's first recorded mission occurred in October 1003 during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong.
• The mission was sent by Qi Ling.
• Five small flags were given by the emperor to Butuan.
• Sri Bata Shaja gifted cloves and camphor.
• Slaves were a gift offered to impress the Chinese emperor.
• Mawuhele is mysteriously referred to as "Butuan King".
• Li Yuxie was an envoy of Sri Bata Shaja.
• The Datu Sumanga and Bugbung story is a Visayan epic.
• In it, BH demanded that DS attack China to prove his love.
• Barangay Libertad is where archaeological excavations in Butuan took place.
• Doongan was a docking place.
• Ambagan was a place where people brought and exchanged goods.
• Ibn Sa'id described Srivijaya as 'a city built on wooden piles...' in the 13th century.
• A palisade is a strong fence.
• The Agusan River was the primary transportation avenue.
• Gold was Butuan’s most prized commodity.
• A dendritic system is how Butuan controlled the riverine system.
• The Golden Tara is a celebrated artifact, also known as "Agusan Image".
• Magroyong is where most of the gold was found.
• Colambu was a Butuan King who welcomed Magellan.
• Balangay are ships that carried trade goods.
• Largesse means gift-giving.
• Chams were Vietnamese.
• Sanmalan were referred to as the Samals or Sama-Bajau seafaring people.
• Ikugan refers to a mysterious group of raiders and means "tailed men".
• Thucydides wrote an account of the Peloponnesian War.
• Sources of data include written and archaeological accounts, and oral history.
• Kenneth Waltz argued that hierarchy and anarchy are the only ways to organize the system.

Module 2

• Duterte is alleged to have identities of a socialist and a Maranao.
• Duterte is deemed as populist and radical.
• Nicole Curato wrote “A Duterte Reader: Critical Essays…”
• Renato de Castro wrote about Duterte's focus on traditional security.
• Amitav Acharya argued that Asian scholars could use "local concepts of power."
• Remigio Agpalo described the concept of "pangulo regime."
• One of Agpalo's concepts includes the Supremacy of "pagdamay."
• Pye and Pye described Philippine politics as "palakasan."
• The Imperial Manila Syndrome indicates that areas farther from the capital were more undeveloped.
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilized the concept of indigenization.
• The Pangulo Regime refers to a polity headed by a leader called "pangulo".
• Pangulo is derived from "ulo" or head.
• It led people to believe that they are one under one polity.
• The Pangulo regime described the Philippines as a communitarian society.
• Pangulo should have "pagdamay" to not be a dictator.
• The Pangulo regime is described as Democratic.
• This regime has two aspects of governance: Pagdamay and a strong executive.
• Tausug Ownership indicates responsibility for one's safety and protection.
• Western Ownership refers to property relations, or impersonal power of the state.
• Pagdamay is also called pag-ibig (love).
• The Pangulo Regime argues for the supremacy of the executive.

Module 3

• The British Parliamentary system emphasizes legislative supremacy.
• The American system calls for equality of both the executive and congress.
• Palakasan involves power beyond the rule of law, derived from "lakas".
• It's a competition for power where the one with the most "lakas" succeeds.
• Max Weber's Legal Authority derives from “rational rules".
• For the Javanese, the debate to what legitimizes power is meaningless.
• For the Javanese, power is self-legitimizing.
• Bayanihan is a concept of pagdamay.
• Macario Sakay called on Tagalogs to engage in pagdamay.
• Delicadeza means refusing to be vulgar or crass.
• Graduated Sovereignty means power and influence of the center manifest in increasing social prosperity.
• Manuel L. Quezon dominated legislature by choosing speakers.
• Under Quezon checks and balances were a part of the executive.
• Pork Barrel refers to inefficient use of government funds to local constituents.
• It is also known as PDAF (Priority Development Assistance Fund).
• In connection to this, Prospero Nograles and Edcel Lagman were called on to explain PDAF.
• Pork Barrels were evidently used for “ghost projects”.
• Datu Ali Dimaporo was a veteran politician from Lanao.
• Operation Toktok Hangyo is also called "tokhang," meaning knock and plead.
• Edgar Matobato was a witness for the Davao Death Squad.
• The 2012 US Pivot to Asia refers to Aquino's way to assert rights in the South China Sea.
• Kafala describes the traditional customary practice where an employer has full power.
• Joanna Demafelis had an OFW incident that caused Kuwait deployment ban.
• Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the head of Malaysia’s constitutional monarchy, or king.
• ASG refers to the Abu Sayyaf Group.
• ROE refers to Rules of Engagement.
• USPACOM is the US Pacific Command.
• Admiral Blair received 2 proposals.
• Colonel Fridovich wanted a more deliberate approach.
• GRP refers to the Government of the Republic of the Philippines.
• USAID is the US Agency for International Development.
• GEM is Growth with Equity in Mindanao, the largest program.
• TCAV is Terrorism Coordination and Assistance Visit.
• Kalev Sepp is in favor of the use of military forces.
• SOUTHCOM refers to the AFP (Armed Forces of the Philippines) US Southern Command.
• Roy Cimatu wanted to strengthen US ties to address threats in Basilan.
• JTF 510 refers to Joint Task Force 510.
• Operation Freedom Eagle is part of Balikatan exercises.
• USCINCPAC is the Commander-in-chief of USPACOM.
• MEDEVAC refers to Medical Evacuation.
• QRF refers to Quick reaction forces.
• CSAR refers to Combat search and rescue.
• Rules of Engagement specify that the US would not conduct unilateral operations.
• Joint Chiefs of Staff wanted Operation Freedom Eagle to be renamed OEF-P.
• CMO refers to Civil-Military operations, addressing population.
• MIST refers to Military Information Support Temas.
• ISR refers to Intelligence, Surveillance, & Reconnaissance.
• This reconnaissance is done through P3 aircraft.
• Francis Ricciardone was the US Mission to the Philippines chief.
• Operation Liberty saw the US forces provide advisory and ISR support.
• Burnham Rescue pertained to Martha and Martin Burnham.
• Abu Sabaya was a spokesperson of Abu Sayyaf.
• Khadaffy Janjalani was a Leader of the ASG.
• OIFT has been renamed as TF Mindanao Liaison Coordination Element (LCE).
• JI refers to Jemaah Islamiyah.
• SOF refers to Special Operations Forces.