Modern World History Study Guide

Questions and Answers

The term that most accurately describes Parmigianino's Madonna of the Long Neck is:

Neoclassical

Rococo

Baroque

Mannerist (correct)

Who was the founding figure of the Society of Jesus?

St Ignatius of Loyola

One of the most influential Baroque artists was ________, the designer of the piazza in front of St.Peter's Basilica.

Bernini

Italian baroque churches are characterized by minimal ornamentation.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which influential handbook reflected the mysticism and militancy of the Jesuit order?

Spiritual Exercises Signup and view all the answers

Of Bernini's Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, it is correct to say that:

All these answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

Whose 'music of mystic serenity' captured the conservative quality of the Catholic Reformation?

Palestrina Signup and view all the answers

The term 'baroque' in painting comprises strict compositional symmetry.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the genres in which Rembrandt worked was the most lucrative for the Dutch painter?

Group portraiture Signup and view all the answers

Both Donne and Wren were associated with the:

Church of Saint Paul's in London Signup and view all the answers

In seventeenth-century England, the influential Calvinists who called for church reform were known as:

Jesuits Signup and view all the answers

Academic art, as envisioned by Louis XIV and his followers, depended primarily on:

Neoclassical principles Signup and view all the answers

A leading figure in the evolution of academic art was:

Poussin Signup and view all the answers

The Dutch painter Maria van Oosterwyck and other female artists excelled in which genre?

Still life painting Signup and view all the answers

Milton's Paradise Lost is a landmark epic that:

describes the fall of Adam and Eve Signup and view all the answers

The plays of Molière:

All these answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

The first permanent orchestra in Europe was established by:

Louis XIV Signup and view all the answers

The text of an opera is found in its:

libretto Signup and view all the answers

Both El Greco and Velázquez served in the courts of:

Spain Signup and view all the answers

Bach's cantatas were largely based on:

Lutheran chorales Signup and view all the answers

In the seventeenth-century, Cremona, Italy, was the world center for the manufacture of:

violins Signup and view all the answers

Giovanni Gabrieli came to be celebrated for his:

Clear and simple religious music Signup and view all the answers

The Baroque era represents a turning point in music because it witnessed the:

All these answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

The composer associated with the birth of the English oratorio is:

Handel Signup and view all the answers

The belief in a mechanistic universe fashioned by a Creator God who does not directly intervene in its affairs is called:

deism Signup and view all the answers

The title of Francis Bacon's landmark work, Novum Organum, means:

New method Signup and view all the answers

Francis Bacon called the false dogmas or teachings that hindered clear thinking:

Idols Signup and view all the answers

In his Novum Organum, Bacon objected to:

the corruption of science by superstition and theology Signup and view all the answers

Which figure famously recanted his scientific theories in 1633 after having been put on trial for heresy?

Galileo Signup and view all the answers

One reason that both Protestants and Catholics opposed the heliocentric theory was that it:

contradicted Scripture Signup and view all the answers

Diderot's Encyclopedia was:

the largest compendium of knowledge produced in the West Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following men was NOT a significant figure in the movement known as the Scientific Revolution?

Hogarth Signup and view all the answers

Descartes' proposition, 'I think, therefore I am,' demonstrated:

a premise he could not doubt Signup and view all the answers

The French salon, center of intellectual debate, was often organized by:

noblewomen Signup and view all the answers

'Whatever is, is right' reflects the philosophic optimism of:

Pope Signup and view all the answers

The philosophic optimism of Enlightenment figures was satirized in Candide and other writings by:

Voltaire Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the French Revolution is FALSE?

It served as a model for the American Revolution that shortly followed Signup and view all the answers

All of the following figures are generally considered painters of the Rococo style EXCEPT:

Greuze Signup and view all the answers

John Locke maintained that:

legitimate government required the consent of the governed Signup and view all the answers

Neoclassical art and classical music share an emphasis on:

clarity and formal structure Signup and view all the answers

Henry Fielding and Samuel Richardson were both noted eighteenth-century writers of which new literary form?

The novel Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three parts of the traditional sonata?

Composition Signup and view all the answers

Mozart drew many of the melodies for his symphonies and compositions from:

popular dance tunes Signup and view all the answers

The predominant theme of Rococo paintings was the:

pursuit of pleasure Signup and view all the answers

Genre painting depicts scenes of:

ordinary life Signup and view all the answers

Ingres' Grande Odalisque deviated from the principles of Classical art by:

disproportionately elongating the body of his female subject Signup and view all the answers

The fusion of art and politics that exalted the ideal of service and sacrifice to one's country is exemplified by which landmark?

David's The Oath of Horatii Signup and view all the answers

The works of Boucher and Watteau reflect a style:

Rococo Signup and view all the answers

Which nineteenth-century composer, who wrote the piece nicknamed 'The Surprise,' is often called the 'father of the symphony'?

Franz Joseph Haydn Signup and view all the answers

Romanticism might be said to have rebelled against all of the following EXCEPT:

Individualism Signup and view all the answers

The landmark work that marked the birth of the Romantic movement in England was William Wordsworth's:

Lyrical Ballads Signup and view all the answers

By 'sublime,' romantics like Wordsworth were referring to:

awe-inspiring nature Signup and view all the answers

Whose 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' concludes that 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'?

Keats Signup and view all the answers

Goethe's hero, Faust, is symbolic of the Western:

urge to transcend limitations Signup and view all the answers

Darwin contributed to the study of biology chiefly by:

developing the theory of natural selection Signup and view all the answers

J.M.W. Turner, John Constable, and Thomas Cole were all noted painters of:

natural landscapes Signup and view all the answers

The American writer Henry Thoreau:

valued nature as a source of information Signup and view all the answers

One of the main characteristics of Whitman's landmark poetry is that it:

is written in free verse Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following people is considered to be one of the first Realists in the English novel-writing tradition?

Jane Austen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following persons was a male counterpart to the abolitionist Sojourner Truth?

Douglass Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about George Catlin is FALSE?

True Signup and view all the answers

Goya immortalized the history of the French occupation of Spain in a landmark series of etchings and aquatints known as:

The Disasters of War Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following former slaves learned to write and personally authored a memoir with his or her own hand?

Frederick Douglass Signup and view all the answers

A hallmark of Delacroix's style is:

pictorial license Signup and view all the answers

In Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People, the artist featured those whom he considered the heroes of revolutionary France, including:

members of the middle and working classes Signup and view all the answers

London's Houses of Parliament are a landmark example of:

Neomedievalism Signup and view all the answers

In his landmark symphonies, Beethoven made use of:

All of these answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

Of nineteenth-century music, it is correct to say that:

the orchestra grew to grand proportions Signup and view all the answers

The fact that the nineteenth century was 'the age of the virtuoso' is most evident in the work of:

Chopin Signup and view all the answers

The independent art song originated by Franz Schubert that united music and poetry was called the:

lied Signup and view all the answers

Romantic ballets such as La sylphide derived their plot lines from:

fairy tales and folk legends Signup and view all the answers

The most famous paintings of Géricault and Goya depicted:

current events Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Romantic architecture at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton?

Eastern exotic Signup and view all the answers

The nineteenth century was an important time in African history because:

All these answers are correct Signup and view all the answers

Late nineteenth-century colonialism had as its primary motivating force the need:

for materials and markets Signup and view all the answers

Which author offered realistic (and sentimental) depictions of nineteenth-century society in works such as David Copperfield?

Charles Dickens Signup and view all the answers

In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels prophesized that a revolution would make the ________ the new ruling class.

proletariat Signup and view all the answers

The Naturalistic novels of Zola were grounded in his belief that human beings were:

products of their environment and their heredity Signup and view all the answers

Nietzsche called for a new morality that:

Privileged the 'superman' Signup and view all the answers

The most important new medium in mid-nineteenth-century architecture was:

cast iron Signup and view all the answers

The turn from Romanticism to literary Realism is evident in the novels of:

Ibsen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following authors was credited with inventing the modern novel with his Madame Bovary?

Flaubert Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following items was NOT an innovation of the nineteenth century?

The novel Signup and view all the answers

The artist—whose subject matter was individuals in ordinary settings—who challenged, 'Show me an angel and I'll paint one' was:

Courbet Signup and view all the answers

The Social Realist who is primarily associated with the medium of lithography is:

Daumier Signup and view all the answers

The movement known as Impressionism took its title from a painting by:

Monet Signup and view all the answers

For their subject matter, the Impressionist painters drew largely on:

the urban scene Signup and view all the answers

The artist who became infatuated with unspoiled nature, especially as it existed in Tahiti, was:

Gauguin Signup and view all the answers

Japanese prints had the greatest influence on late-nineteenth-century European:

Postimpressionism Signup and view all the answers

The music of Debussy:

was heavily influenced by the Symbolists and Impressionists Signup and view all the answers

Characteristic of the music of Debussy is:

the use of shifting harmonies Signup and view all the answers

The names Matthew Brady and Eadweard Muybridge are associated with:

photography Signup and view all the answers

Puccini's verismo operas:

brought a new level of realism into opera Signup and view all the answers

The artist who wished to 'redo nature after Poussin,' and whose later work anticipated twentieth-century abstract art, was:

Cézanne Signup and view all the answers

A major factor in bringing non-Western cultures to the attention of Europeans was:

advancing colonialism Signup and view all the answers

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, ________ emerged as the center of Western artistic productivity.

Paris Signup and view all the answers

'Oceania' refers to the:

islands of the South and Central Pacific Ocean Signup and view all the answers

Albert Einstein and other twentieth-century physicists argued that:

Newtonian laws of physics did not function at the cosmic level Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, civilization was the product of the:

ego's sublimation of the id Signup and view all the answers

The most distinctive feature of Imagist poetry was its:

pared down, abstract style Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Art and Culture in Historical Context

Parmigianino's Madonna of the Long Neck is classified as Mannerist art, characterized by elongated forms and unusual compositions.
The Society of Jesus, founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola, played a significant role in the Catholic Reformation.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini was a pivotal figure in Baroque art, known for designing the grand piazza at St. Peter's Basilica.
Italian Baroque churches are typically rich in ornamentation, contrasting with minimalist styles.
The influential handbook Spiritual Exercises embodied the Jesuit order’s mysticism and commitment to religious discipline.
Bernini's Ecstasy of Saint Teresa and its multiple interpretations showcase the complexity of his work.
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina's music exemplified the conservative and serene aspects of the Catholic Reformation.
Baroque painting is noted for its dynamic compositions rather than strict symmetry.
Rembrandt achieved financial success primarily through group portraiture, highlighting social status in Dutch society.
John Donne and Christopher Wren are historically linked to the Church of Saint Paul's in London.
Seventeenth-century England's reformist Calvinists were primarily known as Puritans, though Jesuits were also present.

Evolution and Influence of Artistic Terms

Neoclassical principles shaped academic art pursued by Louis XIV and his circle.
Nicolas Poussin is recognized as a key figure in evolving academic art, emphasizing form and clarity.
Female artists, like Maria van Oosterwyck, gained recognition in still life painting during the Baroque era.
John Milton’s Paradise Lost is a seminal epic dissecting themes of temptation and human fallibility.
Molière's plays encapsulated the virtues and follies of his time with rich humor and social critique.
Louis XIV established Europe’s first permanent orchestra, marking a significant advancement in musical culture.
An opera’s text is known as its libretto, which outlines the narrative and dialogue.
Both El Greco and Diego Velázquez served the Spanish crown, showcasing a vibrant cultural exchange.
Johann Sebastian Bach’s cantatas often adapted Lutheran chorales to suit liturgical contexts.
Cremona in Italy became the global center for violin manufacturing in the 17th century.

Philosophical and Scientific Progress

Giovanni Gabrieli was renowned for his clear, sacred music that influenced the Baroque era.
The Baroque era is noted for significant musical evolution, reflected in diverse styles and compositions.
Handel is credited with creating the English oratorio, blending sacred themes with dramatic elements.
Deism describes a belief in a Creator God who established natural laws but does not intervene in worldly affairs.
Francis Bacon's Novum Organum introduced the concept of "new method," advocating empirical research.
Bacon critiqued prevailing false teachings, termed "idols," that impeded rational thought and scientific inquiry.
Galileo famously recanted his heliocentric views after trial for heresy in 1633, highlighting the tension between science and scripture.
Scientific advances faced resistance due to contradictions with established religious beliefs.
Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia was a monumental compilation of contemporary knowledge in the West.
Figures like Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, and Isaac Newton significantly influenced the Scientific Revolution, while William Hogarth is not typically associated with this movement.

Cultural Transformations in Literature and Arts

Descartes' "I think, therefore I am" exemplifies foundational philosophical skepticism.
French salons, pivotal for intellectual discussions during the Enlightenment, were often hosted by influential noblewomen.
Alexander Pope's line "Whatever is, is right" reflects the optimistic sentiments of Enlightenment thinkers.
Voltaire critiqued Enlightenment idealism through satire in his work Candide.
Though significant, the French Revolution did not serve as a direct model for the American Revolution.
Jean-Baptiste Greuze is not considered part of the Rococo movement, which focused on ornate and playful themes.
John Locke argued for a government based on the consent of the governed, influencing democratic principles.
Neoclassical art and music emphasized clarity, order, and formal structures, drawing from classical antiquity.
Henry Fielding and Samuel Richardson are recognized for pioneering the novel as a literary form in the 18th century.

Musical Innovations and the Romantic Movement

The traditional sonata consists of exposition, development, and recapitulation, excluding sections like composition.
Mozart often based his compositions on popular dance melodies, integrating relatable elements into classical music.
Rococo art primarily celebrated themes of pleasure and lightheartedness, contrasting earlier styles.
Genre painting captures normality and daily life, moving away from historically monumental subjects.
Ingres’ Grande Odalisque diverged from classical conventions by elongating the female form, emphasizing sensuality.
Jacques-Louis David’s The Oath of Horatii merges art with nationalistic themes, reflecting political ideals of service.
François Boucher and Antoine Watteau are noted for their contributions to the Rococo style, epitomizing elegance and charm.
Franz Joseph Haydn, often dubbed the "father of the symphony," created piece renowned for its charm and structure.
Romanticism marked a shift against constraints, valuing emotional expression and individual experience.
William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads is regarded as a cornerstone of the English Romantic literary movement.

Nature, Society, and the Emergence of Realism

Romantic poets like Wordsworth viewed nature as awe-inspiring; this concept of the sublime shaped their work.
John Keats' Ode on a Grecian Urn embodies the Romantic ideal that beauty and truth are entwined.
Goethe’s character Faust symbolizes humanity’s quest to transcend limitations and strive for greater fulfillment.
Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection revolutionized biology, shaping the understanding of evolution.
Landscape painters such as Turner, Constable, and Cole captured nature’s beauty, emphasizing realism and emotion.
Henry Thoreau celebrated nature as a teacher through his writings, reflecting transcendentalist ideals.
Walt Whitman's poetry is distinguished by its use of free verse, breaking from traditional styles.
Jane Austen is recognized as a key Realist author within English literature, portraying societal norms and individual experiences.
Frederick Douglass authored significant memoirs documenting the realities and struggles of slavery.
Francisco Goya depicted the horrors of war through his series The Disasters of War, highlighting the human cost of conflict.

Notable Movements and Technological Changes

The mid-19th century saw a rise in photography, associated with pioneers Matthew Brady and Eadweard Muybridge.
Giacomo Puccini’s verismo operas introduced a more realistic portrayal of life into musical theatre.
Paul Cézanne's desire to "redo nature" bridged Impressionism with modern abstract art.
European expansion during the 19th century increased interest in non-Western cultures, influencing artistic styles.
Paris emerged as the primary hub of artistic innovation in the late 19th century.
"Oceania" designates the group of islands within the Central and South Pacific oceans.
20th-century physicists like Albert Einstein challenged established Newtonian principles, providing new insights into the universe.
Sigmund Freud asserted that civilization stemmed from the ego’s repression of primal instincts inherent in the id.
Imagist poetry is characterized by its minimalist and abstract style, seeking clarity through precision in imagery.

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Test your knowledge of key terms and figures from the Modern World. This quiz focuses on important art movements and religious organizations, including Mannerism, Baroque art, and the Society of Jesus. Challenge yourself with questions about influential artists and their contributions.